Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext) | '{{short description|Roman emperor from AD 14 to 37}}
{{about|the Roman emperor|the personal name|Tiberius (praenomen)|other persons named Tiberius and other uses|Tiberius (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox royalty
| image = (Toulouse) Tibère - Musée Saint-Raymond Ra 342 b.jpg
| alt = White bust
| caption = Bust, [[Musée Saint-Raymond]], Toulouse
| succession = [[Roman emperor]]
| reign = 17 September 14 – 16 March 37
| predecessor = [[Augustus]]
| successor = [[Caligula]]
| birth_date = 16 November 42 BC
| birth_place = [[Rome]], [[Roman Italy|Italy]], [[Roman Republic]]
| death_date = 16 March AD 37 (aged 77)
| death_place = [[Misenum]], Italy, [[Roman Empire]]
| burial_place = [[Mausoleum of Augustus]], Rome
| spouses = {{ubl|[[Vipsania Agrippina]]<br>(m. 19 BC; div. 11 BC)|[[Julia the Elder]]<br>(m. 11 BC; div. 2 BC)}}
| issue = {{ubl|[[Drusus Julius Caesar]]|[[Germanicus]] (adopted)}}
| issue-link = #Children and family
| issue-pipe = more...
| full name = {{bulleted list|Tiberius [[Claudii|Claudius]] Nero (birth)<ref name=name>{{Cite book |last=Cooley |first=Alison E. |url={{googlebooks|VlghAwAAQBAJ|plainurl=y}} |title=The Cambridge Manual of Latin Epigraphy |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-521-84026-2 |page=489 |author-link=Alison E. Cooley}}</ref>|Tiberius Julius Caesar (AD 4)<ref name=name/>}}
| regnal name = Tiberius Caesar Augustus<!--Not a repository; full name as Roman emperor, no dates.-->{{Efn|Tiberius generally refrained from using the [[Nomen gentilicium|''nomen'']] [[gens Julia|Julius]],<ref name=name/> but he is still called as such in a few inscriptions.<ref>[[Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum|CIL]] [https://db.edcs.eu/epigr/epi_einzel.php?s_sprache=de&p_belegstelle=CIL+02%2C+01660&r_sortierung=Belegstelle 2, 1660]</ref><ref>[[Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum|CIL]] [https://db.edcs.eu/epigr/epi_einzel.php?s_sprache=de&p_belegstelle=CIL+06%2C+00930&r_sortierung=Belegstelle 6, 930]</ref>}}
| dynasty = [[Julio-Claudian]]
| father = {{ubl|[[Tiberius Claudius Nero (father of Tiberius Caesar)|Tiberius Claudius Nero]]|[[Augustus]] (adoptive)}}
| mother = [[Livia]]
}}
{{Julio-Claudian dynasty|image=[[File:Great Cameo of France-removebg.png|150px]]|caption=[[Great Cameo of France]]}}
'''Tiberius Julius Caesar Augustus'''{{efn|Sometimes referred to as '''Tiberius I''', in reference to the later [[Byzantine Empire|Eastern emperors]] [[Tiberius II Constantine]] and [[Tiberius III]].}} ({{IPAc-en|t|aɪ|ˈ|b|ɪər|i|ə|s}}, {{respell|ty|BEER|ee|əs}}; 16 November 42 BC – 16 March AD 37) was [[Roman emperor]] from AD 14 until 37. He succeeded his stepfather [[Augustus]], the first Roman emperor. Tiberius was born in [[Rome]] in 42 BC to Roman politician [[Tiberius Claudius Nero (father of Tiberius Caesar)|Tiberius Claudius Nero]] and his wife, [[Livia Drusilla]]. In 38 BC, Tiberius' mother divorced his father and married Augustus. Following the untimely deaths of Augustus' two grandsons and adopted heirs, [[Gaius Caesar|Gaius]] and [[Lucius Caesar]], Tiberius was designated Augustus' successor. Prior to this, Tiberius had proved himself an able diplomat, and one of the most successful [[Roman general]]s: his conquests of [[Pannonia]], [[Dalmatia (Roman province)|Dalmatia]], [[Raetia]], and (temporarily) parts of [[Germania]] laid the foundations for [[Roman Empire|the empire]]'s northern frontier.
Early in his career, Tiberius was happily married to [[Vipsania]], daughter of Augustus' friend, distinguished general and intended heir, [[Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa]]. They had a son, [[Drusus Julius Caesar]]. After Agrippa died, Augustus insisted that Tiberius divorce Vipsania and marry his own daughter (Tiberius' step-sister) [[Julia the Elder|Julia]]. Tiberius reluctantly gave in. This second marriage proved scandalous, deeply unhappy, and childless; ultimately, Julia was sent into exile by her father. Tiberius adopted his nephew, the able and popular [[Germanicus]], as heir. On Augustus' death in 14, Tiberius became ''[[princeps]]'' at the age of 55. He seems to have taken on the responsibilities of head of state with great reluctance, and perhaps a genuine sense of inadequacy in the role, compared to the capable, self-confident and charismatic Augustus.
From the outset, Tiberius had a difficult, resentful relationship with the [[Roman Senate|Senate]], and suspected many plots against him. Nevertheless, he proved to be an effective and efficient administrator. After the deaths of his nephew Germanicus in AD 19 and his son Drusus in 23, Tiberius became reclusive and aloof. In 26 he removed himself from Rome and left administration largely in the hands of his ambitious [[praetorian prefect]] [[Sejanus]], whom he later had executed for treason, and then Sejanus' replacement, [[Naevius Sutorius Macro|Macro]]. When Tiberius died, he was succeeded by his grand-nephew and adopted grandson, Germanicus' son [[Caligula]], whose lavish building projects and varyingly successful military endeavours drained much of the wealth that Tiberius had accumulated in the public and Imperial coffers through good management.
Tiberius allowed the worship of his [[Roman imperial cult#Divus, deus and the numen|divine ''Genius'']] in only one temple, in Rome's eastern provinces, and promoted restraint in the empire-wide cult to the deceased Augustus. When Tiberius died, he was given a sumptuous funeral befitting his office, but no divine honours. He came to be remembered as a dark, reclusive and sombre ruler who never really wanted to be emperor; [[Pliny the Elder]] called him "the gloomiest of men".{{sfn|Pliny the Elder|loc=[https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/L/Roman/Texts/Pliny_the_Elder/28*.html#v XXVIII.5.23]}}{{sfn|Capes|1897|p=[https://archive.org/details/romanhistoryear03capegoog/page/n99 71]}}
== Early life ==
=== Family and youth ===
[[File:Livia y Tiberio M.A.N. 01.JPG|thumb|250px|Tiberius and his mother [[Livia]], AD 14–19, from [[Paestum]], [[National Archaeological Museum of Spain]], Madrid]]
Tiberius was born in [[Rome]] on 16 November 42 BC to [[Tiberius Claudius Nero (father of Tiberius Caesar)|Tiberius Claudius Nero]] and [[Livia|Livia Drusilla]].{{sfn|Suetonius|loc=Tiberius, 5}} Both of his biological parents belonged to the ''[[Claudia gens|gens Claudia]]'', an ancient [[Patrician (ancient Rome)|patrician]] family that came to prominence in the early years of the republic.{{sfn|Suetonius|loc=Tiberius 1}} His mother was also a member of the [[Livia gens|Livii]] family, an ancient [[Plebeians|plebeian]] but prominent family, through the adoption into it of his maternal grandfather.{{sfn|Suetonius|loc=Tiberius 3}} Little is recorded of Tiberius' early life. In 39 BC, his mother divorced his biological father and, though again pregnant by Tiberius Nero, remarried to [[Augustus|Octavian]], later known as Augustus. In 38 BC his brother, [[Nero Claudius Drusus]], was born.{{sfn|Levick|1999|p=15}} In 32 BC, Tiberius, at the age of nine, delivered the eulogy for his biological father at the ''[[rostra]]''. In 29 BC, he rode in the triumphal chariot along with his adoptive father Octavian in celebration of the [[Battle of Actium|defeat of Antony and Cleopatra at Actium]].{{sfn|Suetonius|loc=Tiberius 6}}
=== Succession question ===
In 23 BC, Emperor Augustus became gravely ill, and his possible death threatened to plunge the Roman world into even more civil conflict. Historians generally agree that it is during this time that the question of Augustus' heir became most acute, and while Augustus had seemed to indicate that [[Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa|Agrippa]] and [[Marcus Claudius Marcellus (nephew of Augustus)|Marcellus]] would carry on his position in the event of his death, the ambiguity of succession became Augustus' chief problem.{{sfn|Southern|1998|pp=119–120}} In response, a series of potential heirs seem to have been selected, among them Tiberius and his brother Drusus. In 24 BC, at the age of seventeen, Tiberius entered politics under Augustus' direction, receiving the position of ''[[quaestor]]'',{{sfn|Paterculus|loc=II.94}} and was granted the right to stand for election as ''[[praetor]]'' and ''consul'' five years in advance of the age required by law.{{sfn|Suetonius|loc=Tiberius 9}} Similar provisions were made for Drusus.{{sfn|Seager|2005|p=xiv}}
== Civil and military career ==
=== Early career and marriage ===
[[File:Portraitkopf der Vipsania Agrippina.png|thumb|180px|left|"Probable" portrait bust of Vipsania (recovered from [[Leptis Magna]], near [[Khoms]], Libya<ref>from ''Africa Italiana'' 8 (1941), cited in Burns, Jasper (2003) ''[http://www.jasperburns.com/gasara.htm Vipsania on Ara Pacis]'',</ref>]]
Shortly thereafter Tiberius began appearing in court as an advocate, and it was presumably at this time that his interest in Greek [[rhetoric]] began. In 20 BC, Tiberius went east to join [[Augustus]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |title=Cassius Dio: Book 54, 7-8}}</ref> The [[Parthian Empire]] had previously captured the [[Military colours, standards and guidons|standards]] of the [[Roman legion|legions]] under the command of [[Marcus Licinius Crassus]] (53 BC) (at the [[Battle of Carrhae]]), Decidius Saxa (40 BC), and [[Mark Antony]] (36 BC) and, after negotiations with Parthia's King [[Phraates IV]], either Augustus<ref name=":0" /> or Tiberius,<ref>Suetonius: Tiberius, 9</ref> or perhaps both together, were able to reclaim them for Rome. Tiberius then led a sizeable force into [[Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)|Armenia]], presumably to establish it as a Roman [[client state]] and end the threat it posed on the Roman-[[Parthian Empire|Parthian]] border. Augustus was able to reach a compromise whereby the standards were returned, and Armenia remained a neutral territory between the two powers.{{sfn|Suetonius|loc=Tiberius 9}}
Tiberius married [[Vipsania Agrippina]], the daughter of Augustus' close friend and most famed general, [[Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa]].{{sfn|Suetonius|loc=Tiberius 7}} He was appointed to the position of ''[[praetor]]'', and was sent with his legions to assist his brother Drusus in campaigns in the west. While Drusus focused his forces in [[Gallia Narbonensis]] and along the German frontier, Tiberius combated the tribes in the [[Alps]] and within [[Transalpine Gaul]], [[Conquest of the Alps|conquering Raetia]]. In 15 BC he discovered the sources of the [[Danube]], and soon afterward the bend of the middle course.<ref>[[Strabo]], 7. I. 5, p. 292 {{full citation needed|date=May 2023}}</ref> Returning to Rome in 13 BC, Tiberius was appointed as ''consul'', and around this same time his son, [[Drusus Julius Caesar]], was born.{{sfn|Levick|1999|p=42}}
Agrippa's death in 12 BC elevated Tiberius and Drusus with respect to the succession. At Augustus' request in 11 BC, Tiberius divorced Vipsania and married [[Julia the Elder]], Augustus' daughter and Agrippa's widow. Tiberius was very reluctant to do this, as Julia had made advances to him when she was married, and Tiberius was happily married. His new marriage with Julia was happy at first, but turned sour. Suetonius claims that when Tiberius ran into Vipsania again, he followed her home crying and begging forgiveness.{{sfn|Suetonius|loc=Tiberius 7}} Soon afterwards, Tiberius met with Augustus, and steps were taken to ensure that Tiberius and Vipsania would never meet again.<ref>[[#Seager2005|Seager 2005]], p. 20.</ref> Tiberius continued to be elevated by Augustus, and after Agrippa's death and his brother Drusus' death in 9 BC, seemed the clear candidate for succession. As such, in 12 BC he received military commissions in [[Pannonia]] and [[Germania]], both areas highly volatile and of key importance to Augustan policy.
=== Military campaigns ===
[[File:Germania Enobarbo e Tiberio.jpg|thumb|300px|The campaigns of Tiberius, [[Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus (consul 16 BC)|Ahenobarbus]], and [[Gaius Sentius Saturninus|Saturninus]] in [[Germania]] between 6 BC and 1 BC]]
In 6 BC, Tiberius launched a [[pincer movement]] against the [[Marcomanni]]. Setting out northwest from [[Carnuntum]] on the Danube with four legions, Tiberius passed through [[Quadi]] territory in order to invade Marcomanni territory from the east. Meanwhile, general [[Gaius Sentius Saturninus]] would depart east from [[Moguntiacum]] on the [[Rhine]] with two or three legions, pass through newly annexed [[Hermunduri]] territory, and attack the Marcomanni from the west. The campaign was a resounding success, but Tiberius could not subjugate the Marcomanni because he was soon summoned to the Rhine frontier to protect Rome's new conquests in Germania. He returned to Rome and was consul for a second time in 7 BC, and in 6 BC was granted [[tribune|tribunician power]] (''tribunicia potestas'') and control in the East,{{sfn|Cassius Dio|loc=[https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/55*.html#9 LV.9]}} positions that Agrippa had held before him.
== Midlife ==
=== Retirement to Rhodes ===
In 6 BC, while on the verge of accepting command in the East and becoming the second-most powerful man in Rome, Tiberius announced his withdrawal from politics and retired to [[Rhodes]].<ref>[[#Seager2005|Seager 2005]], pp. 23–24.</ref> The motives for Tiberius's withdrawal are unclear.{{sfn|Suetonius|loc=Tiberius 10}} Some historians have speculated that Tiberius and Drusus were only ever intended as caretakers, and would have been swept aside once Julia's two sons by Agrippa, [[Gaius Caesar|Gaius]] and [[Lucius Caesar|Lucius]], were adopted as Augustus' heirs and came of age.{{sfn|Levick|1999|p=29}} The promiscuous, and very public behaviour of his unhappily married wife, Julia,{{sfn|Paterculus|loc=II.100}} may have also played a part.{{sfn|Cassius Dio|loc=[https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/55*.html#9 LV.9]}} Tacitus understood this to be Tiberius' innermost reason for moving to Rhodes, a reflection of his hatred of Julia and his longing for Vipsania.{{sfn|Tacitus|loc=[[s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 1#53|I.53]]}} Tiberius, forbidden to see the woman he loved, found himself married to a woman he loathed, and publicly humiliated by her nighttime escapades in the [[Roman Forum]].<ref name=sag26 />
Whatever Tiberius' motives, his withdrawal was almost disastrous for Augustus' succession plans. Gaius and Lucius were still in their early teens, and Augustus, now 57 years old, had no immediate successor. There was no longer a guarantee of a [[peaceful transition of power|peaceful transfer of power]] after Augustus' death, nor a guarantee that his family, and therefore his family's allies, would continue to hold power should the position of ''[[Princeps]]'' survive.<ref name="sag26">[[#Seager2005|Seager 2005]], p. 26.</ref> Somewhat melodramatic stories tell of Augustus pleading with Tiberius to stay, even going so far as to stage a serious illness.<ref name="sag26" /> Tiberius' response was to anchor off the shore of [[Ostia Antica|Ostia]] until word came that Augustus had survived, then sailing straightway for Rhodes.{{sfn|Suetonius|loc=Tiberius 11}} Tiberius reportedly regretted his departure and requested to return to Rome several times, but each time Augustus refused his requests.<ref>[[#Seager2005|Seager 2005]], p. 28.</ref>
=== Heir to Augustus ===
[[File:RomeElberiver.png|thumb|left|340px|In AD 1 Augustus sent his stepson Tiberius to subdue the Germanic tribes on the Rhine frontier. In his campaigns, Tiberius eventually extended the Roman border as far as the [[Elbe]] but was forced to cancel plans to conquer the Suevic [[Marcomanni]] when [[Bellum Batonianum|revolt]] broke out in Illyria in AD 6.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.livius.org/le-lh/legio/v_alaudae.html | date = September 2010 | title = Legio V Alaudae | publisher = livius.org | access-date = 2017-08-23 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150426044251/https://www.livius.org/le-lh/legio/v_alaudae.html | archive-date = 2015-04-26 | url-status = live }}</ref>]]
With Tiberius' departure, succession rested solely on Augustus' two young grandsons, Lucius and Gaius Caesar. The situation became more precarious in AD 2 with the death of Lucius. Augustus, with perhaps some pressure from Livia, allowed Tiberius to return to Rome as a private citizen and nothing more.{{sfn|Suetonius|loc=Tiberius 13}} In AD 4, Gaius was killed in Armenia, and Augustus had no other choice but to turn to Tiberius.{{sfn|Tacitus|loc=[[s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 1#3|I.3]]}}{{sfn|Suetonius|loc=Tiberius 15}} The death of Gaius in AD 4 initiated a flurry of activity in the household of Augustus. Tiberius was adopted as full son and heir, and in turn he was required to adopt his nephew [[Germanicus]], the son of his brother [[Nero Claudius Drusus]] and Augustus' niece [[Antonia Minor]].{{sfn|Tacitus|loc=[[s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 1#3|I.3]]}}{{sfn|Cassius Dio|loc=[https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/55*.html#13 LV.13]}} Along with his adoption, Tiberius received [[tribunician power]] as well as a share of Augustus' ''maius imperium'', something that even Marcus Agrippa may never have had.{{sfn|Suetonius|loc=Tiberius 21}}<ref>For the debate over whether Agrippa's ''imperium'' after 13 BC was ''maius'' or ''aequum'', see, e.g., {{cite journal |author=E. Badian |date=1980|title=Notes on the ''Laudatio'' of Agrippa |journal=Classical Journal |volume=76 |issue=2 |pages=97–109 [105–106]|jstor=3297371 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3297371}}</ref> In AD 7, [[Agrippa Postumus]], a younger brother of Gaius and Lucius, was disowned by Augustus and banished to the island of [[Pianosa]], to live in solitary confinement.{{sfn|Suetonius|loc=Tiberius 15}}{{sfn|Cassius Dio|loc=[https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/55*.html#32 LV.32]}}
Thus, when in AD 13, the powers held by Tiberius were made equal, rather than second, to Augustus' own powers, he was for all intents and purposes a "co-Princeps" with Augustus, and, in the event of the latter's passing, would simply continue to rule without an [[interregnum]] or possible upheaval.{{sfn|Seager|2005|p=xv}}
However, according to [[Suetonius]], after a two-year stint in Germania, which lasted from AD 10–12,<ref name=Speidel>{{Cite book |last=Speidel |first=Micheal P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xc2PAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA8 |title=Riding for Caesar: The Roman Emperor's Horseguard |date=2002|publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-78255-9 |page=8}}</ref><blockquote>"Tiberius returned and celebrated the triumph which he had postponed, accompanied also by his generals, for whom he had obtained the triumphal regalia. And before turning to enter the Capitol, he dismounted from his chariot and fell at the knees of his father, who was presiding over the ceremonies."{{sfn|Suetonius|loc=Tiberius 20}} "Since the consuls caused a law to be passed soon after this that he should govern the provinces jointly with Augustus and hold the census with him, he set out for [[Illyricum (Roman province)|Illyricum]] on the conclusion of the [[lustrum|lustral]] ceremonies."{{sfn|Suetonius|loc=Tiberius 21}}</blockquote>Thus, according to Suetonius, these ceremonies and the declaration of his "co-Princeps" took place in the year AD 12, after Tiberius' return from Germania.<ref name="Speidel" /> "But he was at once recalled, and finding Augustus in his last illness but still alive, he spent an entire day with him in private."{{sfn|Suetonius|loc=Tiberius 21}} Augustus died on 19 August AD 14, a month before his 76th birthday and exactly 56 years after he first assumed the [[consulship]].{{sfn|Suetonius|loc=Augustus [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Augustus*.html#100 100.1.]}}{{sfn|Cassius Dio|loc=[https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/56*.html#30 56.30.]}}{{sfn|Paterculus|loc=II.123}} He was cremated with all due ceremony and, as had been arranged beforehand, [[apotheosis|deified]], his will read, and Tiberius, now a middle-aged man at 55, was confirmed as his sole surviving heir.{{sfn|Tacitus|loc=[[s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 1#8|I.8]]}} Tiberius peacefully took power, unchallenged by any rivals.{{sfn|Mattingly|1957|p=14}}
==Emperor==
=== Early reign ===
[[File:Aureus à l'effigie de Tibère.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Aureus]] of Tiberius, {{Circa|AD 27–30}}. Caption: TI. CAESAR DIVI AVG. F. AVGVSTVS / MAXIM. PONTIF.]]
The [[Roman Senate|Senate]] convened on 17 September, to validate Tiberius's position as ''[[Princeps]]'' and, as it had done with Augustus before, grant him its powers.{{sfn|Levick|1999|pp=[https://archive.org/details/tiberiuspolitici00levi_0/page/68/mode/2up 68–81]. «The senatorial decree of 17 September was to make him ''Divi fiilius'', son of the deified Princeps, and the will imposed the title Augustus... Tiberius' powers lapsed on Augustus' death, required redefinition, or were surrendered on 17 September.»}}{{sfn|Tacitus|loc=[[s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 1|I.9–11]]}} Tiberius already had the administrative and political powers of the ''Princeps'', but he lacked the titles of ''[[Augustus (title)|Augustus]]'' and ''[[Pater Patriae]]'' ("Father of the country"), and refused the [[Civic Crown]].{{efn| A crown made from [[bay laurel|laurel]] and [[oak]]. It had been awarded to Augustus for "saving the lives of Roman citizens".}} Like Augustus before him, Tiberius may have sought to represent himself as a reluctant yet devoted public servant, no more than an ordinary citizen who wanted to serve the state and people to the best of his ability,{{sfn|Seager|2005|pp=44–45}} but his refusal of these titular, quasi-religious honours, and his reluctance to accept the full powers of a ''princeps'' were taken as insults to the elite who offered them; signs of hypocrisy, not humility. According to Tacitus, Tiberius derided the Senate as "men fit to be slaves".{{sfn|Tacitus|loc=[[s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 3#65|III.65]], [[s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 1#12|I.12–13]]}}{{sfn|Suetonius|loc=Tiberius 26}} Antagonism between Tiberius and his senate seems to have been a feature of his rule.{{sfn|Suetonius|loc=Tiberius 24}} In his first few years as emperor, Tiberius seems to have wanted the Senate to act alone, with no reference to him or his responsibilities as "first Senator".{{sfn|Tacitus|loc=[[s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 3#35|III.35]], [[s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 3#53|III.53–54]]}} His direct orders were rather vague, inspiring debates on what he actually meant, rather than passing his legislation.{{sfn|Tacitus|loc=[[s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 3#32|III.32]], [[s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 3#52|III.52]]}}
=== Germanicus ===
[[File:Germanicus.jpg|thumb|upright|A bust of the adopted son of Tiberius, [[Germanicus]], from the [[Louvre]], Paris]]
The Roman legions in Pannonia and Germania had not been paid the bonuses promised to them by Augustus, and showed early signs of mutiny when it was clear that a response from Tiberius was not forthcoming.{{sfn|Tacitus|loc=[[s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 1#16|I.16–17]], [[s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 1#31|I.31]]}}
[[Germanicus]] and Tiberius's son, [[Drusus Julius Caesar]], were dispatched with a small force to quell the uprising and bring the legions back in line. Germanicus took charge of the mutinous troops and led them on a short campaign across the Rhine into Germanic territory, promising that whatever treasure they could grab would count as their bonus.{{sfn|Cassius Dio|loc=[https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/57*.html#6 LVII.6]}} Germanicus's forces took over all the territory between the Rhine and the [[Elbe]]. They took control of the [[Teutoburg forest]], where three Roman legions and their auxiliary cohorts, led by [[Publius Quinctilius Varus]], [[Battle of the Teutoburg Forest|had been annihilated]] by Germanic tribes several years before. Germanicus took back the legionary [[aquila (Roman)|standards]] lost in that disaster, saving them from the disgrace of captivity.{{sfn|Tacitus|loc=[[s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 2#46|II.46]]}}{{sfn|Tacitus|loc=[[s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 2#41|II.41]]}} These bold and successful actions increased Germanicus' already high popular standing.{{sfn|Shotter|2004|pp=35–37}} After his return to Rome, Germanicus was awarded a full [[Roman triumph|triumph]], which he celebrated in AD 17. It was the first full triumph held since Augustus' own in 29 BC.{{sfn|Tacitus|loc=[[s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 2#26|II.26]]}}{{sfn|Tacitus|loc=[[s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 2#41|II.41]]}}
In AD 18 Germanicus was granted control over the eastern part of the empire, like Agrippa and Tiberius before him. This was interpreted as a sign that he would be Tiberius' successor;{{sfn|Tacitus|loc=[[s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 2#43|II.43]]}} but Germanicus died just over a year later, having accused [[Gnaeus Calpurnius Piso (consul 7 BC)|Gnaeus Calpurnius Piso]], the governor of Syria, of poisoning him.{{sfn|Tacitus|loc=[[s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 2#71|II.71]]}}
The Pisones had been longtime supporters of the Claudians, and had allied themselves with the young Octavian after his marriage to Livia, the mother of Tiberius. Germanicus's death and accusations indicted the new ''Princeps''. Piso was placed on trial and, according to Tacitus, threatened to implicate Tiberius.{{sfn|Tacitus|loc=[[s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 2#16|III.16]]}} Whether the governor actually could connect the ''Princeps'' to the death of Germanicus is unknown; rather than continuing to stand trial when it became evident that the Senate was against him, Piso committed suicide.{{sfn|Suetonius|loc=Tiberius 52}}{{sfn|Tacitus|loc=[[s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 3#15|III.15]]}}
In AD 22, Tiberius shared his tribunician authority with his son Drusus,{{sfn|Tacitus|loc=[[s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 3#56|III.56]]}} and began making yearly excursions to Campania that reportedly became longer and longer every year. In AD 23, Drusus died in mysterious circumstances,{{sfn|Tacitus|loc=[[s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 4#7|IV.7–8]]}}{{sfn|Suetonius|loc=Tiberius 62}} and Tiberius seems to have made no effort to elevate a replacement. In AD 26, Tiberius moved to an imperial villa-complex he had inherited from Augustus, on the island of [[Capri]]. It was just off the coast of Campania, which was a traditional holiday retreat for Rome's upper classes, particularly those who valued cultured leisure ([[otium]]) and a Hellenised lifestyle.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Houston |first=George W. |date=1985 |title=Tiberius on Capri |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/642441 |journal=Greece & Rome |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=179–196 |doi=10.1017/S0017383500030503 |jstor=642441 |s2cid=162308020 |issn=0017-3835|quote=We must imagine Tiberius not as brooding in isolation (though it is true enough he was a difficult man, not to say a grouchy one), but as entertaining visitors, discussing affairs, and taking up at least the more important of the obligations imposed upon him by state and family}}</ref>{{sfn|Tacitus|loc=[[s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 4#67|IV.67]]}}
=== Tiberius in Capri, with Sejanus in Rome ===
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| footer = Left: marble [[Roman portraiture|portrait bust]] of Tiberius in the [[Carlsberg Glyptotek]], Copenhagen <br/>Right: bronze portrait bust of Tiberius in the [[Cabinet des Médailles]], Paris}}
[[Sejanus|Lucius Aelius Sejanus]] had served the imperial family for almost twenty years when he became [[Praetorian Prefect]] in AD 15. As Tiberius became more embittered with the position of ''[[Princeps]]'', he began to depend more and more upon the limited secretariat left to him by Augustus, and specifically upon Sejanus and the Praetorians. In AD 17 or 18, Tiberius had trimmed the ranks of the [[Praetorian Guard]] responsible for the defence of the city, and had moved it from encampments outside of the city walls [[Castra Praetoria|into the city itself]],{{sfn|Suetonius|loc=Tiberius 37}} giving Sejanus access to somewhere between 6000 and 9000 troops.
The death of Drusus elevated Sejanus, at least in the eyes of Tiberius, who thereafter refers to him as his ''Socius Laborum'' (Partner of my labours). Tiberius had statues of Sejanus erected throughout the city,{{sfn|Tacitus|loc=[[s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 4#2|IV.2]]}}{{sfn|Cassius Dio|loc=[https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/57*.html#21 LVII.21]}} and Sejanus became more and more visible as Tiberius began to withdraw from Rome altogether. Finally, with Tiberius's withdrawal in AD 26, Sejanus was left in charge of the entire state mechanism and the city of Rome.{{sfn|Tacitus|loc=[[s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 4#67|IV.67]]}}
Sejanus's position was not quite that of successor; he had requested marriage in AD 25 to Tiberius's niece, [[Livilla]], though under pressure quickly withdrew the request.{{sfn|Tacitus|loc=[[s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 4#39|IV.39–41]]}} While Sejanus's [[Praetorian Guard|Praetorians]] controlled the imperial post, and therefore the information that Tiberius received from Rome and the information Rome received from Tiberius,{{sfn|Tacitus|loc=[[s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 4#41|IV.41]]}} the presence of [[Livia]] seems to have checked his overt power for a time. Her death in AD 29 changed all that.{{sfn|Tacitus|loc=[[s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 5#3|V.3]]}}
Sejanus began a series of purge trials of Senators and wealthy equestrians in the city of Rome, removing those capable of opposing his power as well as extending the imperial (and his own) treasury. Germanicus's widow [[Agrippina the Elder]] and two of her sons, [[Nero Julius Caesar]] and [[Drusus Caesar]] were arrested and exiled in AD 30 and later all died in suspicious circumstances. In Sejanus's purge of Agrippina the Elder and her family, [[Caligula]], [[Agrippina the Younger]], [[Julia Drusilla]], and [[Julia Livilla]] were the only survivors.{{sfn|Suetonius|loc=Tiberius 53–54}}
[[File:Villa Jovis (Restauriert).jpg|thumb|Ruins from the [[Villa Jovis]] on the island of [[Capri]], where Tiberius spent much of his final years, leaving control of the empire in the hands of the prefect [[Sejanus|Lucius Aelius Sejanus]].]]
In 31, Sejanus held the consulship with Tiberius ''[[wikt:in absentia|in absentia]],''{{sfn|Suetonius|loc=Tiberius 65}} and began his play for power in earnest. Precisely what happened is difficult to determine, but Sejanus seems to have covertly attempted to court those families who were tied to the Julians and attempted to ingratiate himself with the Julian family line to place himself, as an adopted Julian, in the position of ''Princeps'', or as a possible [[regent]].{{sfn|Suetonius|loc=Tiberius 65}} [[Livilla]] was later implicated in this plot and was revealed to have been Sejanus's lover for several years.{{sfn|Cassius Dio|loc=[https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/57*.html#22 LVII.22]}}
The plot seems to have involved the two of them overthrowing Tiberius, with the support of the Julians, and either assuming the [[Principate]] themselves, or serving as regent to the young [[Tiberius Gemellus]] or possibly even [[Caligula]].<ref name="boddington-sejanus">{{cite journal |last=Boddington |first=Ann |title=Sejanus. Whose Conspiracy? |journal=The American Journal of Philology |volume=84 |issue=1 |pages=1–16 |date=1963 |doi=10.2307/293155 |jstor=293155 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/293155}}</ref> Those who stood in his way were tried for treason and swiftly dealt with.<ref name="boddington-sejanus" />
In AD 31 Sejanus was summoned to a meeting of the Senate, where a letter from Tiberius was read condemning Sejanus and ordering his immediate execution. Sejanus was tried, and he and several of his colleagues were executed within the week. As commander of the Praetorian Guard, he was replaced by [[Naevius Sutorius Macro]].{{sfn|Cassius Dio|loc=[https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/58*.html#10 LVIII.10]}}
[[Tacitus]] claims that more treason trials followed and that whereas Tiberius had been hesitant to act at the outset of his reign, now, towards the end of his life, he seemed to do so without compunction. The hardest hit were those families with political ties to the Julians. Even the imperial magistracy was hit, as any and all who had associated with Sejanus or could in some way be tied to his schemes were summarily tried and executed, their properties seized by the state. As Tacitus vividly describes,
{{blockquote|"Executions were now a stimulus to his fury, and he ordered the death of all who were lying in prison under accusation of complicity with Sejanus. There lay, singly or in heaps, the unnumbered dead, of every age and sex, the illustrious with the obscure. Kinsfolk and friends were not allowed to be near them, to weep over them, or even to gaze on them too long. Spies were set round them, who noted the sorrow of each mourner and followed the rotting corpses, till they were dragged to the Tiber, where, floating or driven on the bank, no one dared to burn or to touch them."{{sfn|Tacitus|loc=[[s: The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 6#19|VI.19]]}}}}
However, Tacitus' portrayal of a tyrannical, vengeful emperor has been challenged by some historians: [[Edward Togo Salmon]] notes in ''A history of the Roman world from 30 BC to AD 138'':
{{blockquote|"In the whole twenty two years of Tiberius' reign, not more than fifty-two persons were accused of treason, of whom almost half escaped conviction, while the four innocent people to be condemned fell victims to the excessive zeal of the Senate, not to the emperor's tyranny."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Salmon |first=E. T. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ov1_AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA133 |title=A History of the Roman World: From 30 BC to AD 138 |date=2013-08-21 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-96348-5 |page=133}}</ref>}}
While Tiberius was in Capri, rumours abounded as to what exactly he was doing there. Suetonius records the rumours of lurid tales of sexual perversity, including graphic depictions of child molestation, cruelty,{{sfn|Suetonius|loc=Tiberius 43, 44, 45}} and most of all his paranoia.{{sfn|Suetonius|loc= 60, 62–64}} While heavily sensationalised,<ref>Wallace-Hadrill, Andrew (1984) ''Suetonius: The Scholar and His Caesars'', Yale University Press, {{ISBN|0-300-03000-2}}</ref> Suetonius' stories at least paint a picture of how Tiberius was perceived by the Roman senatorial class, and what his impact on the Principate was during his 23 years of rule.
[[File:Denarius of Tiberius (YORYM 2000 1953) obverse.jpg|thumb|A [[denarius]] of Tiberius. Caption: TI. CAESAR DIVI AVG. F. AVGVSTVS]]
=== Final years ===
The affair of Sejanus and the final years of treason trials permanently damaged Tiberius' image and reputation. After Sejanus's fall, Tiberius' withdrawal from Rome was complete; the empire continued to run under the inertia of the bureaucracy established by Augustus, rather than through the leadership of the ''Princeps''. [[Suetonius]] records that he became [[paranoia|paranoid]],{{sfn|Suetonius|loc=60, 62–64}} and spent a great deal of time brooding over the death of his son. During this period there was a short invasion by [[Parthia]], and incursions on Roman territories by [[Dacia]]n and Germanic tribes.{{sfn|Suetonius|loc=Tiberius 41}}
Little was done to plan or secure Tiberius' [[Order of succession|succession]]. The Julians and their supporters were diminished in numbers and political influence, thanks to Sejanus, and Tiberius' immediate heirs were dead. [[Caligula]], the sole surviving son of Germanicus, or Tiberius' own grandson, [[Tiberius Gemellus]], were possibly candidates.{{sfn|Tacitus|loc=[[s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 6#46|VI.46]]}} However, Tiberius only made a half-hearted attempt at the end of his life to make Caligula a ''[[quaestor]]'', and thus give him some credibility as a possible successor, while Gemellus himself was still only a teenager and thus completely unsuitable for some years to come.{{sfn|Cassius Dio|loc=[https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/57*.html#23 LVII.23]}}
=== Death ===
[[File:Laurens Mort de Tibère (49 3 23).jpg|thumb|''The Death of Tiberius'' by [[Jean-Paul Laurens]]]]
Tiberius died in [[Misenum]] on 16 March AD 37, months before his 78th birthday.{{sfn|Tacitus|loc=[[s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 6#50|VI.50–51]]}} Tacitus relates that the emperor appeared to have stopped breathing, and that Caligula, who was at Tiberius' villa, was being congratulated on his succession to the empire, when news arrived that the emperor had revived and was recovering his faculties. He goes on to report that those who had moments before recognised Caligula as Augustus fled in fear of the emperor's wrath, while Macro took advantage of the chaos to have Tiberius smothered with his own bedclothes.{{sfn|Tacitus|loc=[[s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 6#50|VI.50–51]]}} Suetonius reports several rumours, including that the emperor had been poisoned by Caligula, starved, and smothered with a pillow; that recovering, and finding himself deserted by his attendants, he attempted to rise from his couch, but fell dead.{{sfn|Suetonius|loc=Tiberius 73}} According to [[Cassius Dio]], Caligula, fearing that the emperor would recover, refused Tiberius' requests for food, insisting that he needed warmth, not food; then, assisted by Macro, he smothered the emperor in his bedclothes.{{sfn|Cassius Dio|loc=[https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/58*.html lviii. 28]}}{{efn|Dio states that Tiberius died on the "twenty-sixth day of March. He had lived seventy-seven years, four months, and nine days, of which time he had been emperor twenty-two years, seven months, and seven days." Dio's calculations are accurate, but the number "26" is a mistake for "16".{{sfn|Cassius Dio|loc=[https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/58*.html lviii. 28]}}}}{{efn|[[Josephus]] states that "Tiberius died, after he had reigned twenty-two years, six months, and three days."<ref>[[Josephus]], ''[[The Jewish War]]'' [[s:The War of the Jews/Book II|II, 9.]]</ref> Tiberius actually ruled 22 years, 6 months, and 25 days reckoning from Augustus' death.}}
After his death, the Senate refused to vote Tiberius the divine honours that had been paid to Augustus, and mobs filled the streets yelling "To the [[Tiber River|Tiber]] with Tiberius!" (the bodies of criminals were typically thrown into the river, instead of being buried or burnt).<ref>Death of Tiberius: Tacitus ''Annals'' 6.50; Dio 58.28.1–4; Suetonius, ''Tiberius'' [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Tiberius*.html#73 73] ''Gaius'' 12.2–3; Josephus ''AJ'' 18.225. Posthumous insults: Suetonius, ''Tiberius'' [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Tiberius*.html#75 75].</ref> However, the emperor was cremated, and his ashes were placed in the [[Mausoleum of Augustus]].<ref>{{cite book |chapter-url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Europe/Italy/Lazio/Roma/Rome/_Texts/PLATOP*/Mausoleum_Augusti.html |title=A Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome |last1=Platner |first1=Samuel Ball |last2=Ashby |first2=Thomas |year=1929 |chapter=Mausoleum Augusti |location=London |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |pages=332–336 |access-date=30 June 2011}}</ref>
In his [[will (law)|will]], Tiberius nominated [[Caligula]] and [[Tiberius Gemellus]] as his joint heirs.{{sfn|Suetonius|loc=Tiberius 76}} Caligula's first act on becoming ''[[Princeps]]'' was to void Tiberius' will.{{sfn|Cassius Dio|loc=[https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/59*.html#1 LIX.1]}}
==Legacy==
=== Historiography ===
[[File:Statua di tiberio da priverno, post 37 dc..JPG|thumb|upright|Statue of Tiberius from [[Priverno]], made shortly after AD 37, now in the [[Museo Chiaramonti]] of the [[Vatican Museums]]]]
Had he died before AD 23, he might have been hailed as an exemplary ruler.{{sfn|Tacitus|loc=[[s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 4#6|IV.6]]}} Despite the overwhelmingly negative characterisation left by Roman historians, Tiberius left the imperial [[treasury]] with nearly 3 billion ''[[sesterces]]'' upon his death.{{sfn|Cassius Dio|loc=[https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/59*.html#1 LIX.1]}}{{sfn|Suetonius|loc=Caligula [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Caligula*.html#37 37]}} Rather than embark on costly campaigns of conquest, he chose to strengthen the existing empire by building additional bases, using diplomacy as well as military threats, and generally refraining from getting drawn into petty squabbles between competing frontier tyrants.{{sfn|Suetonius|loc=Tiberius 37}} The result was a stronger, more consolidated empire, ensuring the imperial institutions introduced by his adoptive father would remain for centuries to come.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Tiberius|title=Tiberius | Biography, Accomplishments, Facts, & Death|date=30 June 2023 }}</ref>
Of the authors whose texts have survived, only four describe the reign of Tiberius in considerable detail: [[Tacitus]], [[Suetonius]], [[Cassius Dio]] and [[Marcus Velleius Paterculus]]. Fragmentary evidence also remains from [[Pliny the Elder]], [[Strabo]] and [[Seneca the Elder]]. Tiberius himself wrote an autobiography which Suetonius describes as "brief and sketchy", but this book has been lost.{{sfn|Suetonius|loc=Tiberius 61}}
==== Publius Cornelius Tacitus ====
{{See also|Tacitus}}
The most detailed account of this period was written by [[Tacitus]], whose ''[[Annals (Tacitus)|Annals]]'' dedicate the first six books entirely to the reign of Tiberius. Tacitus was a Roman senator, born during the reign of [[Nero]] in AD 56, and ''[[consul suffectus]]'' in AD 97. His text is largely based on the ''[[Acta Senatus]]'' (the minutes of the session of the Senate) and the ''[[Acta Diurna]]'' (a collection of the acts of the government and news of the court and capital), as well as speeches by Tiberius himself, and the histories of contemporaries such as [[Marcus Cluvius Rufus]], [[Fabius Rusticus]] and [[Pliny the Elder]] (all of which are lost). Tacitus' narrative emphasises both political and psychological motivation. His characterisation of Tiberius throughout the first six books is mostly negative, and gradually worsens as his rule declines, identifying a clear breaking point with the death of his son [[Drusus Julius Caesar|Drusus]] in AD 23.{{sfn|Tacitus|loc=[[s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 4#6|IV.6]]}}
Tacitus describes Julio-Claudian rule as generally unjust and "criminal";{{sfn|Tacitus|loc=[[s: The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 1#6|I.6]]}} he attributes the apparent virtues of Tiberius during his early reign to hypocrisy.{{sfn|Tacitus|loc=[[s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 6#50|VI.50–51]]}}
Another major recurring theme concerns the balance of power between the Senate and the emperors, corruption, and the growing [[tyranny]] among the governing classes of Rome. A substantial amount of his account on Tiberius is therefore devoted to the treason trials and persecutions following the revival of the ''maiestas'' law under Augustus.{{sfn|Tacitus|loc=[[s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 1#72|I.72]], [[s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 1#74|I.74]], [[s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 2#27|II.27–32]], [[s: The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 3#49|III.49–51]], [[s: The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 3#66|III.66–69]]}} Ultimately, Tacitus' opinion on Tiberius is best illustrated by his conclusion of the sixth book:
{{blockquote|"His character too had its distinct periods. It was a bright time in his life and reputation, while under Augustus he was a private citizen or held high offices; a time of reserve and crafty assumption of virtue, as long as Germanicus and Drusus were alive. Again, while his mother lived, he was a compound of good and evil; he was infamous for his cruelty, though he veiled his debaucheries, while he loved or feared Sejanus. Finally, he plunged into every wickedness and disgrace, when fear and shame being cast off, he simply indulged his own inclinations."{{sfn|Tacitus|loc=[[s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 6#50|VI.50–51]]}}}}
==== Suetonius Tranquillus ====
[[File:Silver denarius of Tiberius 14CE 37CE found in India Indian copy of a the same 1st century CE Coin of Kushan king Kujula Kadphises copying a coin of Augustus.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|An example of [[Indo-Roman trade and relations]] during the period: silver denarius of Tiberius (14–37) found in India and Indian copy of the same, 1st-century coin of [[Kushan Empire|Kushan]] king [[Kujula Kadphises]] copying a coin of [[Augustus]].]]
[[Suetonius]] was an equestrian who held administrative posts during the reigns of [[Trajan]] and [[Hadrian]]. ''[[The Twelve Caesars]]'' details a biographical history of the principate from the birth of [[Julius Caesar]] to the death of [[Domitian]] in AD 96. Like Tacitus, he drew upon the imperial archives, as well as histories by [[Aufidius Bassus]], [[Marcus Cluvius Rufus]], [[Fabius Rusticus]] and Augustus' own letters.{{sfn|Suetonius|loc=Tiberius 43, 44, 45}}
His account is more sensationalist and anecdotal than that of his contemporary Tacitus, and delves into Tiberius' numerous alleged debaucheries while at Capri.{{sfn|Suetonius|loc=Tiberius 43, 44, 45}} Nevertheless, Suetonius praises Tiberius' actions during his early reign, emphasising his modesty.{{sfn|Suetonius|loc=Tiberius 26–32}}
==== Velleius Paterculus ====
One of the few surviving sources contemporary with the rule of Tiberius comes from [[Velleius Paterculus]], who served under Tiberius for eight years (from AD 4) in Germany and Pannonia as ''[[praefect]]'' of cavalry and ''legatus''. Paterculus' ''Compendium of Roman History'' spans a period from the fall of [[Troy]] to the death of [[Livia]] in AD 29. His text on Tiberius lavishes praise on both the emperor{{sfn|Paterculus|loc=II.94, 103–105, 129–130}} and Sejanus.{{sfn|Paterculus|loc=II.127–128}} How much of this is due to genuine admiration or prudence remains an open question, but it has been conjectured that he was put to death in AD 31 as a friend of Sejanus.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Syme | first = Ronald | title = Seianus on the Aventine | journal = Hermes | volume = 84 | issue = 3 | pages = 257–266 | year = 1956 | publisher = Franz Steiner Verlag | jstor = 4474933 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4474933}}</ref>
=== Gospels, Jews, and Christians ===
[[File:Emperor Tiberius Denarius - Tribute Penny.jpg|thumb|300px|The ''[[tribute penny]]'' mentioned in the Bible is commonly believed to be a Roman [[denarius]] depicting the emperor Tiberius. Caption: TI. CAESAR DIVI AVG. F. AVGVSTVS / MAXIM. PONTIF.]]
According to the [[Gospel]]s, Jesus of [[Nazareth]] preached and was executed during the reign of Tiberius, by the authority of [[Pontius Pilate]], the Roman governor of [[Judaea (Roman province)|Judaea province]]. ''[[Luke 3]]:1'',<ref>{{bibleref|Luke|3:1}}</ref> states that [[John the Baptist]] entered on his public ministry in the fifteenth year of Tiberius' reign. The city of [[Tiberias]], on the Western shore of the [[Sea of Galilee]] (also known as the ''Sea of Tiberias'') was named thus by [[Herod Antipas]] in Tiberius's honour.{{sfn|Josephus|loc=''Antiquities'' [[s:The Antiquities of the Jews/Book XVIII#Chapter 2|XVIII.2.3]]}} It is referred to in ''[[John 6]]:23''<ref>{{bibleref|John|6:23}}</ref> and ''John 6:1''.<ref>{{bibleref|John|6:1}}</ref> The so-called "[[tribute penny]]" referred to in the [[Gospel of Matthew]]<ref>{{bibleref|Matthew|22:19}}</ref> and the [[Gospel of Mark]]<ref>{{bibleref|Mark|12:15}}</ref> is popularly thought to be a silver ''[[denarius]]'' coin of Tiberius.<ref>{{cite book
| last = [[Sir William Smith]]
| title = The Old Testament History: From The Creation To The Return Of The Jews From Captivity (page 704)
| publisher = [[Kessinger Publishing]], LLC (22 May 2010)
| year = 1896
| isbn = 1-162-09864-3
}}</ref><ref>{{cite book
| title = The Numismatist, Volume 29 |page= 536
| publisher = [[American Numismatic Association]] (3 April 2010)
| year = 2010
| isbn = 978-1-148-52633-1
}}</ref><ref>{{cite book
| last = Hobson
| first = Burton
| title = Coins and coin collecting (page 28)
| publisher = [[Dover Publications]] (April 1972)
| year = 1972
| isbn = 0-486-22763-4
}}</ref>
During Tiberius' reign, Jews had become more prominent in Rome and Jewish and Gentile followers of Jesus began [[proselytising]] Roman citizens, increasing long-simmering resentments.<ref name="Jossa">{{cite book|last=Jossa|first=Giorgio|title=Jews or Christians|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZlBXVPnGxVkC&q=Jews+or+Christians%3F|year=2006|pages=123–126|publisher=Mohr Siebeck |isbn=3-16-149192-0}}</ref> In AD 19 Tiberius ordered Jews of military age to join the Roman Army.<ref name="Jossa" /> He banished the rest of Rome's Jewish population, on pain of enslavement for life.<ref name="Jossa" /> There were no systematic Roman persecutions of Christians under Tiberius after [[Crucifixion of Jesus|Christ's crucifixion]].<ref name="Ed RICHARDSON">{{cite book |last1=RICHARDSON |first1=Ed |editor1-last=Donfried |editor1-first=Karl P. |editor2-last=Richardson |editor2-first=Peter |title=Judaism and Christianity in First-century Rome |date=1998 |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing |isbn=9780802842657 |page=205 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ATkvlPyonAkC&pg=PA205}}</ref> Jossa finds it "unthinkable" that Tiberius was aware of Christianity as a faith separate from Judaism.<ref name="Jossa" /> Most scholars believe that Roman distinction between Jews and Christians began in the 40s, in Caligula's reign, and was complete by around AD 70 (the destruction of Jerusalem).<ref name="Jossa" />
[[File:Tiberio 14 - 37dC jpg.jpg|thumb|300px|Extent of the Roman Empire under Tiberius]]
The early Christian Church's view of Tiberius has generally been favourable. The 2nd-3rd Century Christian [[apologist]] [[Tertullian]] said Tiberius approached the Senate with a request to acknowledge Christ as a [[deity]], citing evidence of his [[Miracles of Jesus|miracles]], and his resurrection following his crucifixion. Early Church historian [[Eusebius]] said [[Pilate]] reported to Tiberius of the resurrection of Christ. Tiberius is said to have taken Pilate's report to the Senate.{{sfn|Williamson|1965|p=75}} Tiberius had to be content with the protection of Christians from malicious prosecution by senators; [[St. Jerome]] adds that this was under the penalty of death. Both he and [[Eusebius]] included Tertullian's account in their respective histories of the Christian Church, but no evidence of such protection survives in Roman law. Crake describes the episode as essentially a comment on deification by decree of the senate", in which few "would take seriously even Tertullian's version of events"<ref name="doi.org">{{Cite journal |last=Crake |first=J. E. A. |date=1965 |title=Early Christians and Roman Law |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1086690 |journal=Phoenix |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=61–70 |doi=10.2307/1086690 |jstor=1086690 |issn=0031-8299}}</ref>{{efn|The 20th-century Canadian historian J.E.A. Crake (1911-1983) said in 1963 at an annual meeting of the Classical Association of Canada that few "would take seriously even Tertullian's version of events" and that its "combination of legal inconsistency would have inspired a couple of pages of sarcasm from Tertullian."<ref name="doi.org"/>}}<ref>For review of sources on the early Church and Christianity in relation to Roman power-politics, see Barnes, T.D. (November 1968), ''The Journal of Roman Studies'', Volume 58, Issue 1-2, pp. 32-50. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/299693</ref> Translator [[G.A. Williamson]] said it "can be hardly doubted that Pilate sent such a report, but none of the extant versions is regarded as genuine."{{sfn|Williamson|1965|p=75}} The [[Christian History Institute]] does not list Tiberius as a [[Roman emperor]] who persecuted Christians. The first Roman emperor listed is [[Claudius]].<ref name=Christian>{{cite web|title=Persecution in the Early Church: A Gallery of the Persecuting Emperors|url=https://christianhistoryinstitute.org/magazine/article/persecution-in-early-church-gallery |publisher=Christian History Institute |ref=Christian History Institute |accessdate=March 21, 2022}}</ref>{{efn|According to the [[Christian History Institute]] from "A.D. 30 to A.D. 311, a period in which 54 emperors ruled the Empire, only about a dozen took the trouble to harass Christians. Furthermore, not until Decius (249–251) did any deliberately attempt an Empire-wide persecution. Until then, persecution came mainly at the instigation of local rulers, albeit with Rome’s approval."<ref name=Christian/>}}
=== Archaeology ===
[[File:SperlongaVillaTiberio.jpg|thumb|232x232px|Remnants of Tiberius' villa at [[Sperlonga]], on the coast midway between Rome and Naples|left]]
Possible traces remain of renovations by Tiberius in the [[Gardens of Maecenas]], where he lived upon returning from exile in AD 2.{{sfn|Suetonius|loc=Tiberius 15}} These persist inside the villa's likely ''[[triclinium]]''-''[[nymphaeum]]'', the so-called [[Auditorium of Maecenas]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Häuber |first1=Chrystina |title=The Horti of Maecenas on the Esquiline Hill in Rome |url=http://www.rom.geographie.uni-muenchen.de/texts/hm_text1.pdf |access-date=21 December 2019 |archive-date=24 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224222443/http://www.rom.geographie.uni-muenchen.de/texts/hm_text1.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> In an otherwise Late [[Roman Republic|Republican]]-era building, identifiable as such by its brickwork and flooring, the [[Dionysian Mysteries|Dionysian]]-themed landscape and nature frescoes lining the walls are reminiscent of the illusionistic early Imperial paintings [[Villa of Livia#Garden room fresco|in his mother's own subterranean dining room]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wyler |first1=Stéphanie |chapter=An Augustan Trend towards Dionysos: Around the ‘Auditorium of Maecenas' |editor1-last=Bernabe |editor1-first=Alberto |editor2-last=Herrero de Jáuregui |editor2-first=Miguel |editor3-last=San Cristóbal |editor3-first=Ana |editor4-last=Martín Hernández |editor4-first=Raquel |title=Redefining Dionysos|pages=541–553|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|date=2013|chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/es/4979106/An_Augustan_trend_towards_Dionysos_around_the_Auditorium_of_Mecenas_}}</ref>
Tiberius' palace in Rome was on the [[Palatine Hill]]; its ruins still stand. Tiberius built a temple in Rome to the deified Augustus, and restored the [[theatre of Pompey]],{{sfn|Tacitus|loc=[[s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 6#45|IV.45]], [[s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 3#72|III.72]]}}{{sfn|Suetonius|loc=Tiberius [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Tiberius*.html#47 47]}} these works were not finished until the reign of Caligula.{{sfn|Suetonius|loc=Caligula [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Caligula*.html#21 21]}} The remains of Tiberius' villa at [[Sperlonga]] include a [[grotto]], where the fragmentary [[Sperlonga sculptures]] were found. The hill-top ''[[Villa Jovis]]'' retreat at [[Capri]] has been preserved. The estate at Capri is said by Tacitus to have included a total of twelve villas,{{sfn|Tacitus|loc=[[s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 4#67|IV.67]]}} of which the ''Villa Jovis'' was the largest.
Tiberius refused to be officially worshipped as a living god. He promoted restraint in the official, empire-wide cult to the divinised Augustus, and established a priesthood, the ''[[Sodales Augustales]]'', to administer its rites. He allowed a single temple to honour both his own [[Genius (mythology)|''genius'']] and that of the Senate, at [[Smyrna]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gradel |first=Ittai |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cBNREAAAQBAJ |title=Emperor Worship and Roman Religion |date=2002 |publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-154149-0 |pages=15, 263-8: Gradel points out that no Roman was ever prosecuted for sacrificing to his emperor}}</ref>{{sfn|Tacitus|loc=[[s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 4#37|IV.37–38]], [[s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 4#55|IV.55–56]]}}
=== Popular culture ===
Tiberius has been represented in fiction, in literature, film and television, and in video games, often as a peripheral character in the central storyline. The following is a list of appearances Tiberius made in popular culture.
* He appears in the novel ''[[I, Claudius]]'' by [[Robert Graves]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.booktalk.org/i-claudius.php |title=''I, Claudius'': From the Autobiography of Tiberius Claudius – Robert Graves|publisher=Booktalk.org |access-date=2008-09-20 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080618094451/http://www.booktalk.org/i-claudius.php |archive-date = 18 June 2008}}</ref> and the consequent [[BBC]] [[I, Claudius (TV series)|television series]] adaptation, where he is portrayed by [[George Baker (British actor)|George Baker]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/bbcfour/cinema/features/iclaudius.shtml |title=BBC Four Drama – ''I, Claudius'' |publisher=BBC |access-date=2008-09-20}}</ref>
* [[George R. R. Martin]], the author of ''[[A Song of Ice and Fire]]'' series, has stated that central character [[Stannis Baratheon]] is partially inspired by Tiberius Caesar, and particularly the portrayal by Baker.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://grrm.livejournal.com/310379.html?thread=17203563 |title=Not a Blog: It's the Pits|date=2013-01-21|access-date=2016-12-27}}</ref>
* In the 1968 [[ITV (TV network)|ITV]] historical drama ''[[The Caesars (TV series)|The Caesars]]'', Tiberius (by [[André Morell]]) is the central character for much of the series and is portrayed in a much more balanced way than in ''I, Claudius''.
* He also appears as a minor character in the 2006 film [[The Inquiry (2006 film)|''The Inquiry'']], in which he is played by [[Max von Sydow]]. In addition, Tiberius has prominent roles in ''[[Ben-Hur (1959 film)|Ben-Hur]]'' (played by [[George Relph]] in his last starring role),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/character/ch0017920/ |title=Emperor Tiberius Caesar (Character) |publisher=Imdb.com |access-date=2008-09-20}}</ref> and in ''[[A.D. (miniseries)|A.D.]]'' (played by [[James Mason]]).
* He was featured in ''[[The Robe (film)|The Robe]]'' (1953), played by [[Ernest Thesiger]].
* He was featured in the 1979 film [[Caligula (film)|''Caligula'']], portrayed by [[Peter O'Toole]].
* He was an important character in [[Taylor Caldwell]]'s 1958 novel, ''[[Dear and Glorious Physician]]'', a biography of St [[Luke the Evangelist]], author of the third canonical Gospel.
* He was played by [[Kenneth Cranham]] in ''[[A.D. The Bible Continues]].''
* In the TV series ''[[Roman Empire (TV series)|Roman Empire]]'', Tiberius was portrayed by Craig Walsh-Wrightson. In the 2021 TV series ''[[Domina (TV series)|Domina]]'', he was played by [[Earl Cave]].
* The theft of the Gold Tiberius, an unintentionally unique commemorative coin commissioned by Tiberius which is stated to have achieved legendary status in the centuries hence, from a mysterious triad of occultists drives the plot of the framing story in [[Arthur Machen]]'s 1895 novel ''[[The Three Impostors]]''.
== Children and family ==
Tiberius was married twice, with only his first union producing a child who would survive to adulthood:
* [[Vipsania Agrippina]], daughter of [[Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa]] (16 –11 BC)
** [[Drusus Julius Caesar]] (14 BC – AD 23) (Had Issue)
* [[Julia the Elder]], only daughter of [[Augustus]] (11 – 6 BC)
** Infant son, (dubbed "[[Tiberillus]]" by modern historians), died in infancy.
In AD 4 Tiberius adopted his nephew [[Germanicus|Germanicus Julius Caesar]] (15 BC – AD 19), the son of his brother [[Drusus the Elder|Drusus (the Elder)]] and Augustus' niece [[Antonia Minor]], as his full son and heir.
== See also ==
* [[Caesar cut]]
* [[Clutorius Priscus]]
* [[Julio-Claudian family tree]]
* [[List of Roman emperors]]
* [[List of biblical figures identified in extra-biblical sources]]
== Notes ==
{{notes}}
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
== Bibliography ==
=== Primary sources ===
{{Refbegin|30em}}
*{{Cite book |author=[[Lucius Cassius Dio]] |chapter=Book 55–58 |chapter-url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/55*.html |title=[[Roman History (Cassius Dio)|Roman History]] |translator-last=Earnest Cary |publisher=[[Loeb Classical Library]] |year=1927 |ref={{sfnref|Cassius Dio}} |orig-date={{circa}} 230}}
*{{Cite book |author=[[Josephus]] |chapter=Chapters XVIII |title=[[Antiquities of the Jews]] |translator-last=[[William Whiston]] |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |year=1737 |ref={{sfnref|Josephus}} |orig-date={{circa}} 96 AD |chapter-url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Antiquities_of_the_Jews/Book_XVIII}}
*{{Cite book |author=[[Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus]] |chapter=Life of Tiberius |chapter-url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Tiberius*.html |title=[[The Twelve Caesars]] |translator-last=[[John Carew Rolfe]] |publisher=[[Loeb Classical Library]] |year=1914 |url= |ref={{sfnref|Suetonius}} |orig-date={{circa}} AD 121}}
*{{Cite book |author=[[Publius Cornelius Tacitus]] |title=[[The Annals]] |translator-last=Frederick W. Shipley |publisher=[[Loeb Classical Library]] |year=1924 |url= |ref={{sfnref|Tacitus}} |orig-date={{circa}} AD 110}}
*{{Cite book |author=[[Gaius Plinius Secundus]] |title=[[Natural History (Pliny)|Natural History]] |translator-last=H. Rackham |translator2-last=W.H.S. Jones |translator3-last=D.E. Eichholz |name-list-style=and |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |year=1961 |ref={{sfnref|Pliny the Elder}} |orig-date={{circa}} 77 AD}}
*{{Cite book |author=[[Marcus Velleius Paterculus]] |chapter=Book II |chapter-url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Velleius_Paterculus/2D*.html# |title=The Roman History |translator-last=Frederick W. Shipley |publisher=[[Loeb Classical Library]] |year=1924 |url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Velleius_Paterculus/home.html |ref={{sfnref|Paterculus}} |orig-date={{circa}} AD 30}}
{{Refend}}
=== Secondary material ===
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{Cite book |last=Capes |first=William Wolfe |url=https://archive.org/details/romanhistoryear03capegoog |title=Roman History: The Early Empire |publisher=Longmans, Green, and Co. |year=1897 |series=Epochs of Ancient History |location=London |author-link=William Wolfe Capes}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Ehrenberg |first1=V. |last2=Jones |first2=A.H.M. |title=Documents Illustrating the Reigns of Augustus and Tiberius |year=1955 |location=Oxford}}
* {{Cite book |last=Levick |year=1999 |first=Barbara |title=Tiberius the Politician |edition=revised |publisher=Routledge |place=London |orig-year=1976 |isbn=0-415-21753-9 |url=https://archive.org/details/tiberiuspolitici00levi_0 |author-link=Barbara Levick}}
* {{Cite book |last=Mason |first=Ernst |title=Tiberius |year=1960 |publisher=Ballantine Books |location=New York}} (Ernst Mason was a pseudonym of science fiction author [[Frederik Pohl]])
* {{Cite book |last=Mattingly |first=Harold |title=Roman Imperial Civilization |publisher=W W Norton & Company Inc |date=1957 |location=New York |isbn=0-393-00572-0}}
* {{Cite book |last=Salmon |year=1968 |first=Edward T. |title=A History of the Roman World from 30 B.C. to A.D. 138 |edition=6th |publisher=Methuen |place=London |orig-year=1944 |isbn=0-416-10710-9 |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofromanwo00salm |author-link=Edward Togo Salmon}}
* {{Cite book |last=Seager |year=2005 |first=Robin |title=Tiberius |edition=2nd |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |place=Oxford |orig-year=1972 |isbn=1-4051-1528-9 |url=https://archive.org/details/tiberius00seag_0}}
* {{Cite book |last=Shotter |year=2004 |first=David |title=Tiberius Caesar |edition=2nd |publisher=Routledge |place=London |orig-year=1992 |isbn=0-415-31946-3 |url=https://archive.org/details/tiberiuscaesar0000shot}}
* {{Cite book |last=Southern |first=Pat |title=Augustus |publisher=Routledge |year=1998 |location=London |isbn=0-415-16631-4 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/augustus0000sout}}
* {{Cite book |last=Syme |first=Ronald |author-link=Ronald Syme |title=The Augustan Aristocracy |publisher=Clarendon Press |year=1986 |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-814859-3}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Syme |first=Ronald |date=1974 |title=History or Biography: The Case of Tiberius Caesar |journal=[[Historia (classical antiquity history journal)|Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte]] |volume=23 |issue=4 |pages=481–496 |jstor=4435416}}
* {{Cite book |last=Syme |first=Ronald |title=Roman Papers |publisher=Clarendon Press |year=1984 |isbn=0198148399 |volume=III |location=Oxford |pages=937–952 |chapter=History or Biography: the Case of Tiberius Caesar}}
*{{Cite book |last=Williamson |first=G.A. |title=The History of the Church Eusebius |date=1965 |publisher=Dorset Press |isbn=0-14-044-138-7}}
{{Refend}}
== External links ==
{{wikiquote}}
{{Commons|Tiberius}}
* {{citation |last=Fagan |year=2001 |first=Garrett G. |title=Tiberius (A.D. 14–37) |work=[[De Imperatoribus Romanis]] |url=http://www.roman-emperors.org/tiberius.htm |author-link=Garrett G. Fagan}}
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/tiberius.shtml "Tiberius (42 BC – 37 AD)"] at the [[BBC]]
* [https://omniatlas.com/maps/europe/160901/ "Maps of the Roman Empire under Tiberius at Omniatlas.com"]
{{S-start}}
{{S-hou|[[Julio-Claudian dynasty]]|16 November|42 BC|16 March|AD 37}}
{{s-bef| before = [[Augustus]]}}
{{s-ttl| title = [[List of Roman emperors|Roman emperor]]
| years = AD 14–37}}
{{s-aft| after = [[Caligula]]}}
{{S-off}}
{{s-bef| before= [[Marcus Licinius Crassus (consul 14 BC)|M. Licinius Crassus]]| before2 = [[Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus Augur|Gn. Cornelius Lentulus Augur]]}}
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{{s-aft| after = [[Marcus Valerius Messalla Appianus|M. Valerius Messalla Appianus]]| after2 = [[Publius Sulpicius Quirinius|P. Sulpicius Quirinius]] }}
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{{s-ttl| title = Roman consul II
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| years = 7 BC }}
{{s-aft| after = [[Decius Laelius Balbus|D. Laelius Balbus]]
| after2 = [[Gaius Antistius Vetus (consul 6 BC)|G. Antistius Vetus]]}}
{{s-bef| before = [[Gaius Vibius Marsus|G. Vibius Marsus]]
| before2 = [[Lucius Voluseius Proculus|L. Voluseius Proculus]]}}
{{s-ttl| title = Roman consul III
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{{s-aft| after = [[Lucius Seius Tubero|L. Seius Tubero]]
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| before2 = {{nowrap|[[Marcus Aurelius Cotta Maximus Messalinus|M. Aurelius Cotta Maximus Messalinus]]}}}}
{{s-ttl| title = Roman consul IV
| with = [[Drusus Julius Caesar]]
| years = AD 21 }}
{{s-aft| after = [[Decimus Haterius Agrippa|D. Haterius Agrippa]]
| after2 = [[Gaius Sulpicius Galba|G. Sulpicius Galba]]}}
{{s-bef| before = [[Lucius Naevius Surdinus|L. Naevius Surdinus]]
| before2 = [[Gaius Cassius Longinus (consul 30)|G. Cassius Longinus]]}}
{{s-ttl| title = Roman consul V
| with = [[Sejanus|L. Aelius Sejanus]]
| years = AD 31 }}
{{s-aft| after = [[Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus (consul 32)|Gn. Domitius Ahenobarbus]]
| after2 = [[Lucius Arruntius Camillus Scribonianus|L. Arruntius Camillus Scribonianus]]}}
{{s-end}}
{{Roman emperors}}
{{Pharaohs}}
{{New Testament people|collapsed}}
{{Ancient Olympic winners}}
{{Authority control}}
{{good article}}
[[Category:Tiberius| ]]
[[Category:42 BC births]]
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[[Category:1st-century BC Romans]]
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New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{short description|Roman emperor from AD 14 to 37}}
{{about|the Roman emperor|the personal name|Tiberius (praenomen)|other persons named Tiberius and other uses|Tiberius (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox royalty
| image = (Toulouse) nigger - Musée Saint-Raymond Ra 342 b.jpg
| alt = White bust
| caption = Bust, [[Musée Saint-Raymond]], Toulouse
| succession = [[Roman emperor]]
| reign = 17 September 14 – 16 March 37
| predecessor = [[Augustus]]
| successor = [[Caligula]]
| birth_date = 16 November 42 BC
| birth_place = [[Rome]], [[Roman Italy|Italy]], [[Roman Republic]]
| death_date = 16 March AD 37 (aged 77)
| death_place = [[Misenum]], Italy, [[Roman Empire]]
| burial_place = [[Mausoleum of Augustus]], Rome
| spouses = {{ubl|[[Vipsania Agrippina]]<br>(m. 19 BC; div. 11 BC)|[[Julia the Elder]]<br>(m. 11 BC; div. 2 BC)}}
| issue = {{ubl|[[Drusus Julius Caesar]]|[[Germanicus]] (adopted)}}
| issue-link = #Children and family
| issue-pipe = more...
| full name = {{bulleted list|Tiberius [[Claudii|Claudius]] Nero (birth)<ref name=name>{{Cite book |last=Cooley |first=Alison E. |url={{googlebooks|VlghAwAAQBAJ|plainurl=y}} |title=The Cambridge Manual of Latin Epigraphy |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-521-84026-2 |page=489 |author-link=Alison E. Cooley}}</ref>|Tiberius Julius Caesar (AD 4)<ref name=name/>}}
| regnal name = Tiberius Caesar Augustus<!--Not a repository; full name as Roman emperor, no dates.-->{{Efn|Tiberius generally refrained from using the [[Nomen gentilicium|''nomen'']] [[gens Julia|Julius]],<ref name=name/> but he is still called as such in a few inscriptions.<ref>[[Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum|CIL]] [https://db.edcs.eu/epigr/epi_einzel.php?s_sprache=de&p_belegstelle=CIL+02%2C+01660&r_sortierung=Belegstelle 2, 1660]</ref><ref>[[Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum|CIL]] [https://db.edcs.eu/epigr/epi_einzel.php?s_sprache=de&p_belegstelle=CIL+06%2C+00930&r_sortierung=Belegstelle 6, 930]</ref>}}
| dynasty = [[Julio-Claudian]]
| father = {{ubl|[[Tiberius Claudius Nero (father of Tiberius Caesar)|Tiberius Claudius Nero]]|[[Augustus]] (adoptive)}}
| mother = [[Livia]]
}}
{{Julio-Claudian dynasty|image=[[File:Great Cameo of France-removebg.png|150px]]|caption=[[Great Cameo of France]]}}
'''Tiberius Julius Caesar Augustus'''{{efn|Sometimes referred to as '''Tiberius I''', in reference to the later [[Byzantine Empire|Eastern emperors]] [[Tiberius II Constantine]] and [[Tiberius III]].}} ({{IPAc-en|t|aɪ|ˈ|b|ɪər|i|ə|s}}, {{respell|ty|BEER|ee|əs}}; 16 November 42 BC – 16 March AD 37) was [[Roman emperor]] from AD 14 until 37. He succeeded his stepfather [[Augustus]], the first Roman emperor. Tiberius was born in [[Rome]] in 42 BC to Roman politician [[Tiberius Claudius Nero (father of Tiberius Caesar)|Tiberius Claudius Nero]] and his wife, [[Livia Drusilla]]. In 38 BC, Tiberius' mother divorced his father and married Augustus. Following the untimely deaths of Augustus' two grandsons and adopted heirs, [[Gaius Caesar|Gaius]] and [[Lucius Caesar]], Tiberius was designated Augustus' successor. Prior to this, Tiberius had proved himself an able diplomat, and one of the most successful [[Roman general]]s: his conquests of [[Pannonia]], [[Dalmatia (Roman province)|Dalmatia]], [[Raetia]], and (temporarily) parts of [[Germania]] laid the foundations for [[Roman Empire|the empire]]'s northern frontier.
Early in his career, Tiberius was happily married to [[Vipsania]], daughter of Augustus' friend, distinguished general and intended heir, [[Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa]]. They had a son, [[Drusus Julius Caesar]]. After Agrippa died, Augustus insisted that Tiberius divorce Vipsania and marry his own daughter (Tiberius' step-sister) [[Julia the Elder|Julia]]. Tiberius reluctantly gave in. This second marriage proved scandalous, deeply unhappy, and childless; ultimately, Julia was sent into exile by her father. Tiberius adopted his nephew, the able and popular [[Germanicus]], as heir. On Augustus' death in 14, Tiberius became ''[[princeps]]'' at the age of 55. He seems to have taken on the responsibilities of head of state with great reluctance, and perhaps a genuine sense of inadequacy in the role, compared to the capable, self-confident and charismatic Augustus.
From the outset, Tiberius had a difficult, resentful relationship with the [[Roman Senate|Senate]], and suspected many plots against him. Nevertheless, he proved to be an effective and efficient administrator. After the deaths of his nephew Germanicus in AD 19 and his son Drusus in 23, Tiberius became reclusive and aloof. In 26 he removed himself from Rome and left administration largely in the hands of his ambitious [[praetorian prefect]] [[Sejanus]], whom he later had executed for treason, and then Sejanus' replacement, [[Naevius Sutorius Macro|Macro]]. When Tiberius died, he was succeeded by his grand-nephew and adopted grandson, Germanicus' son [[Caligula]], whose lavish building projects and varyingly successful military endeavours drained much of the wealth that Tiberius had accumulated in the public and Imperial coffers through good management.
Tiberius allowed the worship of his [[Roman imperial cult#Divus, deus and the numen|divine ''Genius'']] in only one temple, in Rome's eastern provinces, and promoted restraint in the empire-wide cult to the deceased Augustus. When Tiberius died, he was given a sumptuous funeral befitting his office, but no divine honours. He came to be remembered as a dark, reclusive and sombre ruler who never really wanted to be emperor; [[Pliny the Elder]] called him "the gloomiest of men".{{sfn|Pliny the Elder|loc=[https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/L/Roman/Texts/Pliny_the_Elder/28*.html#v XXVIII.5.23]}}{{sfn|Capes|1897|p=[https://archive.org/details/romanhistoryear03capegoog/page/n99 71]}}
== Early life ==
=== Family and youth ===
[[File:Livia y Tiberio M.A.N. 01.JPG|thumb|250px|Tiberius and his mother [[Livia]], AD 14–19, from [[Paestum]], [[National Archaeological Museum of Spain]], Madrid]]
Tiberius was born in [[Rome]] on 16 November 42 BC to [[Tiberius Claudius Nero (father of Tiberius Caesar)|Tiberius Claudius Nero]] and [[Livia|Livia Drusilla]].{{sfn|Suetonius|loc=Tiberius, 5}} Both of his biological parents belonged to the ''[[Claudia gens|gens Claudia]]'', an ancient [[Patrician (ancient Rome)|patrician]] family that came to prominence in the early years of the republic.{{sfn|Suetonius|loc=Tiberius 1}} His mother was also a member of the [[Livia gens|Livii]] family, an ancient [[Plebeians|plebeian]] but prominent family, through the adoption into it of his maternal grandfather.{{sfn|Suetonius|loc=Tiberius 3}} Little is recorded of Tiberius' early life. In 39 BC, his mother divorced his biological father and, though again pregnant by Tiberius Nero, remarried to [[Augustus|Octavian]], later known as Augustus. In 38 BC his brother, [[Nero Claudius Drusus]], was born.{{sfn|Levick|1999|p=15}} In 32 BC, Tiberius, at the age of nine, delivered the eulogy for his biological father at the ''[[rostra]]''. In 29 BC, he rode in the triumphal chariot along with his adoptive father Octavian in celebration of the [[Battle of Actium|defeat of Antony and Cleopatra at Actium]].{{sfn|Suetonius|loc=Tiberius 6}}
=== Succession question ===
In 23 BC, Emperor Augustus became gravely ill, and his possible death threatened to plunge the Roman world into even more civil conflict. Historians generally agree that it is during this time that the question of Augustus' heir became most acute, and while Augustus had seemed to indicate that [[Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa|Agrippa]] and [[Marcus Claudius Marcellus (nephew of Augustus)|Marcellus]] would carry on his position in the event of his death, the ambiguity of succession became Augustus' chief problem.{{sfn|Southern|1998|pp=119–120}} In response, a series of potential heirs seem to have been selected, among them Tiberius and his brother Drusus. In 24 BC, at the age of seventeen, Tiberius entered politics under Augustus' direction, receiving the position of ''[[quaestor]]'',{{sfn|Paterculus|loc=II.94}} and was granted the right to stand for election as ''[[praetor]]'' and ''consul'' five years in advance of the age required by law.{{sfn|Suetonius|loc=Tiberius 9}} Similar provisions were made for Drusus.{{sfn|Seager|2005|p=xiv}}
== Civil and military career ==
=== Early career and marriage ===
[[File:Portraitkopf der Vipsania Agrippina.png|thumb|180px|left|"Probable" portrait bust of Vipsania (recovered from [[Leptis Magna]], near [[Khoms]], Libya<ref>from ''Africa Italiana'' 8 (1941), cited in Burns, Jasper (2003) ''[http://www.jasperburns.com/gasara.htm Vipsania on Ara Pacis]'',</ref>]]
Shortly thereafter Tiberius began appearing in court as an advocate, and it was presumably at this time that his interest in Greek [[rhetoric]] began. In 20 BC, Tiberius went east to join [[Augustus]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |title=Cassius Dio: Book 54, 7-8}}</ref> The [[Parthian Empire]] had previously captured the [[Military colours, standards and guidons|standards]] of the [[Roman legion|legions]] under the command of [[Marcus Licinius Crassus]] (53 BC) (at the [[Battle of Carrhae]]), Decidius Saxa (40 BC), and [[Mark Antony]] (36 BC) and, after negotiations with Parthia's King [[Phraates IV]], either Augustus<ref name=":0" /> or Tiberius,<ref>Suetonius: Tiberius, 9</ref> or perhaps both together, were able to reclaim them for Rome. Tiberius then led a sizeable force into [[Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)|Armenia]], presumably to establish it as a Roman [[client state]] and end the threat it posed on the Roman-[[Parthian Empire|Parthian]] border. Augustus was able to reach a compromise whereby the standards were returned, and Armenia remained a neutral territory between the two powers.{{sfn|Suetonius|loc=Tiberius 9}}
Tiberius married [[Vipsania Agrippina]], the daughter of Augustus' close friend and most famed general, [[Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa]].{{sfn|Suetonius|loc=Tiberius 7}} He was appointed to the position of ''[[praetor]]'', and was sent with his legions to assist his brother Drusus in campaigns in the west. While Drusus focused his forces in [[Gallia Narbonensis]] and along the German frontier, Tiberius combated the tribes in the [[Alps]] and within [[Transalpine Gaul]], [[Conquest of the Alps|conquering Raetia]]. In 15 BC he discovered the sources of the [[Danube]], and soon afterward the bend of the middle course.<ref>[[Strabo]], 7. I. 5, p. 292 {{full citation needed|date=May 2023}}</ref> Returning to Rome in 13 BC, Tiberius was appointed as ''consul'', and around this same time his son, [[Drusus Julius Caesar]], was born.{{sfn|Levick|1999|p=42}}
Agrippa's death in 12 BC elevated Tiberius and Drusus with respect to the succession. At Augustus' request in 11 BC, Tiberius divorced Vipsania and married [[Julia the Elder]], Augustus' daughter and Agrippa's widow. Tiberius was very reluctant to do this, as Julia had made advances to him when she was married, and Tiberius was happily married. His new marriage with Julia was happy at first, but turned sour. Suetonius claims that when Tiberius ran into Vipsania again, he followed her home crying and begging forgiveness.{{sfn|Suetonius|loc=Tiberius 7}} Soon afterwards, Tiberius met with Augustus, and steps were taken to ensure that Tiberius and Vipsania would never meet again.<ref>[[#Seager2005|Seager 2005]], p. 20.</ref> Tiberius continued to be elevated by Augustus, and after Agrippa's death and his brother Drusus' death in 9 BC, seemed the clear candidate for succession. As such, in 12 BC he received military commissions in [[Pannonia]] and [[Germania]], both areas highly volatile and of key importance to Augustan policy.
=== Military campaigns ===
[[File:Germania Enobarbo e Tiberio.jpg|thumb|300px|The campaigns of Tiberius, [[Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus (consul 16 BC)|Ahenobarbus]], and [[Gaius Sentius Saturninus|Saturninus]] in [[Germania]] between 6 BC and 1 BC]]
In 6 BC, Tiberius launched a [[pincer movement]] against the [[Marcomanni]]. Setting out northwest from [[Carnuntum]] on the Danube with four legions, Tiberius passed through [[Quadi]] territory in order to invade Marcomanni territory from the east. Meanwhile, general [[Gaius Sentius Saturninus]] would depart east from [[Moguntiacum]] on the [[Rhine]] with two or three legions, pass through newly annexed [[Hermunduri]] territory, and attack the Marcomanni from the west. The campaign was a resounding success, but Tiberius could not subjugate the Marcomanni because he was soon summoned to the Rhine frontier to protect Rome's new conquests in Germania. He returned to Rome and was consul for a second time in 7 BC, and in 6 BC was granted [[tribune|tribunician power]] (''tribunicia potestas'') and control in the East,{{sfn|Cassius Dio|loc=[https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/55*.html#9 LV.9]}} positions that Agrippa had held before him.
== Midlife ==
=== Retirement to Rhodes ===
In 6 BC, while on the verge of accepting command in the East and becoming the second-most powerful man in Rome, Tiberius announced his withdrawal from politics and retired to [[Rhodes]].<ref>[[#Seager2005|Seager 2005]], pp. 23–24.</ref> The motives for Tiberius's withdrawal are unclear.{{sfn|Suetonius|loc=Tiberius 10}} Some historians have speculated that Tiberius and Drusus were only ever intended as caretakers, and would have been swept aside once Julia's two sons by Agrippa, [[Gaius Caesar|Gaius]] and [[Lucius Caesar|Lucius]], were adopted as Augustus' heirs and came of age.{{sfn|Levick|1999|p=29}} The promiscuous, and very public behaviour of his unhappily married wife, Julia,{{sfn|Paterculus|loc=II.100}} may have also played a part.{{sfn|Cassius Dio|loc=[https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/55*.html#9 LV.9]}} Tacitus understood this to be Tiberius' innermost reason for moving to Rhodes, a reflection of his hatred of Julia and his longing for Vipsania.{{sfn|Tacitus|loc=[[s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 1#53|I.53]]}} Tiberius, forbidden to see the woman he loved, found himself married to a woman he loathed, and publicly humiliated by her nighttime escapades in the [[Roman Forum]].<ref name=sag26 />
Whatever Tiberius' motives, his withdrawal was almost disastrous for Augustus' succession plans. Gaius and Lucius were still in their early teens, and Augustus, now 57 years old, had no immediate successor. There was no longer a guarantee of a [[peaceful transition of power|peaceful transfer of power]] after Augustus' death, nor a guarantee that his family, and therefore his family's allies, would continue to hold power should the position of ''[[Princeps]]'' survive.<ref name="sag26">[[#Seager2005|Seager 2005]], p. 26.</ref> Somewhat melodramatic stories tell of Augustus pleading with Tiberius to stay, even going so far as to stage a serious illness.<ref name="sag26" /> Tiberius' response was to anchor off the shore of [[Ostia Antica|Ostia]] until word came that Augustus had survived, then sailing straightway for Rhodes.{{sfn|Suetonius|loc=Tiberius 11}} Tiberius reportedly regretted his departure and requested to return to Rome several times, but each time Augustus refused his requests.<ref>[[#Seager2005|Seager 2005]], p. 28.</ref>
=== Heir to Augustus ===
[[File:RomeElberiver.png|thumb|left|340px|In AD 1 Augustus sent his stepson Tiberius to subdue the Germanic tribes on the Rhine frontier. In his campaigns, Tiberius eventually extended the Roman border as far as the [[Elbe]] but was forced to cancel plans to conquer the Suevic [[Marcomanni]] when [[Bellum Batonianum|revolt]] broke out in Illyria in AD 6.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.livius.org/le-lh/legio/v_alaudae.html | date = September 2010 | title = Legio V Alaudae | publisher = livius.org | access-date = 2017-08-23 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150426044251/https://www.livius.org/le-lh/legio/v_alaudae.html | archive-date = 2015-04-26 | url-status = live }}</ref>]]
With Tiberius' departure, succession rested solely on Augustus' two young grandsons, Lucius and Gaius Caesar. The situation became more precarious in AD 2 with the death of Lucius. Augustus, with perhaps some pressure from Livia, allowed Tiberius to return to Rome as a private citizen and nothing more.{{sfn|Suetonius|loc=Tiberius 13}} In AD 4, Gaius was killed in Armenia, and Augustus had no other choice but to turn to Tiberius.{{sfn|Tacitus|loc=[[s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 1#3|I.3]]}}{{sfn|Suetonius|loc=Tiberius 15}} The death of Gaius in AD 4 initiated a flurry of activity in the household of Augustus. Tiberius was adopted as full son and heir, and in turn he was required to adopt his nephew [[Germanicus]], the son of his brother [[Nero Claudius Drusus]] and Augustus' niece [[Antonia Minor]].{{sfn|Tacitus|loc=[[s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 1#3|I.3]]}}{{sfn|Cassius Dio|loc=[https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/55*.html#13 LV.13]}} Along with his adoption, Tiberius received [[tribunician power]] as well as a share of Augustus' ''maius imperium'', something that even Marcus Agrippa may never have had.{{sfn|Suetonius|loc=Tiberius 21}}<ref>For the debate over whether Agrippa's ''imperium'' after 13 BC was ''maius'' or ''aequum'', see, e.g., {{cite journal |author=E. Badian |date=1980|title=Notes on the ''Laudatio'' of Agrippa |journal=Classical Journal |volume=76 |issue=2 |pages=97–109 [105–106]|jstor=3297371 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3297371}}</ref> In AD 7, [[Agrippa Postumus]], a younger brother of Gaius and Lucius, was disowned by Augustus and banished to the island of [[Pianosa]], to live in solitary confinement.{{sfn|Suetonius|loc=Tiberius 15}}{{sfn|Cassius Dio|loc=[https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/55*.html#32 LV.32]}}
Thus, when in AD 13, the powers held by Tiberius were made equal, rather than second, to Augustus' own powers, he was for all intents and purposes a "co-Princeps" with Augustus, and, in the event of the latter's passing, would simply continue to rule without an [[interregnum]] or possible upheaval.{{sfn|Seager|2005|p=xv}}
However, according to [[Suetonius]], after a two-year stint in Germania, which lasted from AD 10–12,<ref name=Speidel>{{Cite book |last=Speidel |first=Micheal P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xc2PAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA8 |title=Riding for Caesar: The Roman Emperor's Horseguard |date=2002|publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-78255-9 |page=8}}</ref><blockquote>"Tiberius returned and celebrated the triumph which he had postponed, accompanied also by his generals, for whom he had obtained the triumphal regalia. And before turning to enter the Capitol, he dismounted from his chariot and fell at the knees of his father, who was presiding over the ceremonies."{{sfn|Suetonius|loc=Tiberius 20}} "Since the consuls caused a law to be passed soon after this that he should govern the provinces jointly with Augustus and hold the census with him, he set out for [[Illyricum (Roman province)|Illyricum]] on the conclusion of the [[lustrum|lustral]] ceremonies."{{sfn|Suetonius|loc=Tiberius 21}}</blockquote>Thus, according to Suetonius, these ceremonies and the declaration of his "co-Princeps" took place in the year AD 12, after Tiberius' return from Germania.<ref name="Speidel" /> "But he was at once recalled, and finding Augustus in his last illness but still alive, he spent an entire day with him in private."{{sfn|Suetonius|loc=Tiberius 21}} Augustus died on 19 August AD 14, a month before his 76th birthday and exactly 56 years after he first assumed the [[consulship]].{{sfn|Suetonius|loc=Augustus [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Augustus*.html#100 100.1.]}}{{sfn|Cassius Dio|loc=[https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/56*.html#30 56.30.]}}{{sfn|Paterculus|loc=II.123}} He was cremated with all due ceremony and, as had been arranged beforehand, [[apotheosis|deified]], his will read, and Tiberius, now a middle-aged man at 55, was confirmed as his sole surviving heir.{{sfn|Tacitus|loc=[[s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 1#8|I.8]]}} Tiberius peacefully took power, unchallenged by any rivals.{{sfn|Mattingly|1957|p=14}}
==Emperor==
=== Early reign ===
[[File:Aureus à l'effigie de Tibère.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Aureus]] of Tiberius, {{Circa|AD 27–30}}. Caption: TI. CAESAR DIVI AVG. F. AVGVSTVS / MAXIM. PONTIF.]]
The [[Roman Senate|Senate]] convened on 17 September, to validate Tiberius's position as ''[[Princeps]]'' and, as it had done with Augustus before, grant him its powers.{{sfn|Levick|1999|pp=[https://archive.org/details/tiberiuspolitici00levi_0/page/68/mode/2up 68–81]. «The senatorial decree of 17 September was to make him ''Divi fiilius'', son of the deified Princeps, and the will imposed the title Augustus... Tiberius' powers lapsed on Augustus' death, required redefinition, or were surrendered on 17 September.»}}{{sfn|Tacitus|loc=[[s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 1|I.9–11]]}} Tiberius already had the administrative and political powers of the ''Princeps'', but he lacked the titles of ''[[Augustus (title)|Augustus]]'' and ''[[Pater Patriae]]'' ("Father of the country"), and refused the [[Civic Crown]].{{efn| A crown made from [[bay laurel|laurel]] and [[oak]]. It had been awarded to Augustus for "saving the lives of Roman citizens".}} Like Augustus before him, Tiberius may have sought to represent himself as a reluctant yet devoted public servant, no more than an ordinary citizen who wanted to serve the state and people to the best of his ability,{{sfn|Seager|2005|pp=44–45}} but his refusal of these titular, quasi-religious honours, and his reluctance to accept the full powers of a ''princeps'' were taken as insults to the elite who offered them; signs of hypocrisy, not humility. According to Tacitus, Tiberius derided the Senate as "men fit to be slaves".{{sfn|Tacitus|loc=[[s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 3#65|III.65]], [[s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 1#12|I.12–13]]}}{{sfn|Suetonius|loc=Tiberius 26}} Antagonism between Tiberius and his senate seems to have been a feature of his rule.{{sfn|Suetonius|loc=Tiberius 24}} In his first few years as emperor, Tiberius seems to have wanted the Senate to act alone, with no reference to him or his responsibilities as "first Senator".{{sfn|Tacitus|loc=[[s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 3#35|III.35]], [[s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 3#53|III.53–54]]}} His direct orders were rather vague, inspiring debates on what he actually meant, rather than passing his legislation.{{sfn|Tacitus|loc=[[s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 3#32|III.32]], [[s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 3#52|III.52]]}}
=== Germanicus ===
[[File:Germanicus.jpg|thumb|upright|A bust of the adopted son of Tiberius, [[Germanicus]], from the [[Louvre]], Paris]]
The Roman legions in Pannonia and Germania had not been paid the bonuses promised to them by Augustus, and showed early signs of mutiny when it was clear that a response from Tiberius was not forthcoming.{{sfn|Tacitus|loc=[[s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 1#16|I.16–17]], [[s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 1#31|I.31]]}}
[[Germanicus]] and Tiberius's son, [[Drusus Julius Caesar]], were dispatched with a small force to quell the uprising and bring the legions back in line. Germanicus took charge of the mutinous troops and led them on a short campaign across the Rhine into Germanic territory, promising that whatever treasure they could grab would count as their bonus.{{sfn|Cassius Dio|loc=[https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/57*.html#6 LVII.6]}} Germanicus's forces took over all the territory between the Rhine and the [[Elbe]]. They took control of the [[Teutoburg forest]], where three Roman legions and their auxiliary cohorts, led by [[Publius Quinctilius Varus]], [[Battle of the Teutoburg Forest|had been annihilated]] by Germanic tribes several years before. Germanicus took back the legionary [[aquila (Roman)|standards]] lost in that disaster, saving them from the disgrace of captivity.{{sfn|Tacitus|loc=[[s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 2#46|II.46]]}}{{sfn|Tacitus|loc=[[s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 2#41|II.41]]}} These bold and successful actions increased Germanicus' already high popular standing.{{sfn|Shotter|2004|pp=35–37}} After his return to Rome, Germanicus was awarded a full [[Roman triumph|triumph]], which he celebrated in AD 17. It was the first full triumph held since Augustus' own in 29 BC.{{sfn|Tacitus|loc=[[s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 2#26|II.26]]}}{{sfn|Tacitus|loc=[[s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 2#41|II.41]]}}
In AD 18 Germanicus was granted control over the eastern part of the empire, like Agrippa and Tiberius before him. This was interpreted as a sign that he would be Tiberius' successor;{{sfn|Tacitus|loc=[[s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 2#43|II.43]]}} but Germanicus died just over a year later, having accused [[Gnaeus Calpurnius Piso (consul 7 BC)|Gnaeus Calpurnius Piso]], the governor of Syria, of poisoning him.{{sfn|Tacitus|loc=[[s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 2#71|II.71]]}}
The Pisones had been longtime supporters of the Claudians, and had allied themselves with the young Octavian after his marriage to Livia, the mother of Tiberius. Germanicus's death and accusations indicted the new ''Princeps''. Piso was placed on trial and, according to Tacitus, threatened to implicate Tiberius.{{sfn|Tacitus|loc=[[s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 2#16|III.16]]}} Whether the governor actually could connect the ''Princeps'' to the death of Germanicus is unknown; rather than continuing to stand trial when it became evident that the Senate was against him, Piso committed suicide.{{sfn|Suetonius|loc=Tiberius 52}}{{sfn|Tacitus|loc=[[s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 3#15|III.15]]}}
In AD 22, Tiberius shared his tribunician authority with his son Drusus,{{sfn|Tacitus|loc=[[s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 3#56|III.56]]}} and began making yearly excursions to Campania that reportedly became longer and longer every year. In AD 23, Drusus died in mysterious circumstances,{{sfn|Tacitus|loc=[[s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 4#7|IV.7–8]]}}{{sfn|Suetonius|loc=Tiberius 62}} and Tiberius seems to have made no effort to elevate a replacement. In AD 26, Tiberius moved to an imperial villa-complex he had inherited from Augustus, on the island of [[Capri]]. It was just off the coast of Campania, which was a traditional holiday retreat for Rome's upper classes, particularly those who valued cultured leisure ([[otium]]) and a Hellenised lifestyle.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Houston |first=George W. |date=1985 |title=Tiberius on Capri |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/642441 |journal=Greece & Rome |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=179–196 |doi=10.1017/S0017383500030503 |jstor=642441 |s2cid=162308020 |issn=0017-3835|quote=We must imagine Tiberius not as brooding in isolation (though it is true enough he was a difficult man, not to say a grouchy one), but as entertaining visitors, discussing affairs, and taking up at least the more important of the obligations imposed upon him by state and family}}</ref>{{sfn|Tacitus|loc=[[s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 4#67|IV.67]]}}
=== Tiberius in Capri, with Sejanus in Rome ===
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[[Sejanus|Lucius Aelius Sejanus]] had served the imperial family for almost twenty years when he became [[Praetorian Prefect]] in AD 15. As Tiberius became more embittered with the position of ''[[Princeps]]'', he began to depend more and more upon the limited secretariat left to him by Augustus, and specifically upon Sejanus and the Praetorians. In AD 17 or 18, Tiberius had trimmed the ranks of the [[Praetorian Guard]] responsible for the defence of the city, and had moved it from encampments outside of the city walls [[Castra Praetoria|into the city itself]],{{sfn|Suetonius|loc=Tiberius 37}} giving Sejanus access to somewhere between 6000 and 9000 troops.
The death of Drusus elevated Sejanus, at least in the eyes of Tiberius, who thereafter refers to him as his ''Socius Laborum'' (Partner of my labours). Tiberius had statues of Sejanus erected throughout the city,{{sfn|Tacitus|loc=[[s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 4#2|IV.2]]}}{{sfn|Cassius Dio|loc=[https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/57*.html#21 LVII.21]}} and Sejanus became more and more visible as Tiberius began to withdraw from Rome altogether. Finally, with Tiberius's withdrawal in AD 26, Sejanus was left in charge of the entire state mechanism and the city of Rome.{{sfn|Tacitus|loc=[[s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 4#67|IV.67]]}}
Sejanus's position was not quite that of successor; he had requested marriage in AD 25 to Tiberius's niece, [[Livilla]], though under pressure quickly withdrew the request.{{sfn|Tacitus|loc=[[s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 4#39|IV.39–41]]}} While Sejanus's [[Praetorian Guard|Praetorians]] controlled the imperial post, and therefore the information that Tiberius received from Rome and the information Rome received from Tiberius,{{sfn|Tacitus|loc=[[s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 4#41|IV.41]]}} the presence of [[Livia]] seems to have checked his overt power for a time. Her death in AD 29 changed all that.{{sfn|Tacitus|loc=[[s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 5#3|V.3]]}}
Sejanus began a series of purge trials of Senators and wealthy equestrians in the city of Rome, removing those capable of opposing his power as well as extending the imperial (and his own) treasury. Germanicus's widow [[Agrippina the Elder]] and two of her sons, [[Nero Julius Caesar]] and [[Drusus Caesar]] were arrested and exiled in AD 30 and later all died in suspicious circumstances. In Sejanus's purge of Agrippina the Elder and her family, [[Caligula]], [[Agrippina the Younger]], [[Julia Drusilla]], and [[Julia Livilla]] were the only survivors.{{sfn|Suetonius|loc=Tiberius 53–54}}
[[File:Villa Jovis (Restauriert).jpg|thumb|Ruins from the [[Villa Jovis]] on the island of [[Capri]], where Tiberius spent much of his final years, leaving control of the empire in the hands of the prefect [[Sejanus|Lucius Aelius Sejanus]].]]
In 31, Sejanus held the consulship with Tiberius ''[[wikt:in absentia|in absentia]],''{{sfn|Suetonius|loc=Tiberius 65}} and began his play for power in earnest. Precisely what happened is difficult to determine, but Sejanus seems to have covertly attempted to court those families who were tied to the Julians and attempted to ingratiate himself with the Julian family line to place himself, as an adopted Julian, in the position of ''Princeps'', or as a possible [[regent]].{{sfn|Suetonius|loc=Tiberius 65}} [[Livilla]] was later implicated in this plot and was revealed to have been Sejanus's lover for several years.{{sfn|Cassius Dio|loc=[https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/57*.html#22 LVII.22]}}
The plot seems to have involved the two of them overthrowing Tiberius, with the support of the Julians, and either assuming the [[Principate]] themselves, or serving as regent to the young [[Tiberius Gemellus]] or possibly even [[Caligula]].<ref name="boddington-sejanus">{{cite journal |last=Boddington |first=Ann |title=Sejanus. Whose Conspiracy? |journal=The American Journal of Philology |volume=84 |issue=1 |pages=1–16 |date=1963 |doi=10.2307/293155 |jstor=293155 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/293155}}</ref> Those who stood in his way were tried for treason and swiftly dealt with.<ref name="boddington-sejanus" />
In AD 31 Sejanus was summoned to a meeting of the Senate, where a letter from Tiberius was read condemning Sejanus and ordering his immediate execution. Sejanus was tried, and he and several of his colleagues were executed within the week. As commander of the Praetorian Guard, he was replaced by [[Naevius Sutorius Macro]].{{sfn|Cassius Dio|loc=[https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/58*.html#10 LVIII.10]}}
[[Tacitus]] claims that more treason trials followed and that whereas Tiberius had been hesitant to act at the outset of his reign, now, towards the end of his life, he seemed to do so without compunction. The hardest hit were those families with political ties to the Julians. Even the imperial magistracy was hit, as any and all who had associated with Sejanus or could in some way be tied to his schemes were summarily tried and executed, their properties seized by the state. As Tacitus vividly describes,
{{blockquote|"Executions were now a stimulus to his fury, and he ordered the death of all who were lying in prison under accusation of complicity with Sejanus. There lay, singly or in heaps, the unnumbered dead, of every age and sex, the illustrious with the obscure. Kinsfolk and friends were not allowed to be near them, to weep over them, or even to gaze on them too long. Spies were set round them, who noted the sorrow of each mourner and followed the rotting corpses, till they were dragged to the Tiber, where, floating or driven on the bank, no one dared to burn or to touch them."{{sfn|Tacitus|loc=[[s: The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 6#19|VI.19]]}}}}
However, Tacitus' portrayal of a tyrannical, vengeful emperor has been challenged by some historians: [[Edward Togo Salmon]] notes in ''A history of the Roman world from 30 BC to AD 138'':
{{blockquote|"In the whole twenty two years of Tiberius' reign, not more than fifty-two persons were accused of treason, of whom almost half escaped conviction, while the four innocent people to be condemned fell victims to the excessive zeal of the Senate, not to the emperor's tyranny."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Salmon |first=E. T. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ov1_AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA133 |title=A History of the Roman World: From 30 BC to AD 138 |date=2013-08-21 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-96348-5 |page=133}}</ref>}}
While Tiberius was in Capri, rumours abounded as to what exactly he was doing there. Suetonius records the rumours of lurid tales of sexual perversity, including graphic depictions of child molestation, cruelty,{{sfn|Suetonius|loc=Tiberius 43, 44, 45}} and most of all his paranoia.{{sfn|Suetonius|loc= 60, 62–64}} While heavily sensationalised,<ref>Wallace-Hadrill, Andrew (1984) ''Suetonius: The Scholar and His Caesars'', Yale University Press, {{ISBN|0-300-03000-2}}</ref> Suetonius' stories at least paint a picture of how Tiberius was perceived by the Roman senatorial class, and what his impact on the Principate was during his 23 years of rule.
[[File:Denarius of Tiberius (YORYM 2000 1953) obverse.jpg|thumb|A [[denarius]] of Tiberius. Caption: TI. CAESAR DIVI AVG. F. AVGVSTVS]]
=== Final years ===
The affair of Sejanus and the final years of treason trials permanently damaged Tiberius' image and reputation. After Sejanus's fall, Tiberius' withdrawal from Rome was complete; the empire continued to run under the inertia of the bureaucracy established by Augustus, rather than through the leadership of the ''Princeps''. [[Suetonius]] records that he became [[paranoia|paranoid]],{{sfn|Suetonius|loc=60, 62–64}} and spent a great deal of time brooding over the death of his son. During this period there was a short invasion by [[Parthia]], and incursions on Roman territories by [[Dacia]]n and Germanic tribes.{{sfn|Suetonius|loc=Tiberius 41}}
Little was done to plan or secure Tiberius' [[Order of succession|succession]]. The Julians and their supporters were diminished in numbers and political influence, thanks to Sejanus, and Tiberius' immediate heirs were dead. [[Caligula]], the sole surviving son of Germanicus, or Tiberius' own grandson, [[Tiberius Gemellus]], were possibly candidates.{{sfn|Tacitus|loc=[[s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 6#46|VI.46]]}} However, Tiberius only made a half-hearted attempt at the end of his life to make Caligula a ''[[quaestor]]'', and thus give him some credibility as a possible successor, while Gemellus himself was still only a teenager and thus completely unsuitable for some years to come.{{sfn|Cassius Dio|loc=[https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/57*.html#23 LVII.23]}}
=== Death ===
[[File:Laurens Mort de Tibère (49 3 23).jpg|thumb|''The Death of Tiberius'' by [[Jean-Paul Laurens]]]]
Tiberius died in [[Misenum]] on 16 March AD 37, months before his 78th birthday.{{sfn|Tacitus|loc=[[s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 6#50|VI.50–51]]}} Tacitus relates that the emperor appeared to have stopped breathing, and that Caligula, who was at Tiberius' villa, was being congratulated on his succession to the empire, when news arrived that the emperor had revived and was recovering his faculties. He goes on to report that those who had moments before recognised Caligula as Augustus fled in fear of the emperor's wrath, while Macro took advantage of the chaos to have Tiberius smothered with his own bedclothes.{{sfn|Tacitus|loc=[[s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 6#50|VI.50–51]]}} Suetonius reports several rumours, including that the emperor had been poisoned by Caligula, starved, and smothered with a pillow; that recovering, and finding himself deserted by his attendants, he attempted to rise from his couch, but fell dead.{{sfn|Suetonius|loc=Tiberius 73}} According to [[Cassius Dio]], Caligula, fearing that the emperor would recover, refused Tiberius' requests for food, insisting that he needed warmth, not food; then, assisted by Macro, he smothered the emperor in his bedclothes.{{sfn|Cassius Dio|loc=[https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/58*.html lviii. 28]}}{{efn|Dio states that Tiberius died on the "twenty-sixth day of March. He had lived seventy-seven years, four months, and nine days, of which time he had been emperor twenty-two years, seven months, and seven days." Dio's calculations are accurate, but the number "26" is a mistake for "16".{{sfn|Cassius Dio|loc=[https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/58*.html lviii. 28]}}}}{{efn|[[Josephus]] states that "Tiberius died, after he had reigned twenty-two years, six months, and three days."<ref>[[Josephus]], ''[[The Jewish War]]'' [[s:The War of the Jews/Book II|II, 9.]]</ref> Tiberius actually ruled 22 years, 6 months, and 25 days reckoning from Augustus' death.}}
After his death, the Senate refused to vote Tiberius the divine honours that had been paid to Augustus, and mobs filled the streets yelling "To the [[Tiber River|Tiber]] with Tiberius!" (the bodies of criminals were typically thrown into the river, instead of being buried or burnt).<ref>Death of Tiberius: Tacitus ''Annals'' 6.50; Dio 58.28.1–4; Suetonius, ''Tiberius'' [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Tiberius*.html#73 73] ''Gaius'' 12.2–3; Josephus ''AJ'' 18.225. Posthumous insults: Suetonius, ''Tiberius'' [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Tiberius*.html#75 75].</ref> However, the emperor was cremated, and his ashes were placed in the [[Mausoleum of Augustus]].<ref>{{cite book |chapter-url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Europe/Italy/Lazio/Roma/Rome/_Texts/PLATOP*/Mausoleum_Augusti.html |title=A Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome |last1=Platner |first1=Samuel Ball |last2=Ashby |first2=Thomas |year=1929 |chapter=Mausoleum Augusti |location=London |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |pages=332–336 |access-date=30 June 2011}}</ref>
In his [[will (law)|will]], Tiberius nominated [[Caligula]] and [[Tiberius Gemellus]] as his joint heirs.{{sfn|Suetonius|loc=Tiberius 76}} Caligula's first act on becoming ''[[Princeps]]'' was to void Tiberius' will.{{sfn|Cassius Dio|loc=[https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/59*.html#1 LIX.1]}}
==Legacy==
=== Historiography ===
[[File:Statua di tiberio da priverno, post 37 dc..JPG|thumb|upright|Statue of Tiberius from [[Priverno]], made shortly after AD 37, now in the [[Museo Chiaramonti]] of the [[Vatican Museums]]]]
Had he died before AD 23, he might have been hailed as an exemplary ruler.{{sfn|Tacitus|loc=[[s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 4#6|IV.6]]}} Despite the overwhelmingly negative characterisation left by Roman historians, Tiberius left the imperial [[treasury]] with nearly 3 billion ''[[sesterces]]'' upon his death.{{sfn|Cassius Dio|loc=[https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/59*.html#1 LIX.1]}}{{sfn|Suetonius|loc=Caligula [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Caligula*.html#37 37]}} Rather than embark on costly campaigns of conquest, he chose to strengthen the existing empire by building additional bases, using diplomacy as well as military threats, and generally refraining from getting drawn into petty squabbles between competing frontier tyrants.{{sfn|Suetonius|loc=Tiberius 37}} The result was a stronger, more consolidated empire, ensuring the imperial institutions introduced by his adoptive father would remain for centuries to come.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Tiberius|title=Tiberius | Biography, Accomplishments, Facts, & Death|date=30 June 2023 }}</ref>
Of the authors whose texts have survived, only four describe the reign of Tiberius in considerable detail: [[Tacitus]], [[Suetonius]], [[Cassius Dio]] and [[Marcus Velleius Paterculus]]. Fragmentary evidence also remains from [[Pliny the Elder]], [[Strabo]] and [[Seneca the Elder]]. Tiberius himself wrote an autobiography which Suetonius describes as "brief and sketchy", but this book has been lost.{{sfn|Suetonius|loc=Tiberius 61}}
==== Publius Cornelius Tacitus ====
{{See also|Tacitus}}
The most detailed account of this period was written by [[Tacitus]], whose ''[[Annals (Tacitus)|Annals]]'' dedicate the first six books entirely to the reign of Tiberius. Tacitus was a Roman senator, born during the reign of [[Nero]] in AD 56, and ''[[consul suffectus]]'' in AD 97. His text is largely based on the ''[[Acta Senatus]]'' (the minutes of the session of the Senate) and the ''[[Acta Diurna]]'' (a collection of the acts of the government and news of the court and capital), as well as speeches by Tiberius himself, and the histories of contemporaries such as [[Marcus Cluvius Rufus]], [[Fabius Rusticus]] and [[Pliny the Elder]] (all of which are lost). Tacitus' narrative emphasises both political and psychological motivation. His characterisation of Tiberius throughout the first six books is mostly negative, and gradually worsens as his rule declines, identifying a clear breaking point with the death of his son [[Drusus Julius Caesar|Drusus]] in AD 23.{{sfn|Tacitus|loc=[[s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 4#6|IV.6]]}}
Tacitus describes Julio-Claudian rule as generally unjust and "criminal";{{sfn|Tacitus|loc=[[s: The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 1#6|I.6]]}} he attributes the apparent virtues of Tiberius during his early reign to hypocrisy.{{sfn|Tacitus|loc=[[s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 6#50|VI.50–51]]}}
Another major recurring theme concerns the balance of power between the Senate and the emperors, corruption, and the growing [[tyranny]] among the governing classes of Rome. A substantial amount of his account on Tiberius is therefore devoted to the treason trials and persecutions following the revival of the ''maiestas'' law under Augustus.{{sfn|Tacitus|loc=[[s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 1#72|I.72]], [[s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 1#74|I.74]], [[s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 2#27|II.27–32]], [[s: The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 3#49|III.49–51]], [[s: The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 3#66|III.66–69]]}} Ultimately, Tacitus' opinion on Tiberius is best illustrated by his conclusion of the sixth book:
{{blockquote|"His character too had its distinct periods. It was a bright time in his life and reputation, while under Augustus he was a private citizen or held high offices; a time of reserve and crafty assumption of virtue, as long as Germanicus and Drusus were alive. Again, while his mother lived, he was a compound of good and evil; he was infamous for his cruelty, though he veiled his debaucheries, while he loved or feared Sejanus. Finally, he plunged into every wickedness and disgrace, when fear and shame being cast off, he simply indulged his own inclinations."{{sfn|Tacitus|loc=[[s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 6#50|VI.50–51]]}}}}
==== Suetonius Tranquillus ====
[[File:Silver denarius of Tiberius 14CE 37CE found in India Indian copy of a the same 1st century CE Coin of Kushan king Kujula Kadphises copying a coin of Augustus.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|An example of [[Indo-Roman trade and relations]] during the period: silver denarius of Tiberius (14–37) found in India and Indian copy of the same, 1st-century coin of [[Kushan Empire|Kushan]] king [[Kujula Kadphises]] copying a coin of [[Augustus]].]]
[[Suetonius]] was an equestrian who held administrative posts during the reigns of [[Trajan]] and [[Hadrian]]. ''[[The Twelve Caesars]]'' details a biographical history of the principate from the birth of [[Julius Caesar]] to the death of [[Domitian]] in AD 96. Like Tacitus, he drew upon the imperial archives, as well as histories by [[Aufidius Bassus]], [[Marcus Cluvius Rufus]], [[Fabius Rusticus]] and Augustus' own letters.{{sfn|Suetonius|loc=Tiberius 43, 44, 45}}
His account is more sensationalist and anecdotal than that of his contemporary Tacitus, and delves into Tiberius' numerous alleged debaucheries while at Capri.{{sfn|Suetonius|loc=Tiberius 43, 44, 45}} Nevertheless, Suetonius praises Tiberius' actions during his early reign, emphasising his modesty.{{sfn|Suetonius|loc=Tiberius 26–32}}
==== Velleius Paterculus ====
One of the few surviving sources contemporary with the rule of Tiberius comes from [[Velleius Paterculus]], who served under Tiberius for eight years (from AD 4) in Germany and Pannonia as ''[[praefect]]'' of cavalry and ''legatus''. Paterculus' ''Compendium of Roman History'' spans a period from the fall of [[Troy]] to the death of [[Livia]] in AD 29. His text on Tiberius lavishes praise on both the emperor{{sfn|Paterculus|loc=II.94, 103–105, 129–130}} and Sejanus.{{sfn|Paterculus|loc=II.127–128}} How much of this is due to genuine admiration or prudence remains an open question, but it has been conjectured that he was put to death in AD 31 as a friend of Sejanus.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Syme | first = Ronald | title = Seianus on the Aventine | journal = Hermes | volume = 84 | issue = 3 | pages = 257–266 | year = 1956 | publisher = Franz Steiner Verlag | jstor = 4474933 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4474933}}</ref>
=== Gospels, Jews, and Christians ===
[[File:Emperor Tiberius Denarius - Tribute Penny.jpg|thumb|300px|The ''[[tribute penny]]'' mentioned in the Bible is commonly believed to be a Roman [[denarius]] depicting the emperor Tiberius. Caption: TI. CAESAR DIVI AVG. F. AVGVSTVS / MAXIM. PONTIF.]]
According to the [[Gospel]]s, Jesus of [[Nazareth]] preached and was executed during the reign of Tiberius, by the authority of [[Pontius Pilate]], the Roman governor of [[Judaea (Roman province)|Judaea province]]. ''[[Luke 3]]:1'',<ref>{{bibleref|Luke|3:1}}</ref> states that [[John the Baptist]] entered on his public ministry in the fifteenth year of Tiberius' reign. The city of [[Tiberias]], on the Western shore of the [[Sea of Galilee]] (also known as the ''Sea of Tiberias'') was named thus by [[Herod Antipas]] in Tiberius's honour.{{sfn|Josephus|loc=''Antiquities'' [[s:The Antiquities of the Jews/Book XVIII#Chapter 2|XVIII.2.3]]}} It is referred to in ''[[John 6]]:23''<ref>{{bibleref|John|6:23}}</ref> and ''John 6:1''.<ref>{{bibleref|John|6:1}}</ref> The so-called "[[tribute penny]]" referred to in the [[Gospel of Matthew]]<ref>{{bibleref|Matthew|22:19}}</ref> and the [[Gospel of Mark]]<ref>{{bibleref|Mark|12:15}}</ref> is popularly thought to be a silver ''[[denarius]]'' coin of Tiberius.<ref>{{cite book
| last = [[Sir William Smith]]
| title = The Old Testament History: From The Creation To The Return Of The Jews From Captivity (page 704)
| publisher = [[Kessinger Publishing]], LLC (22 May 2010)
| year = 1896
| isbn = 1-162-09864-3
}}</ref><ref>{{cite book
| title = The Numismatist, Volume 29 |page= 536
| publisher = [[American Numismatic Association]] (3 April 2010)
| year = 2010
| isbn = 978-1-148-52633-1
}}</ref><ref>{{cite book
| last = Hobson
| first = Burton
| title = Coins and coin collecting (page 28)
| publisher = [[Dover Publications]] (April 1972)
| year = 1972
| isbn = 0-486-22763-4
}}</ref>
During Tiberius' reign, Jews had become more prominent in Rome and Jewish and Gentile followers of Jesus began [[proselytising]] Roman citizens, increasing long-simmering resentments.<ref name="Jossa">{{cite book|last=Jossa|first=Giorgio|title=Jews or Christians|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZlBXVPnGxVkC&q=Jews+or+Christians%3F|year=2006|pages=123–126|publisher=Mohr Siebeck |isbn=3-16-149192-0}}</ref> In AD 19 Tiberius ordered Jews of military age to join the Roman Army.<ref name="Jossa" /> He banished the rest of Rome's Jewish population, on pain of enslavement for life.<ref name="Jossa" /> There were no systematic Roman persecutions of Christians under Tiberius after [[Crucifixion of Jesus|Christ's crucifixion]].<ref name="Ed RICHARDSON">{{cite book |last1=RICHARDSON |first1=Ed |editor1-last=Donfried |editor1-first=Karl P. |editor2-last=Richardson |editor2-first=Peter |title=Judaism and Christianity in First-century Rome |date=1998 |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing |isbn=9780802842657 |page=205 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ATkvlPyonAkC&pg=PA205}}</ref> Jossa finds it "unthinkable" that Tiberius was aware of Christianity as a faith separate from Judaism.<ref name="Jossa" /> Most scholars believe that Roman distinction between Jews and Christians began in the 40s, in Caligula's reign, and was complete by around AD 70 (the destruction of Jerusalem).<ref name="Jossa" />
[[File:Tiberio 14 - 37dC jpg.jpg|thumb|300px|Extent of the Roman Empire under Tiberius]]
The early Christian Church's view of Tiberius has generally been favourable. The 2nd-3rd Century Christian [[apologist]] [[Tertullian]] said Tiberius approached the Senate with a request to acknowledge Christ as a [[deity]], citing evidence of his [[Miracles of Jesus|miracles]], and his resurrection following his crucifixion. Early Church historian [[Eusebius]] said [[Pilate]] reported to Tiberius of the resurrection of Christ. Tiberius is said to have taken Pilate's report to the Senate.{{sfn|Williamson|1965|p=75}} Tiberius had to be content with the protection of Christians from malicious prosecution by senators; [[St. Jerome]] adds that this was under the penalty of death. Both he and [[Eusebius]] included Tertullian's account in their respective histories of the Christian Church, but no evidence of such protection survives in Roman law. Crake describes the episode as essentially a comment on deification by decree of the senate", in which few "would take seriously even Tertullian's version of events"<ref name="doi.org">{{Cite journal |last=Crake |first=J. E. A. |date=1965 |title=Early Christians and Roman Law |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1086690 |journal=Phoenix |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=61–70 |doi=10.2307/1086690 |jstor=1086690 |issn=0031-8299}}</ref>{{efn|The 20th-century Canadian historian J.E.A. Crake (1911-1983) said in 1963 at an annual meeting of the Classical Association of Canada that few "would take seriously even Tertullian's version of events" and that its "combination of legal inconsistency would have inspired a couple of pages of sarcasm from Tertullian."<ref name="doi.org"/>}}<ref>For review of sources on the early Church and Christianity in relation to Roman power-politics, see Barnes, T.D. (November 1968), ''The Journal of Roman Studies'', Volume 58, Issue 1-2, pp. 32-50. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/299693</ref> Translator [[G.A. Williamson]] said it "can be hardly doubted that Pilate sent such a report, but none of the extant versions is regarded as genuine."{{sfn|Williamson|1965|p=75}} The [[Christian History Institute]] does not list Tiberius as a [[Roman emperor]] who persecuted Christians. The first Roman emperor listed is [[Claudius]].<ref name=Christian>{{cite web|title=Persecution in the Early Church: A Gallery of the Persecuting Emperors|url=https://christianhistoryinstitute.org/magazine/article/persecution-in-early-church-gallery |publisher=Christian History Institute |ref=Christian History Institute |accessdate=March 21, 2022}}</ref>{{efn|According to the [[Christian History Institute]] from "A.D. 30 to A.D. 311, a period in which 54 emperors ruled the Empire, only about a dozen took the trouble to harass Christians. Furthermore, not until Decius (249–251) did any deliberately attempt an Empire-wide persecution. Until then, persecution came mainly at the instigation of local rulers, albeit with Rome’s approval."<ref name=Christian/>}}
=== Archaeology ===
[[File:SperlongaVillaTiberio.jpg|thumb|232x232px|Remnants of Tiberius' villa at [[Sperlonga]], on the coast midway between Rome and Naples|left]]
Possible traces remain of renovations by Tiberius in the [[Gardens of Maecenas]], where he lived upon returning from exile in AD 2.{{sfn|Suetonius|loc=Tiberius 15}} These persist inside the villa's likely ''[[triclinium]]''-''[[nymphaeum]]'', the so-called [[Auditorium of Maecenas]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Häuber |first1=Chrystina |title=The Horti of Maecenas on the Esquiline Hill in Rome |url=http://www.rom.geographie.uni-muenchen.de/texts/hm_text1.pdf |access-date=21 December 2019 |archive-date=24 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224222443/http://www.rom.geographie.uni-muenchen.de/texts/hm_text1.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> In an otherwise Late [[Roman Republic|Republican]]-era building, identifiable as such by its brickwork and flooring, the [[Dionysian Mysteries|Dionysian]]-themed landscape and nature frescoes lining the walls are reminiscent of the illusionistic early Imperial paintings [[Villa of Livia#Garden room fresco|in his mother's own subterranean dining room]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wyler |first1=Stéphanie |chapter=An Augustan Trend towards Dionysos: Around the ‘Auditorium of Maecenas' |editor1-last=Bernabe |editor1-first=Alberto |editor2-last=Herrero de Jáuregui |editor2-first=Miguel |editor3-last=San Cristóbal |editor3-first=Ana |editor4-last=Martín Hernández |editor4-first=Raquel |title=Redefining Dionysos|pages=541–553|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|date=2013|chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/es/4979106/An_Augustan_trend_towards_Dionysos_around_the_Auditorium_of_Mecenas_}}</ref>
Tiberius' palace in Rome was on the [[Palatine Hill]]; its ruins still stand. Tiberius built a temple in Rome to the deified Augustus, and restored the [[theatre of Pompey]],{{sfn|Tacitus|loc=[[s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 6#45|IV.45]], [[s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 3#72|III.72]]}}{{sfn|Suetonius|loc=Tiberius [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Tiberius*.html#47 47]}} these works were not finished until the reign of Caligula.{{sfn|Suetonius|loc=Caligula [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Caligula*.html#21 21]}} The remains of Tiberius' villa at [[Sperlonga]] include a [[grotto]], where the fragmentary [[Sperlonga sculptures]] were found. The hill-top ''[[Villa Jovis]]'' retreat at [[Capri]] has been preserved. The estate at Capri is said by Tacitus to have included a total of twelve villas,{{sfn|Tacitus|loc=[[s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 4#67|IV.67]]}} of which the ''Villa Jovis'' was the largest.
Tiberius refused to be officially worshipped as a living god. He promoted restraint in the official, empire-wide cult to the divinised Augustus, and established a priesthood, the ''[[Sodales Augustales]]'', to administer its rites. He allowed a single temple to honour both his own [[Genius (mythology)|''genius'']] and that of the Senate, at [[Smyrna]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gradel |first=Ittai |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cBNREAAAQBAJ |title=Emperor Worship and Roman Religion |date=2002 |publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-154149-0 |pages=15, 263-8: Gradel points out that no Roman was ever prosecuted for sacrificing to his emperor}}</ref>{{sfn|Tacitus|loc=[[s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 4#37|IV.37–38]], [[s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 4#55|IV.55–56]]}}
=== Popular culture ===
Tiberius has been represented in fiction, in literature, film and television, and in video games, often as a peripheral character in the central storyline. The following is a list of appearances Tiberius made in popular culture.
* He appears in the novel ''[[I, Claudius]]'' by [[Robert Graves]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.booktalk.org/i-claudius.php |title=''I, Claudius'': From the Autobiography of Tiberius Claudius – Robert Graves|publisher=Booktalk.org |access-date=2008-09-20 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080618094451/http://www.booktalk.org/i-claudius.php |archive-date = 18 June 2008}}</ref> and the consequent [[BBC]] [[I, Claudius (TV series)|television series]] adaptation, where he is portrayed by [[George Baker (British actor)|George Baker]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/bbcfour/cinema/features/iclaudius.shtml |title=BBC Four Drama – ''I, Claudius'' |publisher=BBC |access-date=2008-09-20}}</ref>
* [[George R. R. Martin]], the author of ''[[A Song of Ice and Fire]]'' series, has stated that central character [[Stannis Baratheon]] is partially inspired by Tiberius Caesar, and particularly the portrayal by Baker.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://grrm.livejournal.com/310379.html?thread=17203563 |title=Not a Blog: It's the Pits|date=2013-01-21|access-date=2016-12-27}}</ref>
* In the 1968 [[ITV (TV network)|ITV]] historical drama ''[[The Caesars (TV series)|The Caesars]]'', Tiberius (by [[André Morell]]) is the central character for much of the series and is portrayed in a much more balanced way than in ''I, Claudius''.
* He also appears as a minor character in the 2006 film [[The Inquiry (2006 film)|''The Inquiry'']], in which he is played by [[Max von Sydow]]. In addition, Tiberius has prominent roles in ''[[Ben-Hur (1959 film)|Ben-Hur]]'' (played by [[George Relph]] in his last starring role),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/character/ch0017920/ |title=Emperor Tiberius Caesar (Character) |publisher=Imdb.com |access-date=2008-09-20}}</ref> and in ''[[A.D. (miniseries)|A.D.]]'' (played by [[James Mason]]).
* He was featured in ''[[The Robe (film)|The Robe]]'' (1953), played by [[Ernest Thesiger]].
* He was featured in the 1979 film [[Caligula (film)|''Caligula'']], portrayed by [[Peter O'Toole]].
* He was an important character in [[Taylor Caldwell]]'s 1958 novel, ''[[Dear and Glorious Physician]]'', a biography of St [[Luke the Evangelist]], author of the third canonical Gospel.
* He was played by [[Kenneth Cranham]] in ''[[A.D. The Bible Continues]].''
* In the TV series ''[[Roman Empire (TV series)|Roman Empire]]'', Tiberius was portrayed by Craig Walsh-Wrightson. In the 2021 TV series ''[[Domina (TV series)|Domina]]'', he was played by [[Earl Cave]].
* The theft of the Gold Tiberius, an unintentionally unique commemorative coin commissioned by Tiberius which is stated to have achieved legendary status in the centuries hence, from a mysterious triad of occultists drives the plot of the framing story in [[Arthur Machen]]'s 1895 novel ''[[The Three Impostors]]''.
== Children and family ==
Tiberius was married twice, with only his first union producing a child who would survive to adulthood:
* [[Vipsania Agrippina]], daughter of [[Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa]] (16 –11 BC)
** [[Drusus Julius Caesar]] (14 BC – AD 23) (Had Issue)
* [[Julia the Elder]], only daughter of [[Augustus]] (11 – 6 BC)
** Infant son, (dubbed "[[Tiberillus]]" by modern historians), died in infancy.
In AD 4 Tiberius adopted his nephew [[Germanicus|Germanicus Julius Caesar]] (15 BC – AD 19), the son of his brother [[Drusus the Elder|Drusus (the Elder)]] and Augustus' niece [[Antonia Minor]], as his full son and heir.
== See also ==
* [[Caesar cut]]
* [[Clutorius Priscus]]
* [[Julio-Claudian family tree]]
* [[List of Roman emperors]]
* [[List of biblical figures identified in extra-biblical sources]]
== Notes ==
{{notes}}
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
== Bibliography ==
=== Primary sources ===
{{Refbegin|30em}}
*{{Cite book |author=[[Lucius Cassius Dio]] |chapter=Book 55–58 |chapter-url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/55*.html |title=[[Roman History (Cassius Dio)|Roman History]] |translator-last=Earnest Cary |publisher=[[Loeb Classical Library]] |year=1927 |ref={{sfnref|Cassius Dio}} |orig-date={{circa}} 230}}
*{{Cite book |author=[[Josephus]] |chapter=Chapters XVIII |title=[[Antiquities of the Jews]] |translator-last=[[William Whiston]] |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |year=1737 |ref={{sfnref|Josephus}} |orig-date={{circa}} 96 AD |chapter-url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Antiquities_of_the_Jews/Book_XVIII}}
*{{Cite book |author=[[Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus]] |chapter=Life of Tiberius |chapter-url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Tiberius*.html |title=[[The Twelve Caesars]] |translator-last=[[John Carew Rolfe]] |publisher=[[Loeb Classical Library]] |year=1914 |url= |ref={{sfnref|Suetonius}} |orig-date={{circa}} AD 121}}
*{{Cite book |author=[[Publius Cornelius Tacitus]] |title=[[The Annals]] |translator-last=Frederick W. Shipley |publisher=[[Loeb Classical Library]] |year=1924 |url= |ref={{sfnref|Tacitus}} |orig-date={{circa}} AD 110}}
*{{Cite book |author=[[Gaius Plinius Secundus]] |title=[[Natural History (Pliny)|Natural History]] |translator-last=H. Rackham |translator2-last=W.H.S. Jones |translator3-last=D.E. Eichholz |name-list-style=and |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |year=1961 |ref={{sfnref|Pliny the Elder}} |orig-date={{circa}} 77 AD}}
*{{Cite book |author=[[Marcus Velleius Paterculus]] |chapter=Book II |chapter-url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Velleius_Paterculus/2D*.html# |title=The Roman History |translator-last=Frederick W. Shipley |publisher=[[Loeb Classical Library]] |year=1924 |url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Velleius_Paterculus/home.html |ref={{sfnref|Paterculus}} |orig-date={{circa}} AD 30}}
{{Refend}}
=== Secondary material ===
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{Cite book |last=Capes |first=William Wolfe |url=https://archive.org/details/romanhistoryear03capegoog |title=Roman History: The Early Empire |publisher=Longmans, Green, and Co. |year=1897 |series=Epochs of Ancient History |location=London |author-link=William Wolfe Capes}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Ehrenberg |first1=V. |last2=Jones |first2=A.H.M. |title=Documents Illustrating the Reigns of Augustus and Tiberius |year=1955 |location=Oxford}}
* {{Cite book |last=Levick |year=1999 |first=Barbara |title=Tiberius the Politician |edition=revised |publisher=Routledge |place=London |orig-year=1976 |isbn=0-415-21753-9 |url=https://archive.org/details/tiberiuspolitici00levi_0 |author-link=Barbara Levick}}
* {{Cite book |last=Mason |first=Ernst |title=Tiberius |year=1960 |publisher=Ballantine Books |location=New York}} (Ernst Mason was a pseudonym of science fiction author [[Frederik Pohl]])
* {{Cite book |last=Mattingly |first=Harold |title=Roman Imperial Civilization |publisher=W W Norton & Company Inc |date=1957 |location=New York |isbn=0-393-00572-0}}
* {{Cite book |last=Salmon |year=1968 |first=Edward T. |title=A History of the Roman World from 30 B.C. to A.D. 138 |edition=6th |publisher=Methuen |place=London |orig-year=1944 |isbn=0-416-10710-9 |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofromanwo00salm |author-link=Edward Togo Salmon}}
* {{Cite book |last=Seager |year=2005 |first=Robin |title=Tiberius |edition=2nd |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |place=Oxford |orig-year=1972 |isbn=1-4051-1528-9 |url=https://archive.org/details/tiberius00seag_0}}
* {{Cite book |last=Shotter |year=2004 |first=David |title=Tiberius Caesar |edition=2nd |publisher=Routledge |place=London |orig-year=1992 |isbn=0-415-31946-3 |url=https://archive.org/details/tiberiuscaesar0000shot}}
* {{Cite book |last=Southern |first=Pat |title=Augustus |publisher=Routledge |year=1998 |location=London |isbn=0-415-16631-4 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/augustus0000sout}}
* {{Cite book |last=Syme |first=Ronald |author-link=Ronald Syme |title=The Augustan Aristocracy |publisher=Clarendon Press |year=1986 |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-814859-3}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Syme |first=Ronald |date=1974 |title=History or Biography: The Case of Tiberius Caesar |journal=[[Historia (classical antiquity history journal)|Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte]] |volume=23 |issue=4 |pages=481–496 |jstor=4435416}}
* {{Cite book |last=Syme |first=Ronald |title=Roman Papers |publisher=Clarendon Press |year=1984 |isbn=0198148399 |volume=III |location=Oxford |pages=937–952 |chapter=History or Biography: the Case of Tiberius Caesar}}
*{{Cite book |last=Williamson |first=G.A. |title=The History of the Church Eusebius |date=1965 |publisher=Dorset Press |isbn=0-14-044-138-7}}
{{Refend}}
== External links ==
{{wikiquote}}
{{Commons|Tiberius}}
* {{citation |last=Fagan |year=2001 |first=Garrett G. |title=Tiberius (A.D. 14–37) |work=[[De Imperatoribus Romanis]] |url=http://www.roman-emperors.org/tiberius.htm |author-link=Garrett G. Fagan}}
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/tiberius.shtml "Tiberius (42 BC – 37 AD)"] at the [[BBC]]
* [https://omniatlas.com/maps/europe/160901/ "Maps of the Roman Empire under Tiberius at Omniatlas.com"]
{{S-start}}
{{S-hou|[[Julio-Claudian dynasty]]|16 November|42 BC|16 March|AD 37}}
{{s-bef| before = [[Augustus]]}}
{{s-ttl| title = [[List of Roman emperors|Roman emperor]]
| years = AD 14–37}}
{{s-aft| after = [[Caligula]]}}
{{S-off}}
{{s-bef| before= [[Marcus Licinius Crassus (consul 14 BC)|M. Licinius Crassus]]| before2 = [[Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus Augur|Gn. Cornelius Lentulus Augur]]}}
{{s-ttl| title = [[List of Roman consuls|Roman consul]]| with = [[Publius Quinctilius Varus|P. Quinctilius Varus]]| years = 13 BC }}
{{s-aft| after = [[Marcus Valerius Messalla Appianus|M. Valerius Messalla Appianus]]| after2 = [[Publius Sulpicius Quirinius|P. Sulpicius Quirinius]] }}
{{s-bef| before = [[Gaius Marcius Censorinus (consul)|G. Marcius Censorinus]]
| before2 = [[Gaius Asinius Gallus|G. Asinius Gallus]]}}
{{s-ttl| title = Roman consul II
| with = [[Gnaeus Calpurnius Piso (consul 7 BC)|Gn. Calpurnius Piso]]
| years = 7 BC }}
{{s-aft| after = [[Decius Laelius Balbus|D. Laelius Balbus]]
| after2 = [[Gaius Antistius Vetus (consul 6 BC)|G. Antistius Vetus]]}}
{{s-bef| before = [[Gaius Vibius Marsus|G. Vibius Marsus]]
| before2 = [[Lucius Voluseius Proculus|L. Voluseius Proculus]]}}
{{s-ttl| title = Roman consul III
| with = [[Germanicus|Germanicus Julius Caesar]]
| years = AD 18}}
{{s-aft| after = [[Lucius Seius Tubero|L. Seius Tubero]]
| after2 = [[Livineius Regulus]]}}
{{s-bef| before = [[Marcus Valerius Messala Barbatus|M. Valerius Messala Barbatus]]
| before2 = {{nowrap|[[Marcus Aurelius Cotta Maximus Messalinus|M. Aurelius Cotta Maximus Messalinus]]}}}}
{{s-ttl| title = Roman consul IV
| with = [[Drusus Julius Caesar]]
| years = AD 21 }}
{{s-aft| after = [[Decimus Haterius Agrippa|D. Haterius Agrippa]]
| after2 = [[Gaius Sulpicius Galba|G. Sulpicius Galba]]}}
{{s-bef| before = [[Lucius Naevius Surdinus|L. Naevius Surdinus]]
| before2 = [[Gaius Cassius Longinus (consul 30)|G. Cassius Longinus]]}}
{{s-ttl| title = Roman consul V
| with = [[Sejanus|L. Aelius Sejanus]]
| years = AD 31 }}
{{s-aft| after = [[Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus (consul 32)|Gn. Domitius Ahenobarbus]]
| after2 = [[Lucius Arruntius Camillus Scribonianus|L. Arruntius Camillus Scribonianus]]}}
{{s-end}}
{{Roman emperors}}
{{Pharaohs}}
{{New Testament people|collapsed}}
{{Ancient Olympic winners}}
{{Authority control}}
{{good article}}
[[Category:Tiberius| ]]
[[Category:42 BC births]]
[[Category:37 deaths]]
[[Category:1st-century BC Romans]]
[[Category:1st-century Roman emperors]]
[[Category:Adult adoptees]]
[[Category:Ancient Roman adoptees]]
[[Category:Ancient Roman military personnel]]
[[Category:Burials at the Mausoleum of Augustus]]
[[Category:Capri, Campania]]
[[Category:Children of Augustus]]
[[Category:Claudii Nerones]]
[[Category:Husbands of Julia the Elder]]
[[Category:Imperial Roman consuls]]
[[Category:Imperial Roman praetors]]
[[Category:Jews and Judaism in the Roman Empire]]
[[Category:Julii Caesares]]
[[Category:Julio-Claudian dynasty]]
[[Category:People in the canonical gospels]]
[[Category:Roman-era Olympic competitors]]
[[Category:Roman quaestors]]
[[Category:Roman pharaohs]]
[[Category:Ancient Roman triumphators]]' |
Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Roman emperor from AD 14 to 37</div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033289096">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Roman emperor. For the personal name, see <a href="/wiki/Tiberius_(praenomen)" title="Tiberius (praenomen)">Tiberius (praenomen)</a>. For other persons named Tiberius and other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Tiberius_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Tiberius (disambiguation)">Tiberius (disambiguation)</a>.</div>
<p class="mw-empty-elt">
</p>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1218072481">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data div{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data div{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; font-size: 125%">Tiberius</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:Error mw:File/Frameless"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Upload?wpDestFile=(Toulouse)_nigger_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Saint-Raymond_Ra_342_b.jpg" class="new" title="File:(Toulouse) nigger - Musée Saint-Raymond Ra 342 b.jpg"><span class="mw-file-element mw-broken-media">White bust</span></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Bust, <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_Saint-Raymond" title="Musée Saint-Raymond">Musée Saint-Raymond</a>, Toulouse</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Roman emperor</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">17 September 14 – 16 March 37</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Caligula" title="Caligula">Caligula</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">16 November 42 BC<br /><a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Italy" title="Roman Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">16 March AD 37 (aged 77)<br /><a href="/wiki/Misenum" class="mw-redirect" title="Misenum">Misenum</a>, Italy, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="label"><a href="/wiki/Mausoleum_of_Augustus" title="Mausoleum of Augustus">Mausoleum of Augustus</a>, Rome</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vipsania_Agrippina" title="Vipsania Agrippina">Vipsania Agrippina</a><br />(m. 19 BC; div. 11 BC)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Julia_the_Elder" title="Julia the Elder">Julia the Elder</a><br />(m. 11 BC; div. 2 BC)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal"><i><a href="#Children_and_family">more...</a></i></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drusus_Julius_Caesar" title="Drusus Julius Caesar">Drusus Julius Caesar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Germanicus" title="Germanicus">Germanicus</a> (adopted)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1218072481"><table class="infobox" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left">Names</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data nickname" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;"><div><ul><li>Tiberius <a href="/wiki/Claudii" class="mw-redirect" title="Claudii">Claudius</a> Nero (birth)<sup id="cite_ref-name_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-name-1">[1]</a></sup></li><li>Tiberius Julius Caesar (AD 4)<sup id="cite_ref-name_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-name-1">[1]</a></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Regnal_name" title="Regnal name">Regnal name</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;">Tiberius Caesar Augustus<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[a]</a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Dynasty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Julio-Claudian" class="mw-redirect" title="Julio-Claudian">Julio-Claudian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_Claudius_Nero_(father_of_Tiberius_Caesar)" title="Tiberius Claudius Nero (father of Tiberius Caesar)">Tiberius Claudius Nero</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> (adoptive)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Livia" title="Livia">Livia</a></td></tr></tbody></table>
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background:#b80049;text-align:center;">Roman imperial dynasties</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Cameo_of_France-removebg.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Great_Cameo_of_France-removebg.png/150px-Great_Cameo_of_France-removebg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Great_Cameo_of_France-removebg.png/225px-Great_Cameo_of_France-removebg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Great_Cameo_of_France-removebg.png/300px-Great_Cameo_of_France-removebg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="520" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption"><a href="/wiki/Great_Cameo_of_France" title="Great Cameo of France">Great Cameo of France</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above">
<b><a href="/wiki/Julio-Claudian_dynasty" title="Julio-Claudian dynasty">Julio-Claudian dynasty</a></b></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="color:#000000; background:#E5E4E2; font-size: 110%;text-align:center;">
Chronology</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:center;">
<div style="float:left;"><a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a></div> <div style="float:right;">27 BC – AD 14</div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:center;">
<div style="float:left;"><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tiberius</a></span></div> <div style="float:right;">AD 14–37</div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:center;">
<div style="float:left;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Caligula" title="Caligula">Caligula</a></span></div> <div style="float:right;">AD 37–41</div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:center;">
<div style="float:left;"><a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a></div> <div style="float:right;">AD 41–54</div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:center;">
<div style="float:left;"><a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a></div> <div style="float:right;">AD 54–68</div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:center;">
<table style="width:100%"><tbody><tr>
<td style="width:50%;text-align:center;vertical-align:top;"><i>Preceded by</i><br /><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a></td>
<td style="width:50%;text-align:center;vertical-align:top;"><i>Followed by</i><br /><a href="/wiki/Year_of_the_Four_Emperors" title="Year of the Four Emperors">Year of the Four Emperors</a></td>
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<p><b>Tiberius Julius Caesar Augustus</b><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[b]</a></sup> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/ɪər/: 'ear' in 'near'">ɪər</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span>, <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">ty-<span style="font-size:90%">BEER</span>-ee-əs</i></a>; 16 November 42 BC – 16 March AD 37) was <a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Roman emperor</a> from AD 14 until 37. He succeeded his stepfather <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>, the first Roman emperor. Tiberius was born in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> in 42 BC to Roman politician <a href="/wiki/Tiberius_Claudius_Nero_(father_of_Tiberius_Caesar)" title="Tiberius Claudius Nero (father of Tiberius Caesar)">Tiberius Claudius Nero</a> and his wife, <a href="/wiki/Livia_Drusilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Livia Drusilla">Livia Drusilla</a>. In 38 BC, Tiberius' mother divorced his father and married Augustus. Following the untimely deaths of Augustus' two grandsons and adopted heirs, <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Caesar" title="Gaius Caesar">Gaius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Caesar" title="Lucius Caesar">Lucius Caesar</a>, Tiberius was designated Augustus' successor. Prior to this, Tiberius had proved himself an able diplomat, and one of the most successful <a href="/wiki/Roman_general" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman general">Roman generals</a>: his conquests of <a href="/wiki/Pannonia" title="Pannonia">Pannonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia_(Roman_province)" title="Dalmatia (Roman province)">Dalmatia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raetia" title="Raetia">Raetia</a>, and (temporarily) parts of <a href="/wiki/Germania" title="Germania">Germania</a> laid the foundations for <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">the empire</a>'s northern frontier.
</p><p>Early in his career, Tiberius was happily married to <a href="/wiki/Vipsania" class="mw-redirect" title="Vipsania">Vipsania</a>, daughter of Augustus' friend, distinguished general and intended heir, <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Vipsanius_Agrippa" title="Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa">Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa</a>. They had a son, <a href="/wiki/Drusus_Julius_Caesar" title="Drusus Julius Caesar">Drusus Julius Caesar</a>. After Agrippa died, Augustus insisted that Tiberius divorce Vipsania and marry his own daughter (Tiberius' step-sister) <a href="/wiki/Julia_the_Elder" title="Julia the Elder">Julia</a>. Tiberius reluctantly gave in. This second marriage proved scandalous, deeply unhappy, and childless; ultimately, Julia was sent into exile by her father. Tiberius adopted his nephew, the able and popular <a href="/wiki/Germanicus" title="Germanicus">Germanicus</a>, as heir. On Augustus' death in 14, Tiberius became <i><a href="/wiki/Princeps" title="Princeps">princeps</a></i> at the age of 55. He seems to have taken on the responsibilities of head of state with great reluctance, and perhaps a genuine sense of inadequacy in the role, compared to the capable, self-confident and charismatic Augustus.
</p><p>From the outset, Tiberius had a difficult, resentful relationship with the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Senate</a>, and suspected many plots against him. Nevertheless, he proved to be an effective and efficient administrator. After the deaths of his nephew Germanicus in AD 19 and his son Drusus in 23, Tiberius became reclusive and aloof. In 26 he removed himself from Rome and left administration largely in the hands of his ambitious <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefect" title="Praetorian prefect">praetorian prefect</a> <a href="/wiki/Sejanus" title="Sejanus">Sejanus</a>, whom he later had executed for treason, and then Sejanus' replacement, <a href="/wiki/Naevius_Sutorius_Macro" title="Naevius Sutorius Macro">Macro</a>. When Tiberius died, he was succeeded by his grand-nephew and adopted grandson, Germanicus' son <a href="/wiki/Caligula" title="Caligula">Caligula</a>, whose lavish building projects and varyingly successful military endeavours drained much of the wealth that Tiberius had accumulated in the public and Imperial coffers through good management.
</p><p>Tiberius allowed the worship of his <a href="/wiki/Roman_imperial_cult#Divus,_deus_and_the_numen" title="Roman imperial cult">divine <i>Genius</i></a> in only one temple, in Rome's eastern provinces, and promoted restraint in the empire-wide cult to the deceased Augustus. When Tiberius died, he was given a sumptuous funeral befitting his office, but no divine honours. He came to be remembered as a dark, reclusive and sombre ruler who never really wanted to be emperor; <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> called him "the gloomiest of men".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPliny_the_Elder[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerLRomanTextsPliny_the_Elder28htmlv_XXVIII.5.23]_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPliny_the_Elder[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerLRomanTextsPliny_the_Elder28htmlv_XXVIII.5.23]-6">[4]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECapes1897[httpsarchiveorgdetailsromanhistoryear03capegoogpagen99_71]_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECapes1897[httpsarchiveorgdetailsromanhistoryear03capegoogpagen99_71]-7">[5]</a></sup>
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Early_life"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Early life</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Family_and_youth"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Family and youth</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Succession_question"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Succession question</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Civil_and_military_career"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Civil and military career</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Early_career_and_marriage"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Early career and marriage</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Military_campaigns"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Military campaigns</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Midlife"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Midlife</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Retirement_to_Rhodes"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Retirement to Rhodes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Heir_to_Augustus"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Heir to Augustus</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Emperor"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Emperor</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Early_reign"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Early reign</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Germanicus"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Germanicus</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Tiberius_in_Capri,_with_Sejanus_in_Rome"><span class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Tiberius in Capri, with Sejanus in Rome</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Final_years"><span class="tocnumber">4.4</span> <span class="toctext">Final years</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Death"><span class="tocnumber">4.5</span> <span class="toctext">Death</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#Legacy"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Legacy</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Historiography"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Historiography</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-18"><a href="#Publius_Cornelius_Tacitus"><span class="tocnumber">5.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Publius Cornelius Tacitus</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-19"><a href="#Suetonius_Tranquillus"><span class="tocnumber">5.1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Suetonius Tranquillus</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-20"><a href="#Velleius_Paterculus"><span class="tocnumber">5.1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Velleius Paterculus</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Gospels,_Jews,_and_Christians"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Gospels, Jews, and Christians</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Archaeology"><span class="tocnumber">5.3</span> <span class="toctext">Archaeology</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Popular_culture"><span class="tocnumber">5.4</span> <span class="toctext">Popular culture</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="#Children_and_family"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Children and family</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28"><a href="#Bibliography"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Bibliography</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="#Primary_sources"><span class="tocnumber">10.1</span> <span class="toctext">Primary sources</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="#Secondary_material"><span class="tocnumber">10.2</span> <span class="toctext">Secondary material</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-31"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Early_life">Early life</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiberius&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Family_and_youth">Family and youth</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiberius&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Family and youth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Livia_y_Tiberio_M.A.N._01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Livia_y_Tiberio_M.A.N._01.JPG/250px-Livia_y_Tiberio_M.A.N._01.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Livia_y_Tiberio_M.A.N._01.JPG/375px-Livia_y_Tiberio_M.A.N._01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Livia_y_Tiberio_M.A.N._01.JPG/500px-Livia_y_Tiberio_M.A.N._01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Tiberius and his mother <a href="/wiki/Livia" title="Livia">Livia</a>, AD 14–19, from <a href="/wiki/Paestum" title="Paestum">Paestum</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Archaeological_Museum_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="National Archaeological Museum of Spain">National Archaeological Museum of Spain</a>, Madrid</figcaption></figure>
<p>Tiberius was born in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> on 16 November 42 BC to <a href="/wiki/Tiberius_Claudius_Nero_(father_of_Tiberius_Caesar)" title="Tiberius Claudius Nero (father of Tiberius Caesar)">Tiberius Claudius Nero</a> and <a href="/wiki/Livia" title="Livia">Livia Drusilla</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetoniusTiberius,_5_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetoniusTiberius,_5-8">[6]</a></sup> Both of his biological parents belonged to the <i><a href="/wiki/Claudia_gens" title="Claudia gens">gens Claudia</a></i>, an ancient <a href="/wiki/Patrician_(ancient_Rome)" title="Patrician (ancient Rome)">patrician</a> family that came to prominence in the early years of the republic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetoniusTiberius_1_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetoniusTiberius_1-9">[7]</a></sup> His mother was also a member of the <a href="/wiki/Livia_gens" title="Livia gens">Livii</a> family, an ancient <a href="/wiki/Plebeians" title="Plebeians">plebeian</a> but prominent family, through the adoption into it of his maternal grandfather.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetoniusTiberius_3_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetoniusTiberius_3-10">[8]</a></sup> Little is recorded of Tiberius' early life. In 39 BC, his mother divorced his biological father and, though again pregnant by Tiberius Nero, remarried to <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Octavian</a>, later known as Augustus. In 38 BC his brother, <a href="/wiki/Nero_Claudius_Drusus" title="Nero Claudius Drusus">Nero Claudius Drusus</a>, was born.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevick199915_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevick199915-11">[9]</a></sup> In 32 BC, Tiberius, at the age of nine, delivered the eulogy for his biological father at the <i><a href="/wiki/Rostra" title="Rostra">rostra</a></i>. In 29 BC, he rode in the triumphal chariot along with his adoptive father Octavian in celebration of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Actium" title="Battle of Actium">defeat of Antony and Cleopatra at Actium</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetoniusTiberius_6_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetoniusTiberius_6-12">[10]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Succession_question">Succession question</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiberius&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Succession question"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>In 23 BC, Emperor Augustus became gravely ill, and his possible death threatened to plunge the Roman world into even more civil conflict. Historians generally agree that it is during this time that the question of Augustus' heir became most acute, and while Augustus had seemed to indicate that <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Vipsanius_Agrippa" title="Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa">Agrippa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Claudius_Marcellus_(nephew_of_Augustus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcus Claudius Marcellus (nephew of Augustus)">Marcellus</a> would carry on his position in the event of his death, the ambiguity of succession became Augustus' chief problem.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouthern1998119–120_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESouthern1998119–120-13">[11]</a></sup> In response, a series of potential heirs seem to have been selected, among them Tiberius and his brother Drusus. In 24 BC, at the age of seventeen, Tiberius entered politics under Augustus' direction, receiving the position of <i><a href="/wiki/Quaestor" title="Quaestor">quaestor</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaterculusII.94_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaterculusII.94-14">[12]</a></sup> and was granted the right to stand for election as <i><a href="/wiki/Praetor" title="Praetor">praetor</a></i> and <i>consul</i> five years in advance of the age required by law.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetoniusTiberius_9_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetoniusTiberius_9-15">[13]</a></sup> Similar provisions were made for Drusus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeager2005xiv_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeager2005xiv-16">[14]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Civil_and_military_career">Civil and military career</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiberius&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Civil and military career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Early_career_and_marriage">Early career and marriage</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiberius&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Early career and marriage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portraitkopf_der_Vipsania_Agrippina.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Portraitkopf_der_Vipsania_Agrippina.png/180px-Portraitkopf_der_Vipsania_Agrippina.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Portraitkopf_der_Vipsania_Agrippina.png/270px-Portraitkopf_der_Vipsania_Agrippina.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Portraitkopf_der_Vipsania_Agrippina.png/360px-Portraitkopf_der_Vipsania_Agrippina.png 2x" data-file-width="594" data-file-height="802" /></a><figcaption>"Probable" portrait bust of Vipsania (recovered from <a href="/wiki/Leptis_Magna" title="Leptis Magna">Leptis Magna</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Khoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Khoms">Khoms</a>, Libya<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[15]</a></sup></figcaption></figure>
<p>Shortly thereafter Tiberius began appearing in court as an advocate, and it was presumably at this time that his interest in Greek <a href="/wiki/Rhetoric" title="Rhetoric">rhetoric</a> began. In 20 BC, Tiberius went east to join <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18">[16]</a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a> had previously captured the <a href="/wiki/Military_colours,_standards_and_guidons" title="Military colours, standards and guidons">standards</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_legion" title="Roman legion">legions</a> under the command of <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Licinius_Crassus" title="Marcus Licinius Crassus">Marcus Licinius Crassus</a> (53 BC) (at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carrhae" title="Battle of Carrhae">Battle of Carrhae</a>), Decidius Saxa (40 BC), and <a href="/wiki/Mark_Antony" title="Mark Antony">Mark Antony</a> (36 BC) and, after negotiations with Parthia's King <a href="/wiki/Phraates_IV" title="Phraates IV">Phraates IV</a>, either Augustus<sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18">[16]</a></sup> or Tiberius,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[17]</a></sup> or perhaps both together, were able to reclaim them for Rome. Tiberius then led a sizeable force into <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Armenia</a>, presumably to establish it as a Roman <a href="/wiki/Client_state" title="Client state">client state</a> and end the threat it posed on the Roman-<a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian</a> border. Augustus was able to reach a compromise whereby the standards were returned, and Armenia remained a neutral territory between the two powers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetoniusTiberius_9_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetoniusTiberius_9-15">[13]</a></sup>
</p><p>Tiberius married <a href="/wiki/Vipsania_Agrippina" title="Vipsania Agrippina">Vipsania Agrippina</a>, the daughter of Augustus' close friend and most famed general, <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Vipsanius_Agrippa" title="Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa">Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetoniusTiberius_7_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetoniusTiberius_7-20">[18]</a></sup> He was appointed to the position of <i><a href="/wiki/Praetor" title="Praetor">praetor</a></i>, and was sent with his legions to assist his brother Drusus in campaigns in the west. While Drusus focused his forces in <a href="/wiki/Gallia_Narbonensis" title="Gallia Narbonensis">Gallia Narbonensis</a> and along the German frontier, Tiberius combated the tribes in the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a> and within <a href="/wiki/Transalpine_Gaul" class="mw-redirect" title="Transalpine Gaul">Transalpine Gaul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_the_Alps" class="mw-redirect" title="Conquest of the Alps">conquering Raetia</a>. In 15 BC he discovered the sources of the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a>, and soon afterward the bend of the middle course.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[19]</a></sup> Returning to Rome in 13 BC, Tiberius was appointed as <i>consul</i>, and around this same time his son, <a href="/wiki/Drusus_Julius_Caesar" title="Drusus Julius Caesar">Drusus Julius Caesar</a>, was born.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevick199942_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevick199942-22">[20]</a></sup>
</p><p>Agrippa's death in 12 BC elevated Tiberius and Drusus with respect to the succession. At Augustus' request in 11 BC, Tiberius divorced Vipsania and married <a href="/wiki/Julia_the_Elder" title="Julia the Elder">Julia the Elder</a>, Augustus' daughter and Agrippa's widow. Tiberius was very reluctant to do this, as Julia had made advances to him when she was married, and Tiberius was happily married. His new marriage with Julia was happy at first, but turned sour. Suetonius claims that when Tiberius ran into Vipsania again, he followed her home crying and begging forgiveness.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetoniusTiberius_7_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetoniusTiberius_7-20">[18]</a></sup> Soon afterwards, Tiberius met with Augustus, and steps were taken to ensure that Tiberius and Vipsania would never meet again.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[21]</a></sup> Tiberius continued to be elevated by Augustus, and after Agrippa's death and his brother Drusus' death in 9 BC, seemed the clear candidate for succession. As such, in 12 BC he received military commissions in <a href="/wiki/Pannonia" title="Pannonia">Pannonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Germania" title="Germania">Germania</a>, both areas highly volatile and of key importance to Augustan policy.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Military_campaigns">Military campaigns</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiberius&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Military campaigns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Germania_Enobarbo_e_Tiberio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Germania_Enobarbo_e_Tiberio.jpg/300px-Germania_Enobarbo_e_Tiberio.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Germania_Enobarbo_e_Tiberio.jpg/450px-Germania_Enobarbo_e_Tiberio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Germania_Enobarbo_e_Tiberio.jpg/600px-Germania_Enobarbo_e_Tiberio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1248" data-file-height="993" /></a><figcaption>The campaigns of Tiberius, <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Domitius_Ahenobarbus_(consul_16_BC)" title="Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus (consul 16 BC)">Ahenobarbus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Sentius_Saturninus" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaius Sentius Saturninus">Saturninus</a> in <a href="/wiki/Germania" title="Germania">Germania</a> between 6 BC and 1 BC</figcaption></figure>
<p>In 6 BC, Tiberius launched a <a href="/wiki/Pincer_movement" title="Pincer movement">pincer movement</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Marcomanni" title="Marcomanni">Marcomanni</a>. Setting out northwest from <a href="/wiki/Carnuntum" title="Carnuntum">Carnuntum</a> on the Danube with four legions, Tiberius passed through <a href="/wiki/Quadi" title="Quadi">Quadi</a> territory in order to invade Marcomanni territory from the east. Meanwhile, general <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Sentius_Saturninus" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaius Sentius Saturninus">Gaius Sentius Saturninus</a> would depart east from <a href="/wiki/Moguntiacum" class="mw-redirect" title="Moguntiacum">Moguntiacum</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> with two or three legions, pass through newly annexed <a href="/wiki/Hermunduri" title="Hermunduri">Hermunduri</a> territory, and attack the Marcomanni from the west. The campaign was a resounding success, but Tiberius could not subjugate the Marcomanni because he was soon summoned to the Rhine frontier to protect Rome's new conquests in Germania. He returned to Rome and was consul for a second time in 7 BC, and in 6 BC was granted <a href="/wiki/Tribune" title="Tribune">tribunician power</a> (<i>tribunicia potestas</i>) and control in the East,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECassius_Dio[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsCassius_Dio55html9_LV.9]_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECassius_Dio[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsCassius_Dio55html9_LV.9]-24">[22]</a></sup> positions that Agrippa had held before him.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Midlife">Midlife</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiberius&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Midlife"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Retirement_to_Rhodes">Retirement to Rhodes</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiberius&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Retirement to Rhodes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>In 6 BC, while on the verge of accepting command in the East and becoming the second-most powerful man in Rome, Tiberius announced his withdrawal from politics and retired to <a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[23]</a></sup> The motives for Tiberius's withdrawal are unclear.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetoniusTiberius_10_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetoniusTiberius_10-26">[24]</a></sup> Some historians have speculated that Tiberius and Drusus were only ever intended as caretakers, and would have been swept aside once Julia's two sons by Agrippa, <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Caesar" title="Gaius Caesar">Gaius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Caesar" title="Lucius Caesar">Lucius</a>, were adopted as Augustus' heirs and came of age.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevick199929_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevick199929-27">[25]</a></sup> The promiscuous, and very public behaviour of his unhappily married wife, Julia,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaterculusII.100_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaterculusII.100-28">[26]</a></sup> may have also played a part.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECassius_Dio[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsCassius_Dio55html9_LV.9]_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECassius_Dio[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsCassius_Dio55html9_LV.9]-24">[22]</a></sup> Tacitus understood this to be Tiberius' innermost reason for moving to Rhodes, a reflection of his hatred of Julia and his longing for Vipsania.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETacitus[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_1#53|I.53]]_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETacitus[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_1#53|I.53]]-29">[27]</a></sup> Tiberius, forbidden to see the woman he loved, found himself married to a woman he loathed, and publicly humiliated by her nighttime escapades in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Forum" title="Roman Forum">Roman Forum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sag26_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sag26-30">[28]</a></sup>
</p><p>Whatever Tiberius' motives, his withdrawal was almost disastrous for Augustus' succession plans. Gaius and Lucius were still in their early teens, and Augustus, now 57 years old, had no immediate successor. There was no longer a guarantee of a <a href="/wiki/Peaceful_transition_of_power" title="Peaceful transition of power">peaceful transfer of power</a> after Augustus' death, nor a guarantee that his family, and therefore his family's allies, would continue to hold power should the position of <i><a href="/wiki/Princeps" title="Princeps">Princeps</a></i> survive.<sup id="cite_ref-sag26_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sag26-30">[28]</a></sup> Somewhat melodramatic stories tell of Augustus pleading with Tiberius to stay, even going so far as to stage a serious illness.<sup id="cite_ref-sag26_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sag26-30">[28]</a></sup> Tiberius' response was to anchor off the shore of <a href="/wiki/Ostia_Antica" title="Ostia Antica">Ostia</a> until word came that Augustus had survived, then sailing straightway for Rhodes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetoniusTiberius_11_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetoniusTiberius_11-31">[29]</a></sup> Tiberius reportedly regretted his departure and requested to return to Rome several times, but each time Augustus refused his requests.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32">[30]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Heir_to_Augustus">Heir to Augustus</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiberius&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Heir to Augustus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RomeElberiver.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/RomeElberiver.png/340px-RomeElberiver.png" decoding="async" width="340" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/15/RomeElberiver.png 1.5x" data-file-width="484" data-file-height="252" /></a><figcaption>In AD 1 Augustus sent his stepson Tiberius to subdue the Germanic tribes on the Rhine frontier. In his campaigns, Tiberius eventually extended the Roman border as far as the <a href="/wiki/Elbe" title="Elbe">Elbe</a> but was forced to cancel plans to conquer the Suevic <a href="/wiki/Marcomanni" title="Marcomanni">Marcomanni</a> when <a href="/wiki/Bellum_Batonianum" title="Bellum Batonianum">revolt</a> broke out in Illyria in AD 6.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33">[31]</a></sup></figcaption></figure>
<p>With Tiberius' departure, succession rested solely on Augustus' two young grandsons, Lucius and Gaius Caesar. The situation became more precarious in AD 2 with the death of Lucius. Augustus, with perhaps some pressure from Livia, allowed Tiberius to return to Rome as a private citizen and nothing more.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetoniusTiberius_13_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetoniusTiberius_13-34">[32]</a></sup> In AD 4, Gaius was killed in Armenia, and Augustus had no other choice but to turn to Tiberius.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETacitus[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_1#3|I.3]]_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETacitus[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_1#3|I.3]]-35">[33]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetoniusTiberius_15_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetoniusTiberius_15-36">[34]</a></sup> The death of Gaius in AD 4 initiated a flurry of activity in the household of Augustus. Tiberius was adopted as full son and heir, and in turn he was required to adopt his nephew <a href="/wiki/Germanicus" title="Germanicus">Germanicus</a>, the son of his brother <a href="/wiki/Nero_Claudius_Drusus" title="Nero Claudius Drusus">Nero Claudius Drusus</a> and Augustus' niece <a href="/wiki/Antonia_Minor" title="Antonia Minor">Antonia Minor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETacitus[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_1#3|I.3]]_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETacitus[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_1#3|I.3]]-35">[33]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECassius_Dio[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsCassius_Dio55html13_LV.13]_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECassius_Dio[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsCassius_Dio55html13_LV.13]-37">[35]</a></sup> Along with his adoption, Tiberius received <a href="/wiki/Tribunician_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribunician power">tribunician power</a> as well as a share of Augustus' <i>maius imperium</i>, something that even Marcus Agrippa may never have had.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetoniusTiberius_21_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetoniusTiberius_21-38">[36]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39">[37]</a></sup> In AD 7, <a href="/wiki/Agrippa_Postumus" title="Agrippa Postumus">Agrippa Postumus</a>, a younger brother of Gaius and Lucius, was disowned by Augustus and banished to the island of <a href="/wiki/Pianosa" title="Pianosa">Pianosa</a>, to live in solitary confinement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetoniusTiberius_15_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetoniusTiberius_15-36">[34]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECassius_Dio[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsCassius_Dio55html32_LV.32]_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECassius_Dio[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsCassius_Dio55html32_LV.32]-40">[38]</a></sup>
</p><p>Thus, when in AD 13, the powers held by Tiberius were made equal, rather than second, to Augustus' own powers, he was for all intents and purposes a "co-Princeps" with Augustus, and, in the event of the latter's passing, would simply continue to rule without an <a href="/wiki/Interregnum" title="Interregnum">interregnum</a> or possible upheaval.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeager2005xv_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeager2005xv-41">[39]</a></sup>
</p><p>
However, according to <a href="/wiki/Suetonius" title="Suetonius">Suetonius</a>, after a two-year stint in Germania, which lasted from AD 10–12,<sup id="cite_ref-Speidel_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Speidel-42">[40]</a></sup></p><blockquote><p>"Tiberius returned and celebrated the triumph which he had postponed, accompanied also by his generals, for whom he had obtained the triumphal regalia. And before turning to enter the Capitol, he dismounted from his chariot and fell at the knees of his father, who was presiding over the ceremonies."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetoniusTiberius_20_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetoniusTiberius_20-43">[41]</a></sup> "Since the consuls caused a law to be passed soon after this that he should govern the provinces jointly with Augustus and hold the census with him, he set out for <a href="/wiki/Illyricum_(Roman_province)" title="Illyricum (Roman province)">Illyricum</a> on the conclusion of the <a href="/wiki/Lustrum" title="Lustrum">lustral</a> ceremonies."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetoniusTiberius_21_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetoniusTiberius_21-38">[36]</a></sup></p></blockquote><p>Thus, according to Suetonius, these ceremonies and the declaration of his "co-Princeps" took place in the year AD 12, after Tiberius' return from Germania.<sup id="cite_ref-Speidel_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Speidel-42">[40]</a></sup> "But he was at once recalled, and finding Augustus in his last illness but still alive, he spent an entire day with him in private."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetoniusTiberius_21_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetoniusTiberius_21-38">[36]</a></sup> Augustus died on 19 August AD 14, a month before his 76th birthday and exactly 56 years after he first assumed the <a href="/wiki/Consulship" class="mw-redirect" title="Consulship">consulship</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetoniusAugustus_[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsSuetonius12CaesarsAugustushtml100_100.1.]_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetoniusAugustus_[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsSuetonius12CaesarsAugustushtml100_100.1.]-44">[42]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECassius_Dio[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsCassius_Dio56html30_56.30.]_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECassius_Dio[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsCassius_Dio56html30_56.30.]-45">[43]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaterculusII.123_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaterculusII.123-46">[44]</a></sup> He was cremated with all due ceremony and, as had been arranged beforehand, <a href="/wiki/Apotheosis" title="Apotheosis">deified</a>, his will read, and Tiberius, now a middle-aged man at 55, was confirmed as his sole surviving heir.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETacitus[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_1#8|I.8]]_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETacitus[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_1#8|I.8]]-47">[45]</a></sup> Tiberius peacefully took power, unchallenged by any rivals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMattingly195714_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMattingly195714-48">[46]</a></sup>
</p><h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Emperor">Emperor</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiberius&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Emperor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Early_reign">Early reign</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiberius&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Early reign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aureus_%C3%A0_l%27effigie_de_Tib%C3%A8re.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Aureus_%C3%A0_l%27effigie_de_Tib%C3%A8re.jpg/250px-Aureus_%C3%A0_l%27effigie_de_Tib%C3%A8re.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Aureus_%C3%A0_l%27effigie_de_Tib%C3%A8re.jpg/375px-Aureus_%C3%A0_l%27effigie_de_Tib%C3%A8re.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Aureus_%C3%A0_l%27effigie_de_Tib%C3%A8re.jpg/500px-Aureus_%C3%A0_l%27effigie_de_Tib%C3%A8re.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="597" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Aureus" title="Aureus">Aureus</a> of Tiberius, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> AD 27–30</span>. Caption: TI. CAESAR DIVI AVG. F. AVGVSTVS / MAXIM. PONTIF.</figcaption></figure>
<p>The <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Senate</a> convened on 17 September, to validate Tiberius's position as <i><a href="/wiki/Princeps" title="Princeps">Princeps</a></i> and, as it had done with Augustus before, grant him its powers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevick1999[httpsarchiveorgdetailstiberiuspolitici00levi_0page68mode2up_68–81]._«The_senatorial_decree_of_17_September_was_to_make_him_''Divi_fiilius'',_son_of_the_deified_Princeps,_and_the_will_imposed_the_title_Augustus..._Tiberius'_powers_lapsed_on_Augustus'_death,_required_redefinition,_or_were_surrendered_on_17_September.»_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevick1999[httpsarchiveorgdetailstiberiuspolitici00levi_0page68mode2up_68–81]._«The_senatorial_decree_of_17_September_was_to_make_him_''Divi_fiilius'',_son_of_the_deified_Princeps,_and_the_will_imposed_the_title_Augustus..._Tiberius'_powers_lapsed_on_Augustus'_death,_required_redefinition,_or_were_surrendered_on_17_September.»-49">[47]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETacitus[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_1|I.9–11]]_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETacitus[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_1|I.9–11]]-50">[48]</a></sup> Tiberius already had the administrative and political powers of the <i>Princeps</i>, but he lacked the titles of <i><a href="/wiki/Augustus_(title)" title="Augustus (title)">Augustus</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Pater_Patriae" title="Pater Patriae">Pater Patriae</a></i> ("Father of the country"), and refused the <a href="/wiki/Civic_Crown" title="Civic Crown">Civic Crown</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51">[c]</a></sup> Like Augustus before him, Tiberius may have sought to represent himself as a reluctant yet devoted public servant, no more than an ordinary citizen who wanted to serve the state and people to the best of his ability,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeager200544–45_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeager200544–45-52">[49]</a></sup> but his refusal of these titular, quasi-religious honours, and his reluctance to accept the full powers of a <i>princeps</i> were taken as insults to the elite who offered them; signs of hypocrisy, not humility. According to Tacitus, Tiberius derided the Senate as "men fit to be slaves".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETacitus[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_3#65|III.65]],_[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_1#12|I.12–13]]_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETacitus[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_3#65|III.65]],_[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_1#12|I.12–13]]-53">[50]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetoniusTiberius_26_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetoniusTiberius_26-54">[51]</a></sup> Antagonism between Tiberius and his senate seems to have been a feature of his rule.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetoniusTiberius_24_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetoniusTiberius_24-55">[52]</a></sup> In his first few years as emperor, Tiberius seems to have wanted the Senate to act alone, with no reference to him or his responsibilities as "first Senator".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETacitus[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_3#35|III.35]],_[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_3#53|III.53–54]]_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETacitus[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_3#35|III.35]],_[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_3#53|III.53–54]]-56">[53]</a></sup> His direct orders were rather vague, inspiring debates on what he actually meant, rather than passing his legislation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETacitus[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_3#32|III.32]],_[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_3#52|III.52]]_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETacitus[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_3#32|III.32]],_[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_3#52|III.52]]-57">[54]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Germanicus">Germanicus</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiberius&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Germanicus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Germanicus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Germanicus.jpg/170px-Germanicus.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Germanicus.jpg/255px-Germanicus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Germanicus.jpg/340px-Germanicus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="431" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>A bust of the adopted son of Tiberius, <a href="/wiki/Germanicus" title="Germanicus">Germanicus</a>, from the <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a>, Paris</figcaption></figure>
<p>The Roman legions in Pannonia and Germania had not been paid the bonuses promised to them by Augustus, and showed early signs of mutiny when it was clear that a response from Tiberius was not forthcoming.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETacitus[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_1#16|I.16–17]],_[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_1#31|I.31]]_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETacitus[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_1#16|I.16–17]],_[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_1#31|I.31]]-58">[55]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/wiki/Germanicus" title="Germanicus">Germanicus</a> and Tiberius's son, <a href="/wiki/Drusus_Julius_Caesar" title="Drusus Julius Caesar">Drusus Julius Caesar</a>, were dispatched with a small force to quell the uprising and bring the legions back in line. Germanicus took charge of the mutinous troops and led them on a short campaign across the Rhine into Germanic territory, promising that whatever treasure they could grab would count as their bonus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECassius_Dio[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsCassius_Dio57html6_LVII.6]_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECassius_Dio[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsCassius_Dio57html6_LVII.6]-59">[56]</a></sup> Germanicus's forces took over all the territory between the Rhine and the <a href="/wiki/Elbe" title="Elbe">Elbe</a>. They took control of the <a href="/wiki/Teutoburg_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Teutoburg forest">Teutoburg forest</a>, where three Roman legions and their auxiliary cohorts, led by <a href="/wiki/Publius_Quinctilius_Varus" title="Publius Quinctilius Varus">Publius Quinctilius Varus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Teutoburg_Forest" title="Battle of the Teutoburg Forest">had been annihilated</a> by Germanic tribes several years before. Germanicus took back the legionary <a href="/wiki/Aquila_(Roman)" title="Aquila (Roman)">standards</a> lost in that disaster, saving them from the disgrace of captivity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETacitus[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_2#46|II.46]]_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETacitus[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_2#46|II.46]]-60">[57]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETacitus[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_2#41|II.41]]_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETacitus[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_2#41|II.41]]-61">[58]</a></sup> These bold and successful actions increased Germanicus' already high popular standing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShotter200435–37_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShotter200435–37-62">[59]</a></sup> After his return to Rome, Germanicus was awarded a full <a href="/wiki/Roman_triumph" title="Roman triumph">triumph</a>, which he celebrated in AD 17. It was the first full triumph held since Augustus' own in 29 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETacitus[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_2#26|II.26]]_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETacitus[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_2#26|II.26]]-63">[60]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETacitus[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_2#41|II.41]]_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETacitus[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_2#41|II.41]]-61">[58]</a></sup>
</p><p>In AD 18 Germanicus was granted control over the eastern part of the empire, like Agrippa and Tiberius before him. This was interpreted as a sign that he would be Tiberius' successor;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETacitus[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_2#43|II.43]]_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETacitus[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_2#43|II.43]]-64">[61]</a></sup> but Germanicus died just over a year later, having accused <a href="/wiki/Gnaeus_Calpurnius_Piso_(consul_7_BC)" title="Gnaeus Calpurnius Piso (consul 7 BC)">Gnaeus Calpurnius Piso</a>, the governor of Syria, of poisoning him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETacitus[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_2#71|II.71]]_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETacitus[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_2#71|II.71]]-65">[62]</a></sup>
</p><p>The Pisones had been longtime supporters of the Claudians, and had allied themselves with the young Octavian after his marriage to Livia, the mother of Tiberius. Germanicus's death and accusations indicted the new <i>Princeps</i>. Piso was placed on trial and, according to Tacitus, threatened to implicate Tiberius.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETacitus[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_2#16|III.16]]_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETacitus[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_2#16|III.16]]-66">[63]</a></sup> Whether the governor actually could connect the <i>Princeps</i> to the death of Germanicus is unknown; rather than continuing to stand trial when it became evident that the Senate was against him, Piso committed suicide.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetoniusTiberius_52_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetoniusTiberius_52-67">[64]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETacitus[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_3#15|III.15]]_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETacitus[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_3#15|III.15]]-68">[65]</a></sup>
</p><p>In AD 22, Tiberius shared his tribunician authority with his son Drusus,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETacitus[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_3#56|III.56]]_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETacitus[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_3#56|III.56]]-69">[66]</a></sup> and began making yearly excursions to Campania that reportedly became longer and longer every year. In AD 23, Drusus died in mysterious circumstances,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETacitus[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_4#7|IV.7–8]]_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETacitus[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_4#7|IV.7–8]]-70">[67]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetoniusTiberius_62_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetoniusTiberius_62-71">[68]</a></sup> and Tiberius seems to have made no effort to elevate a replacement. In AD 26, Tiberius moved to an imperial villa-complex he had inherited from Augustus, on the island of <a href="/wiki/Capri" title="Capri">Capri</a>. It was just off the coast of Campania, which was a traditional holiday retreat for Rome's upper classes, particularly those who valued cultured leisure (<a href="/wiki/Otium" title="Otium">otium</a>) and a Hellenised lifestyle.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72">[69]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETacitus[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_4#67|IV.67]]_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETacitus[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_4#67|IV.67]]-73">[70]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span id="Tiberius_in_Capri.2C_with_Sejanus_in_Rome"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Tiberius_in_Capri,_with_Sejanus_in_Rome">Tiberius in Capri, with Sejanus in Rome</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiberius&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Tiberius in Capri, with Sejanus in Rome"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096954695/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:335px;max-width:335px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:179px;max-width:179px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tiberius_NyCarlsberg01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Tiberius_NyCarlsberg01.jpg/177px-Tiberius_NyCarlsberg01.jpg" decoding="async" width="177" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Tiberius_NyCarlsberg01.jpg/266px-Tiberius_NyCarlsberg01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Tiberius_NyCarlsberg01.jpg/354px-Tiberius_NyCarlsberg01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1492" data-file-height="2093" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tiberius_(bust)_2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Tiberius_%28bust%29_2.JPG/150px-Tiberius_%28bust%29_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Tiberius_%28bust%29_2.JPG/225px-Tiberius_%28bust%29_2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Tiberius_%28bust%29_2.JPG/300px-Tiberius_%28bust%29_2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="882" data-file-height="1446" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Left: marble <a href="/wiki/Roman_portraiture" title="Roman portraiture">portrait bust</a> of Tiberius in the <a href="/wiki/Carlsberg_Glyptotek" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlsberg Glyptotek">Carlsberg Glyptotek</a>, Copenhagen <br />Right: bronze portrait bust of Tiberius in the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_des_M%C3%A9dailles" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabinet des Médailles">Cabinet des Médailles</a>, Paris</div></div></div></div>
<p><a href="/wiki/Sejanus" title="Sejanus">Lucius Aelius Sejanus</a> had served the imperial family for almost twenty years when he became <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_Prefect" class="mw-redirect" title="Praetorian Prefect">Praetorian Prefect</a> in AD 15. As Tiberius became more embittered with the position of <i><a href="/wiki/Princeps" title="Princeps">Princeps</a></i>, he began to depend more and more upon the limited secretariat left to him by Augustus, and specifically upon Sejanus and the Praetorians. In AD 17 or 18, Tiberius had trimmed the ranks of the <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_Guard" title="Praetorian Guard">Praetorian Guard</a> responsible for the defence of the city, and had moved it from encampments outside of the city walls <a href="/wiki/Castra_Praetoria" title="Castra Praetoria">into the city itself</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetoniusTiberius_37_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetoniusTiberius_37-74">[71]</a></sup> giving Sejanus access to somewhere between 6000 and 9000 troops.
</p><p>The death of Drusus elevated Sejanus, at least in the eyes of Tiberius, who thereafter refers to him as his <i>Socius Laborum</i> (Partner of my labours). Tiberius had statues of Sejanus erected throughout the city,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETacitus[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_4#2|IV.2]]_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETacitus[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_4#2|IV.2]]-75">[72]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECassius_Dio[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsCassius_Dio57html21_LVII.21]_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECassius_Dio[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsCassius_Dio57html21_LVII.21]-76">[73]</a></sup> and Sejanus became more and more visible as Tiberius began to withdraw from Rome altogether. Finally, with Tiberius's withdrawal in AD 26, Sejanus was left in charge of the entire state mechanism and the city of Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETacitus[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_4#67|IV.67]]_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETacitus[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_4#67|IV.67]]-73">[70]</a></sup>
</p><p>Sejanus's position was not quite that of successor; he had requested marriage in AD 25 to Tiberius's niece, <a href="/wiki/Livilla" title="Livilla">Livilla</a>, though under pressure quickly withdrew the request.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETacitus[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_4#39|IV.39–41]]_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETacitus[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_4#39|IV.39–41]]-77">[74]</a></sup> While Sejanus's <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_Guard" title="Praetorian Guard">Praetorians</a> controlled the imperial post, and therefore the information that Tiberius received from Rome and the information Rome received from Tiberius,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETacitus[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_4#41|IV.41]]_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETacitus[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_4#41|IV.41]]-78">[75]</a></sup> the presence of <a href="/wiki/Livia" title="Livia">Livia</a> seems to have checked his overt power for a time. Her death in AD 29 changed all that.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETacitus[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_5#3|V.3]]_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETacitus[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_5#3|V.3]]-79">[76]</a></sup>
</p><p>Sejanus began a series of purge trials of Senators and wealthy equestrians in the city of Rome, removing those capable of opposing his power as well as extending the imperial (and his own) treasury. Germanicus's widow <a href="/wiki/Agrippina_the_Elder" title="Agrippina the Elder">Agrippina the Elder</a> and two of her sons, <a href="/wiki/Nero_Julius_Caesar" title="Nero Julius Caesar">Nero Julius Caesar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Drusus_Caesar" title="Drusus Caesar">Drusus Caesar</a> were arrested and exiled in AD 30 and later all died in suspicious circumstances. In Sejanus's purge of Agrippina the Elder and her family, <a href="/wiki/Caligula" title="Caligula">Caligula</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agrippina_the_Younger" title="Agrippina the Younger">Agrippina the Younger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Julia_Drusilla" title="Julia Drusilla">Julia Drusilla</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Julia_Livilla" title="Julia Livilla">Julia Livilla</a> were the only survivors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetoniusTiberius_53–54_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetoniusTiberius_53–54-80">[77]</a></sup>
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Villa_Jovis_(Restauriert).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Villa_Jovis_%28Restauriert%29.jpg/220px-Villa_Jovis_%28Restauriert%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Villa_Jovis_%28Restauriert%29.jpg/330px-Villa_Jovis_%28Restauriert%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Villa_Jovis_%28Restauriert%29.jpg/440px-Villa_Jovis_%28Restauriert%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Ruins from the <a href="/wiki/Villa_Jovis" title="Villa Jovis">Villa Jovis</a> on the island of <a href="/wiki/Capri" title="Capri">Capri</a>, where Tiberius spent much of his final years, leaving control of the empire in the hands of the prefect <a href="/wiki/Sejanus" title="Sejanus">Lucius Aelius Sejanus</a>.</figcaption></figure>
<p>In 31, Sejanus held the consulship with Tiberius <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/in_absentia" class="extiw" title="wikt:in absentia">in absentia</a>,</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetoniusTiberius_65_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetoniusTiberius_65-81">[78]</a></sup> and began his play for power in earnest. Precisely what happened is difficult to determine, but Sejanus seems to have covertly attempted to court those families who were tied to the Julians and attempted to ingratiate himself with the Julian family line to place himself, as an adopted Julian, in the position of <i>Princeps</i>, or as a possible <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regent</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetoniusTiberius_65_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetoniusTiberius_65-81">[78]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Livilla" title="Livilla">Livilla</a> was later implicated in this plot and was revealed to have been Sejanus's lover for several years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECassius_Dio[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsCassius_Dio57html22_LVII.22]_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECassius_Dio[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsCassius_Dio57html22_LVII.22]-82">[79]</a></sup>
</p><p>The plot seems to have involved the two of them overthrowing Tiberius, with the support of the Julians, and either assuming the <a href="/wiki/Principate" title="Principate">Principate</a> themselves, or serving as regent to the young <a href="/wiki/Tiberius_Gemellus" title="Tiberius Gemellus">Tiberius Gemellus</a> or possibly even <a href="/wiki/Caligula" title="Caligula">Caligula</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-boddington-sejanus_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boddington-sejanus-83">[80]</a></sup> Those who stood in his way were tried for treason and swiftly dealt with.<sup id="cite_ref-boddington-sejanus_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boddington-sejanus-83">[80]</a></sup>
</p><p>In AD 31 Sejanus was summoned to a meeting of the Senate, where a letter from Tiberius was read condemning Sejanus and ordering his immediate execution. Sejanus was tried, and he and several of his colleagues were executed within the week. As commander of the Praetorian Guard, he was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Naevius_Sutorius_Macro" title="Naevius Sutorius Macro">Naevius Sutorius Macro</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECassius_Dio[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsCassius_Dio58html10_LVIII.10]_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECassius_Dio[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsCassius_Dio58html10_LVIII.10]-84">[81]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a> claims that more treason trials followed and that whereas Tiberius had been hesitant to act at the outset of his reign, now, towards the end of his life, he seemed to do so without compunction. The hardest hit were those families with political ties to the Julians. Even the imperial magistracy was hit, as any and all who had associated with Sejanus or could in some way be tied to his schemes were summarily tried and executed, their properties seized by the state. As Tacitus vividly describes,
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<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1211633275">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"Executions were now a stimulus to his fury, and he ordered the death of all who were lying in prison under accusation of complicity with Sejanus. There lay, singly or in heaps, the unnumbered dead, of every age and sex, the illustrious with the obscure. Kinsfolk and friends were not allowed to be near them, to weep over them, or even to gaze on them too long. Spies were set round them, who noted the sorrow of each mourner and followed the rotting corpses, till they were dragged to the Tiber, where, floating or driven on the bank, no one dared to burn or to touch them."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETacitus[[s:_The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_6#19|VI.19]]_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETacitus[[s:_The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_6#19|VI.19]]-85">[82]</a></sup></p></blockquote>
<p>However, Tacitus' portrayal of a tyrannical, vengeful emperor has been challenged by some historians: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Togo_Salmon" title="Edward Togo Salmon">Edward Togo Salmon</a> notes in <i>A history of the Roman world from 30 BC to AD 138</i>:
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1211633275"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"In the whole twenty two years of Tiberius' reign, not more than fifty-two persons were accused of treason, of whom almost half escaped conviction, while the four innocent people to be condemned fell victims to the excessive zeal of the Senate, not to the emperor's tyranny."<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86">[83]</a></sup></p></blockquote>
<p>While Tiberius was in Capri, rumours abounded as to what exactly he was doing there. Suetonius records the rumours of lurid tales of sexual perversity, including graphic depictions of child molestation, cruelty,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetoniusTiberius_43,_44,_45_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetoniusTiberius_43,_44,_45-87">[84]</a></sup> and most of all his paranoia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetonius60,_62–64_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetonius60,_62–64-88">[85]</a></sup> While heavily sensationalised,<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89">[86]</a></sup> Suetonius' stories at least paint a picture of how Tiberius was perceived by the Roman senatorial class, and what his impact on the Principate was during his 23 years of rule.
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<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Denarius_of_Tiberius_(YORYM_2000_1953)_obverse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Denarius_of_Tiberius_%28YORYM_2000_1953%29_obverse.jpg/220px-Denarius_of_Tiberius_%28YORYM_2000_1953%29_obverse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Denarius_of_Tiberius_%28YORYM_2000_1953%29_obverse.jpg/330px-Denarius_of_Tiberius_%28YORYM_2000_1953%29_obverse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Denarius_of_Tiberius_%28YORYM_2000_1953%29_obverse.jpg/440px-Denarius_of_Tiberius_%28YORYM_2000_1953%29_obverse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2028" data-file-height="1866" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Denarius" title="Denarius">denarius</a> of Tiberius. Caption: TI. CAESAR DIVI AVG. F. AVGVSTVS</figcaption></figure>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Final_years">Final years</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiberius&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Final years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>The affair of Sejanus and the final years of treason trials permanently damaged Tiberius' image and reputation. After Sejanus's fall, Tiberius' withdrawal from Rome was complete; the empire continued to run under the inertia of the bureaucracy established by Augustus, rather than through the leadership of the <i>Princeps</i>. <a href="/wiki/Suetonius" title="Suetonius">Suetonius</a> records that he became <a href="/wiki/Paranoia" title="Paranoia">paranoid</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetonius60,_62–64_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetonius60,_62–64-88">[85]</a></sup> and spent a great deal of time brooding over the death of his son. During this period there was a short invasion by <a href="/wiki/Parthia" title="Parthia">Parthia</a>, and incursions on Roman territories by <a href="/wiki/Dacia" title="Dacia">Dacian</a> and Germanic tribes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetoniusTiberius_41_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetoniusTiberius_41-90">[87]</a></sup>
</p><p>Little was done to plan or secure Tiberius' <a href="/wiki/Order_of_succession" title="Order of succession">succession</a>. The Julians and their supporters were diminished in numbers and political influence, thanks to Sejanus, and Tiberius' immediate heirs were dead. <a href="/wiki/Caligula" title="Caligula">Caligula</a>, the sole surviving son of Germanicus, or Tiberius' own grandson, <a href="/wiki/Tiberius_Gemellus" title="Tiberius Gemellus">Tiberius Gemellus</a>, were possibly candidates.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETacitus[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_6#46|VI.46]]_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETacitus[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_6#46|VI.46]]-91">[88]</a></sup> However, Tiberius only made a half-hearted attempt at the end of his life to make Caligula a <i><a href="/wiki/Quaestor" title="Quaestor">quaestor</a></i>, and thus give him some credibility as a possible successor, while Gemellus himself was still only a teenager and thus completely unsuitable for some years to come.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECassius_Dio[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsCassius_Dio57html23_LVII.23]_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECassius_Dio[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsCassius_Dio57html23_LVII.23]-92">[89]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Death">Death</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiberius&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Laurens_Mort_de_Tib%C3%A8re_(49_3_23).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Laurens_Mort_de_Tib%C3%A8re_%2849_3_23%29.jpg/220px-Laurens_Mort_de_Tib%C3%A8re_%2849_3_23%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Laurens_Mort_de_Tib%C3%A8re_%2849_3_23%29.jpg/330px-Laurens_Mort_de_Tib%C3%A8re_%2849_3_23%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Laurens_Mort_de_Tib%C3%A8re_%2849_3_23%29.jpg/440px-Laurens_Mort_de_Tib%C3%A8re_%2849_3_23%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><i>The Death of Tiberius</i> by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Laurens" title="Jean-Paul Laurens">Jean-Paul Laurens</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>Tiberius died in <a href="/wiki/Misenum" class="mw-redirect" title="Misenum">Misenum</a> on 16 March AD 37, months before his 78th birthday.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETacitus[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_6#50|VI.50–51]]_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETacitus[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_6#50|VI.50–51]]-93">[90]</a></sup> Tacitus relates that the emperor appeared to have stopped breathing, and that Caligula, who was at Tiberius' villa, was being congratulated on his succession to the empire, when news arrived that the emperor had revived and was recovering his faculties. He goes on to report that those who had moments before recognised Caligula as Augustus fled in fear of the emperor's wrath, while Macro took advantage of the chaos to have Tiberius smothered with his own bedclothes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETacitus[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_6#50|VI.50–51]]_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETacitus[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_6#50|VI.50–51]]-93">[90]</a></sup> Suetonius reports several rumours, including that the emperor had been poisoned by Caligula, starved, and smothered with a pillow; that recovering, and finding himself deserted by his attendants, he attempted to rise from his couch, but fell dead.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetoniusTiberius_73_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetoniusTiberius_73-94">[91]</a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a>, Caligula, fearing that the emperor would recover, refused Tiberius' requests for food, insisting that he needed warmth, not food; then, assisted by Macro, he smothered the emperor in his bedclothes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECassius_Dio[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsCassius_Dio58html_lviii._28]_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECassius_Dio[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsCassius_Dio58html_lviii._28]-95">[92]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96">[d]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98">[e]</a></sup>
</p><p>After his death, the Senate refused to vote Tiberius the divine honours that had been paid to Augustus, and mobs filled the streets yelling "To the <a href="/wiki/Tiber_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiber River">Tiber</a> with Tiberius!" (the bodies of criminals were typically thrown into the river, instead of being buried or burnt).<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99">[94]</a></sup> However, the emperor was cremated, and his ashes were placed in the <a href="/wiki/Mausoleum_of_Augustus" title="Mausoleum of Augustus">Mausoleum of Augustus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100">[95]</a></sup>
</p><p>In his <a href="/wiki/Will_(law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Will (law)">will</a>, Tiberius nominated <a href="/wiki/Caligula" title="Caligula">Caligula</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tiberius_Gemellus" title="Tiberius Gemellus">Tiberius Gemellus</a> as his joint heirs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetoniusTiberius_76_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetoniusTiberius_76-101">[96]</a></sup> Caligula's first act on becoming <i><a href="/wiki/Princeps" title="Princeps">Princeps</a></i> was to void Tiberius' will.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECassius_Dio[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsCassius_Dio59html1_LIX.1]_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECassius_Dio[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsCassius_Dio59html1_LIX.1]-102">[97]</a></sup>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Legacy">Legacy</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiberius&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Historiography">Historiography</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiberius&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Historiography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Statua_di_tiberio_da_priverno,_post_37_dc..JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Statua_di_tiberio_da_priverno%2C_post_37_dc..JPG/170px-Statua_di_tiberio_da_priverno%2C_post_37_dc..JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="332" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Statua_di_tiberio_da_priverno%2C_post_37_dc..JPG/255px-Statua_di_tiberio_da_priverno%2C_post_37_dc..JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Statua_di_tiberio_da_priverno%2C_post_37_dc..JPG/340px-Statua_di_tiberio_da_priverno%2C_post_37_dc..JPG 2x" data-file-width="1136" data-file-height="2216" /></a><figcaption>Statue of Tiberius from <a href="/wiki/Priverno" title="Priverno">Priverno</a>, made shortly after AD 37, now in the <a href="/wiki/Museo_Chiaramonti" class="mw-redirect" title="Museo Chiaramonti">Museo Chiaramonti</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Museums" title="Vatican Museums">Vatican Museums</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>Had he died before AD 23, he might have been hailed as an exemplary ruler.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETacitus[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_4#6|IV.6]]_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETacitus[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_4#6|IV.6]]-103">[98]</a></sup> Despite the overwhelmingly negative characterisation left by Roman historians, Tiberius left the imperial <a href="/wiki/Treasury" title="Treasury">treasury</a> with nearly 3 billion <i><a href="/wiki/Sesterces" class="mw-redirect" title="Sesterces">sesterces</a></i> upon his death.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECassius_Dio[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsCassius_Dio59html1_LIX.1]_102-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECassius_Dio[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsCassius_Dio59html1_LIX.1]-102">[97]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetoniusCaligula_[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsSuetonius12CaesarsCaligulahtml37_37]_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetoniusCaligula_[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsSuetonius12CaesarsCaligulahtml37_37]-104">[99]</a></sup> Rather than embark on costly campaigns of conquest, he chose to strengthen the existing empire by building additional bases, using diplomacy as well as military threats, and generally refraining from getting drawn into petty squabbles between competing frontier tyrants.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetoniusTiberius_37_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetoniusTiberius_37-74">[71]</a></sup> The result was a stronger, more consolidated empire, ensuring the imperial institutions introduced by his adoptive father would remain for centuries to come.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105">[100]</a></sup>
</p><p>Of the authors whose texts have survived, only four describe the reign of Tiberius in considerable detail: <a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suetonius" title="Suetonius">Suetonius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Velleius_Paterculus" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcus Velleius Paterculus">Marcus Velleius Paterculus</a>. Fragmentary evidence also remains from <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seneca_the_Elder" title="Seneca the Elder">Seneca the Elder</a>. Tiberius himself wrote an autobiography which Suetonius describes as "brief and sketchy", but this book has been lost.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetoniusTiberius_61_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetoniusTiberius_61-106">[101]</a></sup>
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<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Publius_Cornelius_Tacitus">Publius Cornelius Tacitus</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiberius&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Publius Cornelius Tacitus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a></div>
<p>The most detailed account of this period was written by <a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a>, whose <i><a href="/wiki/Annals_(Tacitus)" title="Annals (Tacitus)">Annals</a></i> dedicate the first six books entirely to the reign of Tiberius. Tacitus was a Roman senator, born during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a> in AD 56, and <i><a href="/wiki/Consul_suffectus" class="mw-redirect" title="Consul suffectus">consul suffectus</a></i> in AD 97. His text is largely based on the <i><a href="/wiki/Acta_Senatus" title="Acta Senatus">Acta Senatus</a></i> (the minutes of the session of the Senate) and the <i><a href="/wiki/Acta_Diurna" title="Acta Diurna">Acta Diurna</a></i> (a collection of the acts of the government and news of the court and capital), as well as speeches by Tiberius himself, and the histories of contemporaries such as <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Cluvius_Rufus" title="Marcus Cluvius Rufus">Marcus Cluvius Rufus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fabius_Rusticus" title="Fabius Rusticus">Fabius Rusticus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> (all of which are lost). Tacitus' narrative emphasises both political and psychological motivation. His characterisation of Tiberius throughout the first six books is mostly negative, and gradually worsens as his rule declines, identifying a clear breaking point with the death of his son <a href="/wiki/Drusus_Julius_Caesar" title="Drusus Julius Caesar">Drusus</a> in AD 23.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETacitus[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_4#6|IV.6]]_103-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETacitus[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_4#6|IV.6]]-103">[98]</a></sup>
</p><p>Tacitus describes Julio-Claudian rule as generally unjust and "criminal";<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETacitus[[s:_The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_1#6|I.6]]_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETacitus[[s:_The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_1#6|I.6]]-107">[102]</a></sup> he attributes the apparent virtues of Tiberius during his early reign to hypocrisy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETacitus[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_6#50|VI.50–51]]_93-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETacitus[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_6#50|VI.50–51]]-93">[90]</a></sup>
Another major recurring theme concerns the balance of power between the Senate and the emperors, corruption, and the growing <a href="/wiki/Tyranny" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyranny">tyranny</a> among the governing classes of Rome. A substantial amount of his account on Tiberius is therefore devoted to the treason trials and persecutions following the revival of the <i>maiestas</i> law under Augustus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETacitus[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_1#72|I.72]],_[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_1#74|I.74]],_[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_2#27|II.27–32]],_[[s:_The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_3#49|III.49–51]],_[[s:_The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_3#66|III.66–69]]_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETacitus[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_1#72|I.72]],_[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_1#74|I.74]],_[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_2#27|II.27–32]],_[[s:_The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_3#49|III.49–51]],_[[s:_The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_3#66|III.66–69]]-108">[103]</a></sup> Ultimately, Tacitus' opinion on Tiberius is best illustrated by his conclusion of the sixth book:
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1211633275"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"His character too had its distinct periods. It was a bright time in his life and reputation, while under Augustus he was a private citizen or held high offices; a time of reserve and crafty assumption of virtue, as long as Germanicus and Drusus were alive. Again, while his mother lived, he was a compound of good and evil; he was infamous for his cruelty, though he veiled his debaucheries, while he loved or feared Sejanus. Finally, he plunged into every wickedness and disgrace, when fear and shame being cast off, he simply indulged his own inclinations."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETacitus[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_6#50|VI.50–51]]_93-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETacitus[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_6#50|VI.50–51]]-93">[90]</a></sup></p></blockquote>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Suetonius_Tranquillus">Suetonius Tranquillus</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiberius&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Suetonius Tranquillus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Silver_denarius_of_Tiberius_14CE_37CE_found_in_India_Indian_copy_of_a_the_same_1st_century_CE_Coin_of_Kushan_king_Kujula_Kadphises_copying_a_coin_of_Augustus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Silver_denarius_of_Tiberius_14CE_37CE_found_in_India_Indian_copy_of_a_the_same_1st_century_CE_Coin_of_Kushan_king_Kujula_Kadphises_copying_a_coin_of_Augustus.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Silver_denarius_of_Tiberius_14CE_37CE_found_in_India_Indian_copy_of_a_the_same_1st_century_CE_Coin_of_Kushan_king_Kujula_Kadphises_copying_a_coin_of_Augustus.jpg/495px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Silver_denarius_of_Tiberius_14CE_37CE_found_in_India_Indian_copy_of_a_the_same_1st_century_CE_Coin_of_Kushan_king_Kujula_Kadphises_copying_a_coin_of_Augustus.jpg/660px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1229" data-file-height="431" /></a><figcaption>An example of <a href="/wiki/Indo-Roman_trade_and_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Roman trade and relations">Indo-Roman trade and relations</a> during the period: silver denarius of Tiberius (14–37) found in India and Indian copy of the same, 1st-century coin of <a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan</a> king <a href="/wiki/Kujula_Kadphises" title="Kujula Kadphises">Kujula Kadphises</a> copying a coin of <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>.</figcaption></figure>
<p><a href="/wiki/Suetonius" title="Suetonius">Suetonius</a> was an equestrian who held administrative posts during the reigns of <a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Twelve_Caesars" title="The Twelve Caesars">The Twelve Caesars</a></i> details a biographical history of the principate from the birth of <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a> to the death of <a href="/wiki/Domitian" title="Domitian">Domitian</a> in AD 96. Like Tacitus, he drew upon the imperial archives, as well as histories by <a href="/wiki/Aufidius_Bassus" title="Aufidius Bassus">Aufidius Bassus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Cluvius_Rufus" title="Marcus Cluvius Rufus">Marcus Cluvius Rufus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fabius_Rusticus" title="Fabius Rusticus">Fabius Rusticus</a> and Augustus' own letters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetoniusTiberius_43,_44,_45_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetoniusTiberius_43,_44,_45-87">[84]</a></sup>
</p><p>His account is more sensationalist and anecdotal than that of his contemporary Tacitus, and delves into Tiberius' numerous alleged debaucheries while at Capri.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetoniusTiberius_43,_44,_45_87-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetoniusTiberius_43,_44,_45-87">[84]</a></sup> Nevertheless, Suetonius praises Tiberius' actions during his early reign, emphasising his modesty.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetoniusTiberius_26–32_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetoniusTiberius_26–32-109">[104]</a></sup>
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<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Velleius_Paterculus">Velleius Paterculus</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiberius&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Velleius Paterculus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<p>One of the few surviving sources contemporary with the rule of Tiberius comes from <a href="/wiki/Velleius_Paterculus" title="Velleius Paterculus">Velleius Paterculus</a>, who served under Tiberius for eight years (from AD 4) in Germany and Pannonia as <i><a href="/wiki/Praefect" class="mw-redirect" title="Praefect">praefect</a></i> of cavalry and <i>legatus</i>. Paterculus' <i>Compendium of Roman History</i> spans a period from the fall of <a href="/wiki/Troy" title="Troy">Troy</a> to the death of <a href="/wiki/Livia" title="Livia">Livia</a> in AD 29. His text on Tiberius lavishes praise on both the emperor<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaterculusII.94,_103–105,_129–130_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaterculusII.94,_103–105,_129–130-110">[105]</a></sup> and Sejanus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaterculusII.127–128_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaterculusII.127–128-111">[106]</a></sup> How much of this is due to genuine admiration or prudence remains an open question, but it has been conjectured that he was put to death in AD 31 as a friend of Sejanus.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112">[107]</a></sup>
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<h3><span id="Gospels.2C_Jews.2C_and_Christians"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Gospels,_Jews,_and_Christians">Gospels, Jews, and Christians</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiberius&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Gospels, Jews, and Christians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Emperor_Tiberius_Denarius_-_Tribute_Penny.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Emperor_Tiberius_Denarius_-_Tribute_Penny.jpg/300px-Emperor_Tiberius_Denarius_-_Tribute_Penny.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Emperor_Tiberius_Denarius_-_Tribute_Penny.jpg/450px-Emperor_Tiberius_Denarius_-_Tribute_Penny.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2b/Emperor_Tiberius_Denarius_-_Tribute_Penny.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="295" /></a><figcaption>The <i><a href="/wiki/Tribute_penny" title="Tribute penny">tribute penny</a></i> mentioned in the Bible is commonly believed to be a Roman <a href="/wiki/Denarius" title="Denarius">denarius</a> depicting the emperor Tiberius. Caption: TI. CAESAR DIVI AVG. F. AVGVSTVS / MAXIM. PONTIF.</figcaption></figure>
<p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a>, Jesus of <a href="/wiki/Nazareth" title="Nazareth">Nazareth</a> preached and was executed during the reign of Tiberius, by the authority of <a href="/wiki/Pontius_Pilate" title="Pontius Pilate">Pontius Pilate</a>, the Roman governor of <a href="/wiki/Judaea_(Roman_province)" title="Judaea (Roman province)">Judaea province</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Luke_3" title="Luke 3">Luke 3</a>:1</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113">[108]</a></sup> states that <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a> entered on his public ministry in the fifteenth year of Tiberius' reign. The city of <a href="/wiki/Tiberias" title="Tiberias">Tiberias</a>, on the Western shore of the <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Galilee" title="Sea of Galilee">Sea of Galilee</a> (also known as the <i>Sea of Tiberias</i>) was named thus by <a href="/wiki/Herod_Antipas" title="Herod Antipas">Herod Antipas</a> in Tiberius's honour.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJosephus''Antiquities''_[[s:The_Antiquities_of_the_Jews/Book_XVIII#Chapter_2|XVIII.2.3]]_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJosephus''Antiquities''_[[s:The_Antiquities_of_the_Jews/Book_XVIII#Chapter_2|XVIII.2.3]]-114">[109]</a></sup> It is referred to in <i><a href="/wiki/John_6" title="John 6">John 6</a>:23</i><sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115">[110]</a></sup> and <i>John 6:1</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116">[111]</a></sup> The so-called "<a href="/wiki/Tribute_penny" title="Tribute penny">tribute penny</a>" referred to in the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Gospel of Matthew</a><sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117">[112]</a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">Gospel of Mark</a><sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118">[113]</a></sup> is popularly thought to be a silver <i><a href="/wiki/Denarius" title="Denarius">denarius</a></i> coin of Tiberius.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119">[114]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120">[115]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121">[116]</a></sup>
</p><p>During Tiberius' reign, Jews had become more prominent in Rome and Jewish and Gentile followers of Jesus began <a href="/wiki/Proselytising" class="mw-redirect" title="Proselytising">proselytising</a> Roman citizens, increasing long-simmering resentments.<sup id="cite_ref-Jossa_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jossa-122">[117]</a></sup> In AD 19 Tiberius ordered Jews of military age to join the Roman Army.<sup id="cite_ref-Jossa_122-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jossa-122">[117]</a></sup> He banished the rest of Rome's Jewish population, on pain of enslavement for life.<sup id="cite_ref-Jossa_122-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jossa-122">[117]</a></sup> There were no systematic Roman persecutions of Christians under Tiberius after <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Christ's crucifixion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ed_RICHARDSON_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ed_RICHARDSON-123">[118]</a></sup> Jossa finds it "unthinkable" that Tiberius was aware of Christianity as a faith separate from Judaism.<sup id="cite_ref-Jossa_122-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jossa-122">[117]</a></sup> Most scholars believe that Roman distinction between Jews and Christians began in the 40s, in Caligula's reign, and was complete by around AD 70 (the destruction of Jerusalem).<sup id="cite_ref-Jossa_122-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jossa-122">[117]</a></sup>
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<figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tiberio_14_-_37dC_jpg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Tiberio_14_-_37dC_jpg.jpg/300px-Tiberio_14_-_37dC_jpg.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Tiberio_14_-_37dC_jpg.jpg/450px-Tiberio_14_-_37dC_jpg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Tiberio_14_-_37dC_jpg.jpg/600px-Tiberio_14_-_37dC_jpg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="1181" /></a><figcaption>Extent of the Roman Empire under Tiberius</figcaption></figure>
<p>The early Christian Church's view of Tiberius has generally been favourable. The 2nd-3rd Century Christian <a href="/wiki/Apologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Apologist">apologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a> said Tiberius approached the Senate with a request to acknowledge Christ as a <a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">deity</a>, citing evidence of his <a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Jesus" title="Miracles of Jesus">miracles</a>, and his resurrection following his crucifixion. Early Church historian <a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius</a> said <a href="/wiki/Pilate" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilate">Pilate</a> reported to Tiberius of the resurrection of Christ. Tiberius is said to have taken Pilate's report to the Senate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliamson196575_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliamson196575-124">[119]</a></sup> Tiberius had to be content with the protection of Christians from malicious prosecution by senators; <a href="/wiki/St._Jerome" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Jerome">St. Jerome</a> adds that this was under the penalty of death. Both he and <a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius</a> included Tertullian's account in their respective histories of the Christian Church, but no evidence of such protection survives in Roman law. Crake describes the episode as essentially a comment on deification by decree of the senate", in which few "would take seriously even Tertullian's version of events"<sup id="cite_ref-doi.org_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doi.org-125">[120]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126">[f]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127">[121]</a></sup> Translator <a href="/wiki/G.A._Williamson" class="mw-redirect" title="G.A. Williamson">G.A. Williamson</a> said it "can be hardly doubted that Pilate sent such a report, but none of the extant versions is regarded as genuine."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliamson196575_124-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliamson196575-124">[119]</a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Christian_History_Institute" title="Christian History Institute">Christian History Institute</a> does not list Tiberius as a <a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Roman emperor</a> who persecuted Christians. The first Roman emperor listed is <a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Christian_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Christian-128">[122]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129">[g]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Archaeology">Archaeology</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiberius&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Archaeology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SperlongaVillaTiberio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/SperlongaVillaTiberio.jpg/232px-SperlongaVillaTiberio.jpg" decoding="async" width="232" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/SperlongaVillaTiberio.jpg/348px-SperlongaVillaTiberio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/SperlongaVillaTiberio.jpg/464px-SperlongaVillaTiberio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="555" /></a><figcaption>Remnants of Tiberius' villa at <a href="/wiki/Sperlonga" title="Sperlonga">Sperlonga</a>, on the coast midway between Rome and Naples</figcaption></figure>
<p>Possible traces remain of renovations by Tiberius in the <a href="/wiki/Gardens_of_Maecenas" title="Gardens of Maecenas">Gardens of Maecenas</a>, where he lived upon returning from exile in AD 2.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetoniusTiberius_15_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetoniusTiberius_15-36">[34]</a></sup> These persist inside the villa's likely <i><a href="/wiki/Triclinium" title="Triclinium">triclinium</a></i>-<i><a href="/wiki/Nymphaeum" title="Nymphaeum">nymphaeum</a></i>, the so-called <a href="/wiki/Auditorium_of_Maecenas" class="mw-redirect" title="Auditorium of Maecenas">Auditorium of Maecenas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130">[123]</a></sup> In an otherwise Late <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Republican</a>-era building, identifiable as such by its brickwork and flooring, the <a href="/wiki/Dionysian_Mysteries" title="Dionysian Mysteries">Dionysian</a>-themed landscape and nature frescoes lining the walls are reminiscent of the illusionistic early Imperial paintings <a href="/wiki/Villa_of_Livia#Garden_room_fresco" title="Villa of Livia">in his mother's own subterranean dining room</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131">[124]</a></sup>
</p><p>Tiberius' palace in Rome was on the <a href="/wiki/Palatine_Hill" title="Palatine Hill">Palatine Hill</a>; its ruins still stand. Tiberius built a temple in Rome to the deified Augustus, and restored the <a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Pompey" title="Theatre of Pompey">theatre of Pompey</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETacitus[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_6#45|IV.45]],_[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_3#72|III.72]]_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETacitus[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_6#45|IV.45]],_[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_3#72|III.72]]-132">[125]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetoniusTiberius_[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsSuetonius12CaesarsTiberiushtml47_47]_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetoniusTiberius_[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsSuetonius12CaesarsTiberiushtml47_47]-133">[126]</a></sup> these works were not finished until the reign of Caligula.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetoniusCaligula_[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsSuetonius12CaesarsCaligulahtml21_21]_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetoniusCaligula_[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsSuetonius12CaesarsCaligulahtml21_21]-134">[127]</a></sup> The remains of Tiberius' villa at <a href="/wiki/Sperlonga" title="Sperlonga">Sperlonga</a> include a <a href="/wiki/Grotto" title="Grotto">grotto</a>, where the fragmentary <a href="/wiki/Sperlonga_sculptures" title="Sperlonga sculptures">Sperlonga sculptures</a> were found. The hill-top <i><a href="/wiki/Villa_Jovis" title="Villa Jovis">Villa Jovis</a></i> retreat at <a href="/wiki/Capri" title="Capri">Capri</a> has been preserved. The estate at Capri is said by Tacitus to have included a total of twelve villas,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETacitus[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_4#67|IV.67]]_73-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETacitus[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_4#67|IV.67]]-73">[70]</a></sup> of which the <i>Villa Jovis</i> was the largest.
</p><p>Tiberius refused to be officially worshipped as a living god. He promoted restraint in the official, empire-wide cult to the divinised Augustus, and established a priesthood, the <i><a href="/wiki/Sodales_Augustales" title="Sodales Augustales">Sodales Augustales</a></i>, to administer its rites. He allowed a single temple to honour both his own <a href="/wiki/Genius_(mythology)" title="Genius (mythology)"><i>genius</i></a> and that of the Senate, at <a href="/wiki/Smyrna" title="Smyrna">Smyrna</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135">[128]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETacitus[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_4#37|IV.37–38]],_[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_4#55|IV.55–56]]_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETacitus[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_4#37|IV.37–38]],_[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_4#55|IV.55–56]]-136">[129]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Popular_culture">Popular culture</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiberius&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Tiberius has been represented in fiction, in literature, film and television, and in video games, often as a peripheral character in the central storyline. The following is a list of appearances Tiberius made in popular culture.
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<ul><li>He appears in the novel <i><a href="/wiki/I,_Claudius" title="I, Claudius">I, Claudius</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Graves" title="Robert Graves">Robert Graves</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137">[130]</a></sup> and the consequent <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> <a href="/wiki/I,_Claudius_(TV_series)" title="I, Claudius (TV series)">television series</a> adaptation, where he is portrayed by <a href="/wiki/George_Baker_(British_actor)" title="George Baker (British actor)">George Baker</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138">[131]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/George_R._R._Martin" title="George R. R. Martin">George R. R. Martin</a>, the author of <i><a href="/wiki/A_Song_of_Ice_and_Fire" title="A Song of Ice and Fire">A Song of Ice and Fire</a></i> series, has stated that central character <a href="/wiki/Stannis_Baratheon" title="Stannis Baratheon">Stannis Baratheon</a> is partially inspired by Tiberius Caesar, and particularly the portrayal by Baker.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139">[132]</a></sup></li>
<li>In the 1968 <a href="/wiki/ITV_(TV_network)" title="ITV (TV network)">ITV</a> historical drama <i><a href="/wiki/The_Caesars_(TV_series)" title="The Caesars (TV series)">The Caesars</a></i>, Tiberius (by <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Morell" title="André Morell">André Morell</a>) is the central character for much of the series and is portrayed in a much more balanced way than in <i>I, Claudius</i>.</li>
<li>He also appears as a minor character in the 2006 film <a href="/wiki/The_Inquiry_(2006_film)" title="The Inquiry (2006 film)"><i>The Inquiry</i></a>, in which he is played by <a href="/wiki/Max_von_Sydow" title="Max von Sydow">Max von Sydow</a>. In addition, Tiberius has prominent roles in <i><a href="/wiki/Ben-Hur_(1959_film)" title="Ben-Hur (1959 film)">Ben-Hur</a></i> (played by <a href="/wiki/George_Relph" title="George Relph">George Relph</a> in his last starring role),<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140">[133]</a></sup> and in <i><a href="/wiki/A.D._(miniseries)" title="A.D. (miniseries)">A.D.</a></i> (played by <a href="/wiki/James_Mason" title="James Mason">James Mason</a>).</li>
<li>He was featured in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Robe_(film)" title="The Robe (film)">The Robe</a></i> (1953), played by <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Thesiger" title="Ernest Thesiger">Ernest Thesiger</a>.</li>
<li>He was featured in the 1979 film <a href="/wiki/Caligula_(film)" title="Caligula (film)"><i>Caligula</i></a>, portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Peter_O%27Toole" title="Peter O'Toole">Peter O'Toole</a>.</li>
<li>He was an important character in <a href="/wiki/Taylor_Caldwell" title="Taylor Caldwell">Taylor Caldwell</a>'s 1958 novel, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dear_and_Glorious_Physician&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dear and Glorious Physician (page does not exist)">Dear and Glorious Physician</a></i>, a biography of St <a href="/wiki/Luke_the_Evangelist" title="Luke the Evangelist">Luke the Evangelist</a>, author of the third canonical Gospel.</li>
<li>He was played by <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Cranham" title="Kenneth Cranham">Kenneth Cranham</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/A.D._The_Bible_Continues" title="A.D. The Bible Continues">A.D. The Bible Continues</a>.</i></li>
<li>In the TV series <i><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire_(TV_series)" title="Roman Empire (TV series)">Roman Empire</a></i>, Tiberius was portrayed by Craig Walsh-Wrightson. In the 2021 TV series <i><a href="/wiki/Domina_(TV_series)" title="Domina (TV series)">Domina</a></i>, he was played by <a href="/wiki/Earl_Cave" title="Earl Cave">Earl Cave</a>.</li>
<li>The theft of the Gold Tiberius, an unintentionally unique commemorative coin commissioned by Tiberius which is stated to have achieved legendary status in the centuries hence, from a mysterious triad of occultists drives the plot of the framing story in <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Machen" title="Arthur Machen">Arthur Machen</a>'s 1895 novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Three_Impostors" title="The Three Impostors">The Three Impostors</a></i>.</li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Children_and_family">Children and family</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiberius&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Children and family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>Tiberius was married twice, with only his first union producing a child who would survive to adulthood:
</p>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vipsania_Agrippina" title="Vipsania Agrippina">Vipsania Agrippina</a>, daughter of <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Vipsanius_Agrippa" title="Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa">Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa</a> (16 –11 BC)
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drusus_Julius_Caesar" title="Drusus Julius Caesar">Drusus Julius Caesar</a> (14 BC – AD 23) (Had Issue)</li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Julia_the_Elder" title="Julia the Elder">Julia the Elder</a>, only daughter of <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> (11 – 6 BC)
<ul><li>Infant son, (dubbed "<a href="/wiki/Tiberillus" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiberillus">Tiberillus</a>" by modern historians), died in infancy.</li></ul></li></ul>
<p>In AD 4 Tiberius adopted his nephew <a href="/wiki/Germanicus" title="Germanicus">Germanicus Julius Caesar</a> (15 BC – AD 19), the son of his brother <a href="/wiki/Drusus_the_Elder" class="mw-redirect" title="Drusus the Elder">Drusus (the Elder)</a> and Augustus' niece <a href="/wiki/Antonia_Minor" title="Antonia Minor">Antonia Minor</a>, as his full son and heir.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiberius&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caesar_cut" title="Caesar cut">Caesar cut</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Clutorius_Priscus" title="Clutorius Priscus">Clutorius Priscus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Julio-Claudian_family_tree" title="Julio-Claudian family tree">Julio-Claudian family tree</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_emperors" title="List of Roman emperors">List of Roman emperors</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biblical_figures_identified_in_extra-biblical_sources" title="List of biblical figures identified in extra-biblical sources">List of biblical figures identified in extra-biblical sources</a></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiberius&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1217336898">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha">
<div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tiberius generally refrained from using the <a href="/wiki/Nomen_gentilicium" title="Nomen gentilicium"><i>nomen</i></a> <a href="/wiki/Gens_Julia" class="mw-redirect" title="Gens Julia">Julius</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-name_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-name-1">[1]</a></sup> but he is still called as such in a few inscriptions.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sometimes referred to as <b>Tiberius I</b>, in reference to the later <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern emperors</a> <a href="/wiki/Tiberius_II_Constantine" title="Tiberius II Constantine">Tiberius II Constantine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tiberius_III" title="Tiberius III">Tiberius III</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> A crown made from <a href="/wiki/Bay_laurel" class="mw-redirect" title="Bay laurel">laurel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">oak</a>. It had been awarded to Augustus for "saving the lives of Roman citizens".</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dio states that Tiberius died on the "twenty-sixth day of March. He had lived seventy-seven years, four months, and nine days, of which time he had been emperor twenty-two years, seven months, and seven days." Dio's calculations are accurate, but the number "26" is a mistake for "16".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECassius_Dio[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsCassius_Dio58html_lviii._28]_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECassius_Dio[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsCassius_Dio58html_lviii._28]-95">[92]</a></sup></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a> states that "Tiberius died, after he had reigned twenty-two years, six months, and three days."<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97">[93]</a></sup> Tiberius actually ruled 22 years, 6 months, and 25 days reckoning from Augustus' death.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The 20th-century Canadian historian J.E.A. Crake (1911-1983) said in 1963 at an annual meeting of the Classical Association of Canada that few "would take seriously even Tertullian's version of events" and that its "combination of legal inconsistency would have inspired a couple of pages of sarcasm from Tertullian."<sup id="cite_ref-doi.org_125-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doi.org-125">[120]</a></sup></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to the <a href="/wiki/Christian_History_Institute" title="Christian History Institute">Christian History Institute</a> from "A.D. 30 to A.D. 311, a period in which 54 emperors ruled the Empire, only about a dozen took the trouble to harass Christians. Furthermore, not until Decius (249–251) did any deliberately attempt an Empire-wide persecution. Until then, persecution came mainly at the instigation of local rulers, albeit with Rome’s approval."<sup id="cite_ref-Christian_128-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Christian-128">[122]</a></sup></span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiberius&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1217336898"><div class="reflist">
<div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-name-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-name_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-name_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-name_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1215172403">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#2C882D;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCooley2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alison_E._Cooley" title="Alison E. Cooley">Cooley, Alison E.</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VlghAwAAQBAJ"><i>The Cambridge Manual of Latin Epigraphy</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 489. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-84026-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-84026-2"><bdi>978-0-521-84026-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Manual+of+Latin+Epigraphy&rft.pages=489&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-521-84026-2&rft.aulast=Cooley&rft.aufirst=Alison+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVlghAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATiberius" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Corpus_Inscriptionum_Latinarum" title="Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum">CIL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://db.edcs.eu/epigr/epi_einzel.php?s_sprache=de&p_belegstelle=CIL+02%2C+01660&r_sortierung=Belegstelle">2, 1660</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Corpus_Inscriptionum_Latinarum" title="Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum">CIL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://db.edcs.eu/epigr/epi_einzel.php?s_sprache=de&p_belegstelle=CIL+06%2C+00930&r_sortierung=Belegstelle">6, 930</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPliny_the_Elder[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerLRomanTextsPliny_the_Elder28htmlv_XXVIII.5.23]-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPliny_the_Elder[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerLRomanTextsPliny_the_Elder28htmlv_XXVIII.5.23]_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPliny_the_Elder">Pliny the Elder</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/L/Roman/Texts/Pliny_the_Elder/28*.html#v">XXVIII.5.23</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECapes1897[httpsarchiveorgdetailsromanhistoryear03capegoogpagen99_71]-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECapes1897[httpsarchiveorgdetailsromanhistoryear03capegoogpagen99_71]_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCapes1897">Capes 1897</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/romanhistoryear03capegoog/page/n99">71</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetoniusTiberius,_5-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetoniusTiberius,_5_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuetonius">Suetonius</a>, Tiberius, 5.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetoniusTiberius_1-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetoniusTiberius_1_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuetonius">Suetonius</a>, Tiberius 1.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetoniusTiberius_3-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetoniusTiberius_3_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuetonius">Suetonius</a>, Tiberius 3.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevick199915-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevick199915_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLevick1999">Levick 1999</a>, p. 15.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetoniusTiberius_6-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetoniusTiberius_6_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuetonius">Suetonius</a>, Tiberius 6.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESouthern1998119–120-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouthern1998119–120_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSouthern1998">Southern 1998</a>, pp. 119–120.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaterculusII.94-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaterculusII.94_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPaterculus">Paterculus</a>, II.94.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetoniusTiberius_9-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetoniusTiberius_9_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetoniusTiberius_9_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuetonius">Suetonius</a>, Tiberius 9.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeager2005xiv-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeager2005xiv_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSeager2005">Seager 2005</a>, p. xiv.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">from <i>Africa Italiana</i> 8 (1941), cited in Burns, Jasper (2003) <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jasperburns.com/gasara.htm">Vipsania on Ara Pacis</a></i>,</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:0-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Cassius Dio: Book 54, 7-8</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cassius+Dio%3A+Book+54%2C+7-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATiberius" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Suetonius: Tiberius, 9</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetoniusTiberius_7-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetoniusTiberius_7_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetoniusTiberius_7_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuetonius">Suetonius</a>, Tiberius 7.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a>, 7. I. 5, p. 292 <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (May 2023)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevick199942-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevick199942_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLevick1999">Levick 1999</a>, p. 42.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Seager2005">Seager 2005</a>, p. 20.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECassius_Dio[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsCassius_Dio55html9_LV.9]-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECassius_Dio[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsCassius_Dio55html9_LV.9]_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECassius_Dio[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsCassius_Dio55html9_LV.9]_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCassius_Dio">Cassius Dio</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/55*.html#9">LV.9</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Seager2005">Seager 2005</a>, pp. 23–24.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetoniusTiberius_10-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetoniusTiberius_10_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuetonius">Suetonius</a>, Tiberius 10.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevick199929-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevick199929_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLevick1999">Levick 1999</a>, p. 29.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaterculusII.100-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaterculusII.100_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPaterculus">Paterculus</a>, II.100.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETacitus[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_1#53|I.53]]-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETacitus[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_1#53|I.53]]_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTacitus">Tacitus</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_1#53" class="extiw" title="s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 1">I.53</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-sag26-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sag26_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sag26_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sag26_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Seager2005">Seager 2005</a>, p. 26.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetoniusTiberius_11-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetoniusTiberius_11_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuetonius">Suetonius</a>, Tiberius 11.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Seager2005">Seager 2005</a>, p. 28.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livius.org/le-lh/legio/v_alaudae.html">"Legio V Alaudae"</a>. livius.org. September 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150426044251/https://www.livius.org/le-lh/legio/v_alaudae.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Legio+V+Alaudae&rft.pub=livius.org&rft.date=2010-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livius.org%2Fle-lh%2Flegio%2Fv_alaudae.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATiberius" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetoniusTiberius_13-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetoniusTiberius_13_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuetonius">Suetonius</a>, Tiberius 13.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETacitus[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_1#3|I.3]]-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETacitus[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_1#3|I.3]]_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETacitus[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_1#3|I.3]]_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTacitus">Tacitus</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_1#3" class="extiw" title="s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 1">I.3</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetoniusTiberius_15-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetoniusTiberius_15_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetoniusTiberius_15_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetoniusTiberius_15_36-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuetonius">Suetonius</a>, Tiberius 15.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECassius_Dio[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsCassius_Dio55html13_LV.13]-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECassius_Dio[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsCassius_Dio55html13_LV.13]_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCassius_Dio">Cassius Dio</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/55*.html#13">LV.13</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetoniusTiberius_21-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetoniusTiberius_21_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetoniusTiberius_21_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetoniusTiberius_21_38-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuetonius">Suetonius</a>, Tiberius 21.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For the debate over whether Agrippa's <i>imperium</i> after 13 BC was <i>maius</i> or <i>aequum</i>, see, e.g., <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFE._Badian1980" class="citation journal cs1">E. Badian (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3297371">"Notes on the <i>Laudatio</i> of Agrippa"</a>. <i>Classical Journal</i>. <b>76</b> (2): 97–109 [105–106]. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3297371">3297371</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Classical+Journal&rft.atitle=Notes+on+the+Laudatio+of+Agrippa&rft.volume=76&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=97-109+105-106&rft.date=1980&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3297371%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=E.+Badian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3297371&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATiberius" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECassius_Dio[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsCassius_Dio55html32_LV.32]-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECassius_Dio[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsCassius_Dio55html32_LV.32]_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCassius_Dio">Cassius Dio</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/55*.html#32">LV.32</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeager2005xv-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeager2005xv_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSeager2005">Seager 2005</a>, p. xv.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Speidel-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Speidel_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Speidel_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFSpeidel2002" class="citation book cs1">Speidel, Micheal P. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xc2PAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA8"><i>Riding for Caesar: The Roman Emperor's Horseguard</i></a>. Routledge. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-78255-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-78255-9"><bdi>978-1-135-78255-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Riding+for+Caesar%3A+The+Roman+Emperor%27s+Horseguard&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-135-78255-9&rft.aulast=Speidel&rft.aufirst=Micheal+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dxc2PAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATiberius" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetoniusTiberius_20-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetoniusTiberius_20_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuetonius">Suetonius</a>, Tiberius 20.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetoniusAugustus_[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsSuetonius12CaesarsAugustushtml100_100.1.]-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetoniusAugustus_[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsSuetonius12CaesarsAugustushtml100_100.1.]_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuetonius">Suetonius</a>, Augustus <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Augustus*.html#100">100.1.</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECassius_Dio[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsCassius_Dio56html30_56.30.]-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECassius_Dio[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsCassius_Dio56html30_56.30.]_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCassius_Dio">Cassius Dio</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/56*.html#30">56.30.</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaterculusII.123-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaterculusII.123_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPaterculus">Paterculus</a>, II.123.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETacitus[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_1#8|I.8]]-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETacitus[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_1#8|I.8]]_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTacitus">Tacitus</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_1#8" class="extiw" title="s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 1">I.8</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMattingly195714-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMattingly195714_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMattingly1957">Mattingly 1957</a>, p. 14.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevick1999[httpsarchiveorgdetailstiberiuspolitici00levi_0page68mode2up_68–81]._«The_senatorial_decree_of_17_September_was_to_make_him_''Divi_fiilius'',_son_of_the_deified_Princeps,_and_the_will_imposed_the_title_Augustus..._Tiberius'_powers_lapsed_on_Augustus'_death,_required_redefinition,_or_were_surrendered_on_17_September.»-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevick1999[httpsarchiveorgdetailstiberiuspolitici00levi_0page68mode2up_68–81]._«The_senatorial_decree_of_17_September_was_to_make_him_''Divi_fiilius'',_son_of_the_deified_Princeps,_and_the_will_imposed_the_title_Augustus..._Tiberius'_powers_lapsed_on_Augustus'_death,_required_redefinition,_or_were_surrendered_on_17_September.»_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLevick1999">Levick 1999</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tiberiuspolitici00levi_0/page/68/mode/2up">68–81</a>. «The senatorial decree of 17 September was to make him <i>Divi fiilius</i>, son of the deified Princeps, and the will imposed the title Augustus... Tiberius' powers lapsed on Augustus' death, required redefinition, or were surrendered on 17 September.».</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETacitus[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_1|I.9–11]]-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETacitus[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_1|I.9–11]]_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTacitus">Tacitus</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_1" class="extiw" title="s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 1">I.9–11</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeager200544–45-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeager200544–45_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSeager2005">Seager 2005</a>, pp. 44–45.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETacitus[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_3#65|III.65]],_[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_1#12|I.12–13]]-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETacitus[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_3#65|III.65]],_[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_1#12|I.12–13]]_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTacitus">Tacitus</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_3#65" class="extiw" title="s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 3">III.65</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_1#12" class="extiw" title="s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 1">I.12–13</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetoniusTiberius_26-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetoniusTiberius_26_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuetonius">Suetonius</a>, Tiberius 26.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetoniusTiberius_24-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetoniusTiberius_24_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuetonius">Suetonius</a>, Tiberius 24.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETacitus[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_3#35|III.35]],_[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_3#53|III.53–54]]-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETacitus[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_3#35|III.35]],_[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_3#53|III.53–54]]_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTacitus">Tacitus</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_3#35" class="extiw" title="s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 3">III.35</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_3#53" class="extiw" title="s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 3">III.53–54</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETacitus[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_3#32|III.32]],_[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_3#52|III.52]]-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETacitus[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_3#32|III.32]],_[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_3#52|III.52]]_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTacitus">Tacitus</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_3#32" class="extiw" title="s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 3">III.32</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_3#52" class="extiw" title="s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 3">III.52</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETacitus[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_1#16|I.16–17]],_[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_1#31|I.31]]-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETacitus[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_1#16|I.16–17]],_[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_1#31|I.31]]_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTacitus">Tacitus</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_1#16" class="extiw" title="s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 1">I.16–17</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_1#31" class="extiw" title="s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 1">I.31</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECassius_Dio[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsCassius_Dio57html6_LVII.6]-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECassius_Dio[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsCassius_Dio57html6_LVII.6]_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCassius_Dio">Cassius Dio</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/57*.html#6">LVII.6</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETacitus[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_2#46|II.46]]-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETacitus[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_2#46|II.46]]_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTacitus">Tacitus</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_2#46" class="extiw" title="s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 2">II.46</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETacitus[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_2#41|II.41]]-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETacitus[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_2#41|II.41]]_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETacitus[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_2#41|II.41]]_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTacitus">Tacitus</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_2#41" class="extiw" title="s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 2">II.41</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShotter200435–37-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShotter200435–37_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShotter2004">Shotter 2004</a>, pp. 35–37.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETacitus[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_2#26|II.26]]-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETacitus[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_2#26|II.26]]_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTacitus">Tacitus</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_2#26" class="extiw" title="s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 2">II.26</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETacitus[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_2#43|II.43]]-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETacitus[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_2#43|II.43]]_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTacitus">Tacitus</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_2#43" class="extiw" title="s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 2">II.43</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETacitus[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_2#71|II.71]]-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETacitus[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_2#71|II.71]]_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTacitus">Tacitus</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_2#71" class="extiw" title="s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 2">II.71</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETacitus[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_2#16|III.16]]-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETacitus[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_2#16|III.16]]_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTacitus">Tacitus</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_2#16" class="extiw" title="s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 2">III.16</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetoniusTiberius_52-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetoniusTiberius_52_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuetonius">Suetonius</a>, Tiberius 52.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETacitus[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_3#15|III.15]]-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETacitus[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_3#15|III.15]]_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTacitus">Tacitus</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_3#15" class="extiw" title="s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 3">III.15</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETacitus[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_3#56|III.56]]-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETacitus[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_3#56|III.56]]_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTacitus">Tacitus</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_3#56" class="extiw" title="s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 3">III.56</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETacitus[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_4#7|IV.7–8]]-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETacitus[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_4#7|IV.7–8]]_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTacitus">Tacitus</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_4#7" class="extiw" title="s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 4">IV.7–8</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetoniusTiberius_62-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetoniusTiberius_62_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuetonius">Suetonius</a>, Tiberius 62.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFHouston1985" class="citation journal cs1">Houston, George W. (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/642441">"Tiberius on Capri"</a>. <i>Greece & Rome</i>. <b>32</b> (2): 179–196. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0017383500030503">10.1017/S0017383500030503</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0017-3835">0017-3835</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/642441">642441</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162308020">162308020</a>. <q>We must imagine Tiberius not as brooding in isolation (though it is true enough he was a difficult man, not to say a grouchy one), but as entertaining visitors, discussing affairs, and taking up at least the more important of the obligations imposed upon him by state and family</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Greece+%26+Rome&rft.atitle=Tiberius+on+Capri&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=179-196&rft.date=1985&rft.issn=0017-3835&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162308020%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F642441%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0017383500030503&rft.aulast=Houston&rft.aufirst=George+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F642441&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATiberius" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETacitus[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_4#67|IV.67]]-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETacitus[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_4#67|IV.67]]_73-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETacitus[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_4#67|IV.67]]_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETacitus[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_4#67|IV.67]]_73-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTacitus">Tacitus</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_4#67" class="extiw" title="s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 4">IV.67</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetoniusTiberius_37-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetoniusTiberius_37_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetoniusTiberius_37_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuetonius">Suetonius</a>, Tiberius 37.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETacitus[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_4#2|IV.2]]-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETacitus[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_4#2|IV.2]]_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTacitus">Tacitus</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_4#2" class="extiw" title="s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 4">IV.2</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECassius_Dio[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsCassius_Dio57html21_LVII.21]-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECassius_Dio[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsCassius_Dio57html21_LVII.21]_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCassius_Dio">Cassius Dio</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/57*.html#21">LVII.21</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETacitus[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_4#39|IV.39–41]]-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETacitus[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_4#39|IV.39–41]]_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTacitus">Tacitus</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_4#39" class="extiw" title="s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 4">IV.39–41</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETacitus[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_4#41|IV.41]]-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETacitus[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_4#41|IV.41]]_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTacitus">Tacitus</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_4#41" class="extiw" title="s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 4">IV.41</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETacitus[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_5#3|V.3]]-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETacitus[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_5#3|V.3]]_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTacitus">Tacitus</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_5#3" class="extiw" title="s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 5">V.3</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetoniusTiberius_53–54-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetoniusTiberius_53–54_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuetonius">Suetonius</a>, Tiberius 53–54.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetoniusTiberius_65-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetoniusTiberius_65_81-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetoniusTiberius_65_81-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuetonius">Suetonius</a>, Tiberius 65.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECassius_Dio[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsCassius_Dio57html22_LVII.22]-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECassius_Dio[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsCassius_Dio57html22_LVII.22]_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCassius_Dio">Cassius Dio</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/57*.html#22">LVII.22</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-boddington-sejanus-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-boddington-sejanus_83-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-boddington-sejanus_83-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBoddington1963" class="citation journal cs1">Boddington, Ann (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/293155">"Sejanus. Whose Conspiracy?"</a>. <i>The American Journal of Philology</i>. <b>84</b> (1): 1–16. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F293155">10.2307/293155</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/293155">293155</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Philology&rft.atitle=Sejanus.+Whose+Conspiracy%3F&rft.volume=84&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-16&rft.date=1963&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F293155&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F293155%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Boddington&rft.aufirst=Ann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F293155&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATiberius" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECassius_Dio[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsCassius_Dio58html10_LVIII.10]-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECassius_Dio[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsCassius_Dio58html10_LVIII.10]_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCassius_Dio">Cassius Dio</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/58*.html#10">LVIII.10</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETacitus[[s:_The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_6#19|VI.19]]-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETacitus[[s:_The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_6#19|VI.19]]_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTacitus">Tacitus</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_6#19" class="extiw" title="s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 6">VI.19</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFSalmon2013" class="citation book cs1">Salmon, E. T. (21 August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ov1_AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA133"><i>A History of the Roman World: From 30 BC to AD 138</i></a>. Routledge. p. 133. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-96348-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-96348-5"><bdi>978-1-134-96348-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Roman+World%3A+From+30+BC+to+AD+138&rft.pages=133&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-08-21&rft.isbn=978-1-134-96348-5&rft.aulast=Salmon&rft.aufirst=E.+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dov1_AAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA133&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATiberius" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetoniusTiberius_43,_44,_45-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetoniusTiberius_43,_44,_45_87-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetoniusTiberius_43,_44,_45_87-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetoniusTiberius_43,_44,_45_87-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuetonius">Suetonius</a>, Tiberius 43, 44, 45.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetonius60,_62–64-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetonius60,_62–64_88-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetonius60,_62–64_88-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuetonius">Suetonius</a>, 60, 62–64.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wallace-Hadrill, Andrew (1984) <i>Suetonius: The Scholar and His Caesars</i>, Yale University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-03000-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-03000-2">0-300-03000-2</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetoniusTiberius_41-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetoniusTiberius_41_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuetonius">Suetonius</a>, Tiberius 41.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETacitus[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_6#46|VI.46]]-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETacitus[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_6#46|VI.46]]_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTacitus">Tacitus</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_6#46" class="extiw" title="s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 6">VI.46</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECassius_Dio[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsCassius_Dio57html23_LVII.23]-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECassius_Dio[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsCassius_Dio57html23_LVII.23]_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCassius_Dio">Cassius Dio</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/57*.html#23">LVII.23</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETacitus[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_6#50|VI.50–51]]-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETacitus[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_6#50|VI.50–51]]_93-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETacitus[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_6#50|VI.50–51]]_93-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETacitus[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_6#50|VI.50–51]]_93-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETacitus[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_6#50|VI.50–51]]_93-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTacitus">Tacitus</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_6#50" class="extiw" title="s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 6">VI.50–51</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetoniusTiberius_73-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetoniusTiberius_73_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuetonius">Suetonius</a>, Tiberius 73.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECassius_Dio[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsCassius_Dio58html_lviii._28]-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECassius_Dio[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsCassius_Dio58html_lviii._28]_95-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECassius_Dio[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsCassius_Dio58html_lviii._28]_95-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCassius_Dio">Cassius Dio</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/58*.html">lviii. 28</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_War" title="The Jewish War">The Jewish War</a></i> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_War_of_the_Jews/Book_II" class="extiw" title="s:The War of the Jews/Book II">II, 9.</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Death of Tiberius: Tacitus <i>Annals</i> 6.50; Dio 58.28.1–4; Suetonius, <i>Tiberius</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Tiberius*.html#73">73</a> <i>Gaius</i> 12.2–3; Josephus <i>AJ</i> 18.225. Posthumous insults: Suetonius, <i>Tiberius</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Tiberius*.html#75">75</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFPlatnerAshby1929" class="citation book cs1">Platner, Samuel Ball; Ashby, Thomas (1929). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Europe/Italy/Lazio/Roma/Rome/_Texts/PLATOP*/Mausoleum_Augusti.html">"Mausoleum Augusti"</a>. <i>A Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 332–336<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mausoleum+Augusti&rft.btitle=A+Topographical+Dictionary+of+Ancient+Rome&rft.place=London&rft.pages=332-336&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1929&rft.aulast=Platner&rft.aufirst=Samuel+Ball&rft.au=Ashby%2C+Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpenelope.uchicago.edu%2FThayer%2FE%2FGazetteer%2FPlaces%2FEurope%2FItaly%2FLazio%2FRoma%2FRome%2F_Texts%2FPLATOP%2A%2FMausoleum_Augusti.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATiberius" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetoniusTiberius_76-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetoniusTiberius_76_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuetonius">Suetonius</a>, Tiberius 76.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECassius_Dio[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsCassius_Dio59html1_LIX.1]-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECassius_Dio[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsCassius_Dio59html1_LIX.1]_102-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECassius_Dio[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsCassius_Dio59html1_LIX.1]_102-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCassius_Dio">Cassius Dio</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/59*.html#1">LIX.1</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETacitus[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_4#6|IV.6]]-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETacitus[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_4#6|IV.6]]_103-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETacitus[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_4#6|IV.6]]_103-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTacitus">Tacitus</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_4#6" class="extiw" title="s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 4">IV.6</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetoniusCaligula_[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsSuetonius12CaesarsCaligulahtml37_37]-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetoniusCaligula_[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsSuetonius12CaesarsCaligulahtml37_37]_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuetonius">Suetonius</a>, Caligula <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Caligula*.html#37">37</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Tiberius">"Tiberius | Biography, Accomplishments, Facts, & Death"</a>. 30 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tiberius+%26%23124%3B+Biography%2C+Accomplishments%2C+Facts%2C+%26+Death&rft.date=2023-06-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FTiberius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATiberius" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetoniusTiberius_61-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetoniusTiberius_61_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuetonius">Suetonius</a>, Tiberius 61.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETacitus[[s:_The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_1#6|I.6]]-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETacitus[[s:_The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_1#6|I.6]]_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTacitus">Tacitus</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_1#6" class="extiw" title="s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 1">I.6</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETacitus[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_1#72|I.72]],_[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_1#74|I.74]],_[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_2#27|II.27–32]],_[[s:_The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_3#49|III.49–51]],_[[s:_The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_3#66|III.66–69]]-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETacitus[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_1#72|I.72]],_[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_1#74|I.74]],_[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_2#27|II.27–32]],_[[s:_The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_3#49|III.49–51]],_[[s:_The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_3#66|III.66–69]]_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTacitus">Tacitus</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_1#72" class="extiw" title="s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 1">I.72</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_1#74" class="extiw" title="s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 1">I.74</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_2#27" class="extiw" title="s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 2">II.27–32</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_3#49" class="extiw" title="s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 3">III.49–51</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_3#66" class="extiw" title="s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 3">III.66–69</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetoniusTiberius_26–32-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetoniusTiberius_26–32_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuetonius">Suetonius</a>, Tiberius 26–32.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaterculusII.94,_103–105,_129–130-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaterculusII.94,_103–105,_129–130_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPaterculus">Paterculus</a>, II.94, 103–105, 129–130.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaterculusII.127–128-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaterculusII.127–128_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPaterculus">Paterculus</a>, II.127–128.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFSyme1956" class="citation journal cs1">Syme, Ronald (1956). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4474933">"Seianus on the Aventine"</a>. <i>Hermes</i>. <b>84</b> (3). Franz Steiner Verlag: 257–266. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4474933">4474933</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hermes&rft.atitle=Seianus+on+the+Aventine&rft.volume=84&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=257-266&rft.date=1956&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4474933%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Syme&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4474933&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATiberius" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%203:1&version=nrsv">Luke 3:1</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJosephus''Antiquities''_[[s:The_Antiquities_of_the_Jews/Book_XVIII#Chapter_2|XVIII.2.3]]-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJosephus''Antiquities''_[[s:The_Antiquities_of_the_Jews/Book_XVIII#Chapter_2|XVIII.2.3]]_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJosephus">Josephus</a>, <i>Antiquities</i> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Antiquities_of_the_Jews/Book_XVIII#Chapter_2" class="extiw" title="s:The Antiquities of the Jews/Book XVIII">XVIII.2.3</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%206:23&version=nrsv">John 6:23</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%206:1&version=nrsv">John 6:1</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%2022:19&version=nrsv">Matthew 22:19</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%2012:15&version=nrsv">Mark 12:15</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFSir_William_Smith1896" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sir_William_Smith" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir William Smith">Sir William Smith</a> (1896). <i>The Old Testament History: From The Creation To The Return Of The Jews From Captivity (page 704)</i>. <a href="/wiki/Kessinger_Publishing" title="Kessinger Publishing">Kessinger Publishing</a>, LLC (22 May 2010). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-162-09864-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-162-09864-3"><bdi>1-162-09864-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Old+Testament+History%3A+From+The+Creation+To+The+Return+Of+The+Jews+From+Captivity+%28page+704%29&rft.pub=Kessinger+Publishing%2C+LLC+%2822+May+2010%29&rft.date=1896&rft.isbn=1-162-09864-3&rft.au=Sir+William+Smith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATiberius" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The Numismatist, Volume 29</i>. <a href="/wiki/American_Numismatic_Association" title="American Numismatic Association">American Numismatic Association</a> (3 April 2010). 2010. p. 536. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-148-52633-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-148-52633-1"><bdi>978-1-148-52633-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Numismatist%2C+Volume+29&rft.pages=536&rft.pub=American+Numismatic+Association+%283+April+2010%29&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-148-52633-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATiberius" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFHobson1972" class="citation book cs1">Hobson, Burton (1972). <i>Coins and coin collecting (page 28)</i>. <a href="/wiki/Dover_Publications" title="Dover Publications">Dover Publications</a> (April 1972). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-22763-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-486-22763-4"><bdi>0-486-22763-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Coins+and+coin+collecting+%28page+28%29&rft.pub=Dover+Publications+%28April+1972%29&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=0-486-22763-4&rft.aulast=Hobson&rft.aufirst=Burton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATiberius" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Jossa-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jossa_122-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jossa_122-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jossa_122-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jossa_122-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jossa_122-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFJossa2006" class="citation book cs1">Jossa, Giorgio (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZlBXVPnGxVkC&q=Jews+or+Christians%3F"><i>Jews or Christians</i></a>. Mohr Siebeck. pp. 123–126. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-16-149192-0" title="Special:BookSources/3-16-149192-0"><bdi>3-16-149192-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jews+or+Christians&rft.pages=123-126&rft.pub=Mohr+Siebeck&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=3-16-149192-0&rft.aulast=Jossa&rft.aufirst=Giorgio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZlBXVPnGxVkC%26q%3DJews%2Bor%2BChristians%253F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATiberius" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Ed_RICHARDSON-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ed_RICHARDSON_123-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFRICHARDSON1998" class="citation book cs1">RICHARDSON, Ed (1998). Donfried, Karl P.; Richardson, Peter (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ATkvlPyonAkC&pg=PA205"><i>Judaism and Christianity in First-century Rome</i></a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 205. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802842657" title="Special:BookSources/9780802842657"><bdi>9780802842657</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Judaism+and+Christianity+in+First-century+Rome&rft.pages=205&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780802842657&rft.aulast=RICHARDSON&rft.aufirst=Ed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DATkvlPyonAkC%26pg%3DPA205&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATiberius" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliamson196575-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliamson196575_124-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliamson196575_124-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliamson1965">Williamson 1965</a>, p. 75.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-doi.org-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-doi.org_125-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-doi.org_125-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFCrake1965" class="citation journal cs1">Crake, J. E. A. (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1086690">"Early Christians and Roman Law"</a>. <i>Phoenix</i>. <b>19</b> (1): 61–70. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1086690">10.2307/1086690</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0031-8299">0031-8299</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1086690">1086690</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Phoenix&rft.atitle=Early+Christians+and+Roman+Law&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=61-70&rft.date=1965&rft.issn=0031-8299&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1086690%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1086690&rft.aulast=Crake&rft.aufirst=J.+E.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1086690&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATiberius" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For review of sources on the early Church and Christianity in relation to Roman power-politics, see Barnes, T.D. (November 1968), <i>The Journal of Roman Studies</i>, Volume 58, Issue 1-2, pp. 32-50. DOI: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.2307/299693">https://doi.org/10.2307/299693</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Christian-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Christian_128-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Christian_128-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="Christian_History_Institute" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://christianhistoryinstitute.org/magazine/article/persecution-in-early-church-gallery">"Persecution in the Early Church: A Gallery of the Persecuting Emperors"</a>. Christian History Institute<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Persecution+in+the+Early+Church%3A+A+Gallery+of+the+Persecuting+Emperors&rft.pub=Christian+History+Institute&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchristianhistoryinstitute.org%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2Fpersecution-in-early-church-gallery&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATiberius" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFHäuber" class="citation web cs1">Häuber, Chrystina. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210224222443/http://www.rom.geographie.uni-muenchen.de/texts/hm_text1.pdf">"The Horti of Maecenas on the Esquiline Hill in Rome"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rom.geographie.uni-muenchen.de/texts/hm_text1.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 24 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Horti+of+Maecenas+on+the+Esquiline+Hill+in+Rome&rft.aulast=H%C3%A4uber&rft.aufirst=Chrystina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rom.geographie.uni-muenchen.de%2Ftexts%2Fhm_text1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATiberius" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFWyler2013" class="citation book cs1">Wyler, Stéphanie (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/es/4979106/An_Augustan_trend_towards_Dionysos_around_the_Auditorium_of_Mecenas_">"An Augustan Trend towards Dionysos: Around the 'Auditorium of Maecenas'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. In Bernabe, Alberto; Herrero de Jáuregui, Miguel; San Cristóbal, Ana; Martín Hernández, Raquel (eds.). <i>Redefining Dionysos</i>. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 541–553.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=An+Augustan+Trend+towards+Dionysos%3A+Around+the+%E2%80%98Auditorium+of+Maecenas%27&rft.btitle=Redefining+Dionysos&rft.pages=541-553&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Wyler&rft.aufirst=St%C3%A9phanie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2Fes%2F4979106%2FAn_Augustan_trend_towards_Dionysos_around_the_Auditorium_of_Mecenas_&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATiberius" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETacitus[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_6#45|IV.45]],_[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_3#72|III.72]]-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETacitus[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_6#45|IV.45]],_[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_3#72|III.72]]_132-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTacitus">Tacitus</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_6#45" class="extiw" title="s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 6">IV.45</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_3#72" class="extiw" title="s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 3">III.72</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetoniusTiberius_[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsSuetonius12CaesarsTiberiushtml47_47]-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetoniusTiberius_[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsSuetonius12CaesarsTiberiushtml47_47]_133-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuetonius">Suetonius</a>, Tiberius <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Tiberius*.html#47">47</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuetoniusCaligula_[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsSuetonius12CaesarsCaligulahtml21_21]-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuetoniusCaligula_[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsSuetonius12CaesarsCaligulahtml21_21]_134-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuetonius">Suetonius</a>, Caligula <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Caligula*.html#21">21</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFGradel2002" class="citation book cs1">Gradel, Ittai (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cBNREAAAQBAJ"><i>Emperor Worship and Roman Religion</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 15, 263-8: Gradel points out that no Roman was ever prosecuted for sacrificing to his emperor. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-154149-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-154149-0"><bdi>978-0-19-154149-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Emperor+Worship+and+Roman+Religion&rft.pages=15%2C+263-8%3A+Gradel+points+out+that+no+Roman+was+ever+prosecuted+for+sacrificing+to+his+emperor&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-19-154149-0&rft.aulast=Gradel&rft.aufirst=Ittai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcBNREAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATiberius" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETacitus[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_4#37|IV.37–38]],_[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_4#55|IV.55–56]]-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETacitus[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_4#37|IV.37–38]],_[[s:The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_4#55|IV.55–56]]_136-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTacitus">Tacitus</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_4#37" class="extiw" title="s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 4">IV.37–38</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_4#55" class="extiw" title="s:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 4">IV.55–56</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080618094451/http://www.booktalk.org/i-claudius.php">"<i>I, Claudius</i>: From the Autobiography of Tiberius Claudius – Robert Graves"</a>. Booktalk.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.booktalk.org/i-claudius.php">the original</a> on 18 June 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=I%2C+Claudius%3A+From+the+Autobiography+of+Tiberius+Claudius+%E2%80%93+Robert+Graves&rft.pub=Booktalk.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.booktalk.org%2Fi-claudius.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATiberius" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/bbcfour/cinema/features/iclaudius.shtml">"BBC Four Drama – <i>I, Claudius</i>"</a>. BBC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BBC+Four+Drama+%E2%80%93+I%2C+Claudius&rft.pub=BBC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fbbcfour%2Fcinema%2Ffeatures%2Ficlaudius.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATiberius" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://grrm.livejournal.com/310379.html?thread=17203563">"Not a Blog: It's the Pits"</a>. 21 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Not+a+Blog%3A+It%27s+the+Pits&rft.date=2013-01-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgrrm.livejournal.com%2F310379.html%3Fthread%3D17203563&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATiberius" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/character/ch0017920/">"Emperor Tiberius Caesar (Character)"</a>. Imdb.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Emperor+Tiberius+Caesar+%28Character%29&rft.pub=Imdb.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Fcharacter%2Fch0017920%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATiberius" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Bibliography">Bibliography</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiberius&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiberius&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1054258005">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em">
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFCassius_Dio" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Cassius_Dio" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucius Cassius Dio">Lucius Cassius Dio</a> (1927) [<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 230]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/55*.html">"Book 55–58"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Roman_History_(Cassius_Dio)" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman History (Cassius Dio)">Roman History</a></i>. Translated by Earnest Cary. <a href="/wiki/Loeb_Classical_Library" title="Loeb Classical Library">Loeb Classical Library</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Book+55%E2%80%9358&rft.btitle=Roman+History&rft.pub=Loeb+Classical+Library&rft.date=1927&rft.au=Lucius+Cassius+Dio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpenelope.uchicago.edu%2FThayer%2FE%2FRoman%2FTexts%2FCassius_Dio%2F55%2A.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATiberius" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFJosephus" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a> (1737) [<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 96 AD]. <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Antiquities_of_the_Jews/Book_XVIII">"Chapters XVIII"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Antiquities_of_the_Jews" title="Antiquities of the Jews">Antiquities of the Jews</a></i>. Translated by <a href="/wiki/William_Whiston" title="William Whiston">William Whiston</a>. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapters+XVIII&rft.btitle=Antiquities+of+the+Jews&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1737&rft.au=Josephus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FThe_Antiquities_of_the_Jews%2FBook_XVIII&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATiberius" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFSuetonius" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Suetonius_Tranquillus" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus">Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus</a> (1914) [<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> AD 121]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Tiberius*.html">"Life of Tiberius"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Twelve_Caesars" title="The Twelve Caesars">The Twelve Caesars</a></i>. Translated by <a href="/wiki/John_Carew_Rolfe" title="John Carew Rolfe">John Carew Rolfe</a>. <a href="/wiki/Loeb_Classical_Library" title="Loeb Classical Library">Loeb Classical Library</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Life+of+Tiberius&rft.btitle=The+Twelve+Caesars&rft.pub=Loeb+Classical+Library&rft.date=1914&rft.au=Gaius+Suetonius+Tranquillus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpenelope.uchicago.edu%2FThayer%2FE%2FRoman%2FTexts%2FSuetonius%2F12Caesars%2FTiberius%2A.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATiberius" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFTacitus" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Publius_Cornelius_Tacitus" class="mw-redirect" title="Publius Cornelius Tacitus">Publius Cornelius Tacitus</a> (1924) [<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> AD 110]. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Annals" class="mw-redirect" title="The Annals">The Annals</a></i>. Translated by Frederick W. Shipley. <a href="/wiki/Loeb_Classical_Library" title="Loeb Classical Library">Loeb Classical Library</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Annals&rft.pub=Loeb+Classical+Library&rft.date=1924&rft.au=Publius+Cornelius+Tacitus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATiberius" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFPliny_the_Elder" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Plinius_Secundus" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaius Plinius Secundus">Gaius Plinius Secundus</a> (1961) [<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 77 AD]. <i><a href="/wiki/Natural_History_(Pliny)" title="Natural History (Pliny)">Natural History</a></i>. Translated by H. Rackham; W.H.S. Jones; and D.E. Eichholz. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Natural+History&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1961&rft.au=Gaius+Plinius+Secundus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATiberius" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFPaterculus" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Velleius_Paterculus" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcus Velleius Paterculus">Marcus Velleius Paterculus</a> (1924) [<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> AD 30]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Velleius_Paterculus/2D*.html#">"Book II"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Velleius_Paterculus/home.html"><i>The Roman History</i></a>. Translated by Frederick W. Shipley. <a href="/wiki/Loeb_Classical_Library" title="Loeb Classical Library">Loeb Classical Library</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Book+II&rft.btitle=The+Roman+History&rft.pub=Loeb+Classical+Library&rft.date=1924&rft.au=Marcus+Velleius+Paterculus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpenelope.uchicago.edu%2FThayer%2FE%2FRoman%2FTexts%2FVelleius_Paterculus%2F2D%2A.html%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATiberius" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
</div>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Secondary_material">Secondary material</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiberius&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Secondary material"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1054258005"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em">
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFCapes1897" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Wolfe_Capes" title="William Wolfe Capes">Capes, William Wolfe</a> (1897). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/romanhistoryear03capegoog"><i>Roman History: The Early Empire</i></a>. Epochs of Ancient History. London: Longmans, Green, and Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roman+History%3A+The+Early+Empire&rft.place=London&rft.series=Epochs+of+Ancient+History&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green%2C+and+Co.&rft.date=1897&rft.aulast=Capes&rft.aufirst=William+Wolfe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fromanhistoryear03capegoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATiberius" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFEhrenbergJones1955" class="citation book cs1">Ehrenberg, V.; Jones, A.H.M. (1955). <i>Documents Illustrating the Reigns of Augustus and Tiberius</i>. Oxford.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Documents+Illustrating+the+Reigns+of+Augustus+and+Tiberius&rft.place=Oxford&rft.date=1955&rft.aulast=Ehrenberg&rft.aufirst=V.&rft.au=Jones%2C+A.H.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATiberius" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFLevick1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Levick" title="Barbara Levick">Levick, Barbara</a> (1999) [1976]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tiberiuspolitici00levi_0"><i>Tiberius the Politician</i></a> (revised ed.). London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-21753-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-21753-9"><bdi>0-415-21753-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tiberius+the+Politician&rft.place=London&rft.edition=revised&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-415-21753-9&rft.aulast=Levick&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftiberiuspolitici00levi_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATiberius" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMason1960" class="citation book cs1">Mason, Ernst (1960). <i>Tiberius</i>. New York: Ballantine Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tiberius&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Ballantine+Books&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Mason&rft.aufirst=Ernst&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATiberius" class="Z3988"></span> (Ernst Mason was a pseudonym of science fiction author <a href="/wiki/Frederik_Pohl" title="Frederik Pohl">Frederik Pohl</a>)</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMattingly1957" class="citation book cs1">Mattingly, Harold (1957). <i>Roman Imperial Civilization</i>. New York: W W Norton & Company Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-00572-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-00572-0"><bdi>0-393-00572-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roman+Imperial+Civilization&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W+W+Norton+%26+Company+Inc&rft.date=1957&rft.isbn=0-393-00572-0&rft.aulast=Mattingly&rft.aufirst=Harold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATiberius" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFSalmon1968" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Togo_Salmon" title="Edward Togo Salmon">Salmon, Edward T.</a> (1968) [1944]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofromanwo00salm"><i>A History of the Roman World from 30 B.C. to A.D. 138</i></a> (6th ed.). London: Methuen. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-416-10710-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-416-10710-9"><bdi>0-416-10710-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Roman+World+from+30+B.C.+to+A.D.+138&rft.place=London&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=Methuen&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=0-416-10710-9&rft.aulast=Salmon&rft.aufirst=Edward+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofromanwo00salm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATiberius" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFSeager2005" class="citation book cs1">Seager, Robin (2005) [1972]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tiberius00seag_0"><i>Tiberius</i></a> (2nd ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4051-1528-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-4051-1528-9"><bdi>1-4051-1528-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tiberius&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-4051-1528-9&rft.aulast=Seager&rft.aufirst=Robin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftiberius00seag_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATiberius" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFShotter2004" class="citation book cs1">Shotter, David (2004) [1992]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tiberiuscaesar0000shot"><i>Tiberius Caesar</i></a> (2nd ed.). London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-31946-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-31946-3"><bdi>0-415-31946-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tiberius+Caesar&rft.place=London&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-415-31946-3&rft.aulast=Shotter&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftiberiuscaesar0000shot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATiberius" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFSouthern1998" class="citation book cs1">Southern, Pat (1998). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/augustus0000sout"><i>Augustus</i></a></span>. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-16631-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-16631-4"><bdi>0-415-16631-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Augustus&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-415-16631-4&rft.aulast=Southern&rft.aufirst=Pat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Faugustus0000sout&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATiberius" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFSyme1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Syme" title="Ronald Syme">Syme, Ronald</a> (1986). <i>The Augustan Aristocracy</i>. Oxford: Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-814859-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-814859-3"><bdi>978-0-19-814859-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Augustan+Aristocracy&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-19-814859-3&rft.aulast=Syme&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATiberius" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFSyme1974" class="citation journal cs1">Syme, Ronald (1974). "History or Biography: The Case of Tiberius Caesar". <i><a href="/wiki/Historia_(classical_antiquity_history_journal)" title="Historia (classical antiquity history journal)">Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte</a></i>. <b>23</b> (4): 481–496. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4435416">4435416</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historia%3A+Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Alte+Geschichte&rft.atitle=History+or+Biography%3A+The+Case+of+Tiberius+Caesar&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=481-496&rft.date=1974&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4435416%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Syme&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATiberius" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFSyme1984" class="citation book cs1">Syme, Ronald (1984). "History or Biography: the Case of Tiberius Caesar". <i>Roman Papers</i>. Vol. III. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 937–952. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0198148399" title="Special:BookSources/0198148399"><bdi>0198148399</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=History+or+Biography%3A+the+Case+of+Tiberius+Caesar&rft.btitle=Roman+Papers&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=937-952&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0198148399&rft.aulast=Syme&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATiberius" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFWilliamson1965" class="citation book cs1">Williamson, G.A. (1965). <i>The History of the Church Eusebius</i>. Dorset Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-044-138-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-044-138-7"><bdi>0-14-044-138-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Church+Eusebius&rft.pub=Dorset+Press&rft.date=1965&rft.isbn=0-14-044-138-7&rft.aulast=Williamson&rft.aufirst=G.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATiberius" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiberius&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFFagan2001" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Garrett_G._Fagan" title="Garrett G. Fagan">Fagan, Garrett G.</a> (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.roman-emperors.org/tiberius.htm">"Tiberius (A.D. 14–37)"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/De_Imperatoribus_Romanis" title="De Imperatoribus Romanis">De Imperatoribus Romanis</a></i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=De+Imperatoribus+Romanis&rft.atitle=Tiberius+%28A.D.+14%E2%80%9337%29&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Fagan&rft.aufirst=Garrett+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.roman-emperors.org%2Ftiberius.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATiberius" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/tiberius.shtml">"Tiberius (42 BC – 37 AD)"</a> at the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omniatlas.com/maps/europe/160901/">"Maps of the Roman Empire under Tiberius at Omniatlas.com"</a></li></ul>
<table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;">
<tbody><tr>
<td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Tiberius </div><div><b><a href="/wiki/Julio-Claudian_dynasty" title="Julio-Claudian dynasty">Julio-Claudian dynasty</a></b></div><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"><b>Born:</b> 16 November 42 BC</span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"> <b>Died:</b> 16 March AD 37</span>
</td></tr>
<tr style="text-align:center;">
<td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a></div>
</td>
<td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_emperors" title="List of Roman emperors">Roman emperor</a> </b><br />AD 14–37
</td>
<td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Caligula" title="Caligula">Caligula</a></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices
</th></tr>
<tr style="text-align:center;">
<td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Licinius_Crassus_(consul_14_BC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcus Licinius Crassus (consul 14 BC)">M. Licinius Crassus</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Gnaeus_Cornelius_Lentulus_Augur" title="Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus Augur">Gn. Cornelius Lentulus Augur</a></div>
</td>
<td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_consuls" title="List of Roman consuls">Roman consul</a> </b><br />13 BC <br /><small>With: <b> <a href="/wiki/Publius_Quinctilius_Varus" title="Publius Quinctilius Varus">P. Quinctilius Varus</a> </b></small>
</td>
<td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Valerius_Messalla_Appianus" title="Marcus Valerius Messalla Appianus">M. Valerius Messalla Appianus</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Publius_Sulpicius_Quirinius" class="mw-redirect" title="Publius Sulpicius Quirinius">P. Sulpicius Quirinius</a></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="text-align:center;">
<td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaius_Marcius_Censorinus_(consul)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gaius Marcius Censorinus (consul) (page does not exist)">G. Marcius Censorinus</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Asinius_Gallus" title="Gaius Asinius Gallus">G. Asinius Gallus</a></div>
</td>
<td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Roman consul II </b><br />7 BC <br /><small>With: <b> <a href="/wiki/Gnaeus_Calpurnius_Piso_(consul_7_BC)" title="Gnaeus Calpurnius Piso (consul 7 BC)">Gn. Calpurnius Piso</a> </b></small>
</td>
<td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Decius_Laelius_Balbus" class="mw-redirect" title="Decius Laelius Balbus">D. Laelius Balbus</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Antistius_Vetus_(consul_6_BC)" title="Gaius Antistius Vetus (consul 6 BC)">G. Antistius Vetus</a></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="text-align:center;">
<td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Vibius_Marsus" title="Gaius Vibius Marsus">G. Vibius Marsus</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lucius_Voluseius_Proculus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lucius Voluseius Proculus (page does not exist)">L. Voluseius Proculus</a></div>
</td>
<td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Roman consul III </b><br />AD 18 <br /><small>With: <b> <a href="/wiki/Germanicus" title="Germanicus">Germanicus Julius Caesar</a> </b></small>
</td>
<td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Seius_Tubero" title="Lucius Seius Tubero">L. Seius Tubero</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Livineius_Regulus" title="Livineius Regulus">Livineius Regulus</a></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="text-align:center;">
<td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Valerius_Messala_Barbatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcus Valerius Messala Barbatus">M. Valerius Messala Barbatus</a><br /><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius_Cotta_Maximus_Messalinus" title="Marcus Aurelius Cotta Maximus Messalinus">M. Aurelius Cotta Maximus Messalinus</a></span></div>
</td>
<td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Roman consul IV </b><br />AD 21 <br /><small>With: <b> <a href="/wiki/Drusus_Julius_Caesar" title="Drusus Julius Caesar">Drusus Julius Caesar</a> </b></small>
</td>
<td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Decimus_Haterius_Agrippa" title="Decimus Haterius Agrippa">D. Haterius Agrippa</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaius_Sulpicius_Galba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gaius Sulpicius Galba (page does not exist)">G. Sulpicius Galba</a></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="text-align:center;">
<td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Naevius_Surdinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucius Naevius Surdinus">L. Naevius Surdinus</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Cassius_Longinus_(consul_30)" title="Gaius Cassius Longinus (consul 30)">G. Cassius Longinus</a></div>
</td>
<td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Roman consul V </b><br />AD 31 <br /><small>With: <b> <a href="/wiki/Sejanus" title="Sejanus">L. Aelius Sejanus</a> </b></small>
</td>
<td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Gnaeus_Domitius_Ahenobarbus_(consul_32)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus (consul 32)">Gn. Domitius Ahenobarbus</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Arruntius_Camillus_Scribonianus" title="Lucius Arruntius Camillus Scribonianus">L. Arruntius Camillus Scribonianus</a></div>
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</tbody></table>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1061467846">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Roman_and_Byzantine_emperors_and_empresses_regnant" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Roman_emperors" title="Template:Roman emperors"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Roman_emperors" title="Template talk:Roman emperors"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Roman_emperors" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Roman emperors"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Roman_and_Byzantine_emperors_and_empresses_regnant" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_emperors" title="List of Roman emperors">Roman</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_emperors" title="List of Byzantine emperors">Byzantine</a> emperors and empresses regnant</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Principate" title="Principate">Principate</a><br />27 BC – AD 235</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tiberius</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Caligula" title="Caligula">Caligula</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Galba" title="Galba">Galba</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Otho" title="Otho">Otho</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vitellius" title="Vitellius">Vitellius</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Titus" title="Titus">Titus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Domitian" title="Domitian">Domitian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nerva" title="Nerva">Nerva</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Antoninus_Pius" title="Antoninus Pius">Antoninus Pius</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Verus" title="Lucius Verus">Lucius Verus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Commodus" title="Commodus">Commodus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pertinax" title="Pertinax">Pertinax</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Didius_Julianus" title="Didius Julianus">Didius Julianus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla">Caracalla</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Geta_(emperor)" title="Geta (emperor)">Geta</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Macrinus" title="Macrinus">Macrinus</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Diadumenian" title="Diadumenian">Diadumenian</a></i>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Elagabalus" title="Elagabalus">Elagabalus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Severus_Alexander" title="Severus Alexander">Severus Alexander</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Third_Century" title="Crisis of the Third Century">Crisis</a><br />235–285</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maximinus_Thrax" title="Maximinus Thrax">Maximinus I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gordian_I" title="Gordian I">Gordian I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gordian_II" title="Gordian II">Gordian II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pupienus" title="Pupienus">Pupienus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Balbinus" title="Balbinus">Balbinus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gordian_III" title="Gordian III">Gordian III</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Arab" title="Philip the Arab">Philip I</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Philip_II_(Roman_emperor)" title="Philip II (Roman emperor)">Philip II</a></i>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Decius" title="Decius">Decius</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Herennius_Etruscus" title="Herennius Etruscus">Herennius Etruscus</a></i>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Trebonianus_Gallus" title="Trebonianus Gallus">Trebonianus Gallus</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Hostilian" title="Hostilian">Hostilian</a></i> & <i><a href="/wiki/Volusianus" title="Volusianus">Volusianus</a></i>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aemilianus" title="Aemilianus">Aemilianus</a></li>
<li><u><a href="/wiki/Silbannacus" title="Silbannacus">Silbannacus</a></u> (?)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Valerian_(emperor)" title="Valerian (emperor)">Valerian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gallienus" title="Gallienus">Gallienus</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Saloninus" title="Saloninus">Saloninus</a></i>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Claudius_Gothicus" title="Claudius Gothicus">Claudius II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Quintillus" title="Quintillus">Quintillus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aurelian" title="Aurelian">Aurelian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tacitus_(emperor)" title="Tacitus (emperor)">Tacitus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Florianus" title="Florianus">Florianus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Probus_(emperor)" title="Probus (emperor)">Probus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Carus" title="Carus">Carus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Carinus" title="Carinus">Carinus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Numerian" title="Numerian">Numerian</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dominate" title="Dominate">Dominate</a><br />284–610</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Maximian" title="Maximian">Maximian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Galerius" title="Galerius">Galerius</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Constantius_Chlorus" title="Constantius Chlorus">Constantius I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Severus_II" title="Severus II">Severus II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine I</a></li>
<li><u><a href="/wiki/Maxentius" title="Maxentius">Maxentius</a></u></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Licinius" title="Licinius">Licinius</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Maximinus_Daza" title="Maximinus Daza">Maximinus II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Valerius_Valens" title="Valerius Valens">Valerius Valens</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Martinian_(emperor)" title="Martinian (emperor)">Martinian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_II_(emperor)" title="Constantine II (emperor)">Constantine II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Constantius_II" title="Constantius II">Constantius II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Constans" title="Constans">Constans I</a></li>
<li><u><a href="/wiki/Magnentius" title="Magnentius">Magnentius</a></u></li>
<li><u><a href="/wiki/Nepotianus" title="Nepotianus">Nepotianus</a></u></li>
<li><u><a href="/wiki/Vetranio" title="Vetranio">Vetranio</a></u></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Julian_(emperor)" title="Julian (emperor)">Julian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jovian_(emperor)" title="Jovian (emperor)">Jovian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Valentinian_I" title="Valentinian I">Valentinian I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Valens" title="Valens">Valens</a></li>
<li><u><a href="/wiki/Procopius_(usurper)" title="Procopius (usurper)">Procopius</a></u></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gratian" title="Gratian">Gratian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Valentinian_II" title="Valentinian II">Valentinian II</a></li>
<li><u><a href="/wiki/Magnus_Maximus" title="Magnus Maximus">Magnus Maximus</a></u> (w. <i><u><a href="/wiki/Victor_(emperor)" title="Victor (emperor)">Victor</a></u></i>)</li>
<li><u><a href="/wiki/Eugenius" title="Eugenius">Eugenius</a></u></li></ul>
</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Empire</a><br />395–480</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Honorius_(emperor)" title="Honorius (emperor)">Honorius</a></li>
<li><u><a href="/wiki/Constantine_III_(Western_Roman_emperor)" title="Constantine III (Western Roman emperor)">Constantine III</a></u> (w. <i><u><a href="/wiki/Constans_II_(son_of_Constantine_III)" title="Constans II (son of Constantine III)">Constans II</a></u></i>)</li>
<li><u><a href="/wiki/Priscus_Attalus" title="Priscus Attalus">Priscus Attalus</a></u></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Constantius_III" title="Constantius III">Constantius III</a></li>
<li><u><a href="/wiki/Joannes" title="Joannes">Joannes</a></u></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Valentinian_III" title="Valentinian III">Valentinian III</a></li>
<li><u><a href="/wiki/Petronius_Maximus" title="Petronius Maximus">Petronius Maximus</a></u></li>
<li><u><a href="/wiki/Avitus" title="Avitus">Avitus</a></u></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Majorian" title="Majorian">Majorian</a></li>
<li><u><a href="/wiki/Libius_Severus" title="Libius Severus">Severus III</a></u></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anthemius" title="Anthemius">Anthemius</a></li>
<li><u><a href="/wiki/Olybrius" title="Olybrius">Olybrius</a></u></li>
<li><u><a href="/wiki/Glycerius" title="Glycerius">Glycerius</a></u></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Nepos" title="Julius Nepos">Julius Nepos</a></li>
<li><u><a href="/wiki/Romulus_Augustulus" title="Romulus Augustulus">Romulus Augustulus</a></u></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern Empire</a><br />395–610</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arcadius" title="Arcadius">Arcadius</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_II" title="Theodosius II">Theodosius II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Marcian" title="Marcian">Marcian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Leo_I_(emperor)" title="Leo I (emperor)">Leo I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Leo_II_(emperor)" title="Leo II (emperor)">Leo II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zeno_(emperor)" title="Zeno (emperor)">Zeno</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Basiliscus" title="Basiliscus">Basiliscus</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Marcus_(son_of_Basiliscus)" title="Marcus (son of Basiliscus)">Marcus</a></i>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anastasius_I_Dicorus" title="Anastasius I Dicorus">Anastasius I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Justin_I" title="Justin I">Justin I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Justin_II" title="Justin II">Justin II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_II_Constantine" title="Tiberius II Constantine">Tiberius II Constantine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_(emperor)" title="Maurice (emperor)">Maurice</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_(son_of_Maurice)" title="Theodosius (son of Maurice)">Theodosius</a></i>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Phocas" title="Phocas">Phocas</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern/<br />Byzantine Empire</a><br />610–1453</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heraclius" title="Heraclius">Heraclius</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Heraclius_Constantine" title="Heraclius Constantine">Constantine III</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Heraclonas" title="Heraclonas">Heraclonas</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/David_(son_of_Heraclius)" title="David (son of Heraclius)">Tiberius</a></i>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Constans_II" title="Constans II">Constans II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_IV" title="Constantine IV">Constantine IV</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Heraclius_(son_of_Constans_II)" title="Heraclius (son of Constans II)">Heraclius</a></i> & <i><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_(son_of_Constans_II)" title="Tiberius (son of Constans II)">Tiberius</a></i>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Justinian_II" title="Justinian II">Justinian II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Leontius" title="Leontius">Leontius</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_III" title="Tiberius III">Tiberius III</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Justinian_II" title="Justinian II">Justinian II</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_(son_of_Justinian_II)" title="Tiberius (son of Justinian II)">Tiberius</a></i>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philippicus" title="Philippicus">Philippicus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anastasius_II_(emperor)" title="Anastasius II (emperor)">Anastasius II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_III" title="Theodosius III">Theodosius III</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Leo_III_the_Isaurian" title="Leo III the Isaurian">Leo III</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_V" title="Constantine V">Constantine V</a></li>
<li><u><a href="/wiki/Artabasdos" title="Artabasdos">Artabasdos</a></u> (w. <i><u><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_(son_of_Artabasdos)" title="Nikephoros (son of Artabasdos)">Nikephoros</a></u></i>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Leo_IV_the_Khazar" title="Leo IV the Khazar">Leo IV</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_VI" title="Constantine VI">Constantine VI</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Irene_of_Athens" title="Irene of Athens">Irene</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_I" title="Nikephoros I">Nikephoros I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Staurakios" title="Staurakios">Staurakios</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Michael_I_Rangabe" title="Michael I Rangabe">Michael I Rangabe</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Theophylact_(son_of_Michael_I)" title="Theophylact (son of Michael I)">Theophylact</a></i> & <i><a href="/wiki/Staurakios_(son_of_Michael_I)" class="mw-redirect" title="Staurakios (son of Michael I)">Staurakios</a></i>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Leo_V_the_Armenian" title="Leo V the Armenian">Leo V</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Constantine_(son_of_Leo_V)" title="Constantine (son of Leo V)">Constantine</a></i>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Michael_II" title="Michael II">Michael II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Theophilos_(emperor)" title="Theophilos (emperor)">Theophilos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Constantine_(son_of_Theophilos)" title="Constantine (son of Theophilos)">Constantine</a></i>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Theodora_(wife_of_Theophilos)" title="Theodora (wife of Theophilos)">Theodora (II)</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Thekla_(daughter_of_Theophilos)" title="Thekla (daughter of Theophilos)">Thekla</a></i>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Michael_III" title="Michael III">Michael III</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Basil_I" title="Basil I">Basil I</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Constantine_(son_of_Basil_I)" title="Constantine (son of Basil I)">Constantine</a></i>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Leo_VI_the_Wise" title="Leo VI the Wise">Leo VI</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_(Byzantine_emperor)" title="Alexander (Byzantine emperor)">Alexander</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_VII" title="Constantine VII">Constantine VII</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Romanos_I_Lekapenos" title="Romanos I Lekapenos">Romanos I Lekapenos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lekapenos" title="Christopher Lekapenos">Christopher</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Lekapenos" title="Stephen Lekapenos">Stephen</a></i> & <i><a href="/wiki/Constantine_Lekapenos" title="Constantine Lekapenos">Constantine Lekapenos</a></i>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Romanos_II" title="Romanos II">Romanos II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_II_Phokas" title="Nikephoros II Phokas">Nikephoros II Phokas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_I_Tzimiskes" title="John I Tzimiskes">John I Tzimiskes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Basil_II" title="Basil II">Basil II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_VIII" title="Constantine VIII">Constantine VIII</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zoe_Porphyrogenita" title="Zoe Porphyrogenita">Zoe</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Romanos_III_Argyros" title="Romanos III Argyros">Romanos III Argyros</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Michael_IV_the_Paphlagonian" title="Michael IV the Paphlagonian">Michael IV</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Michael_V_Kalaphates" title="Michael V Kalaphates">Michael V</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_IX_Monomachos" title="Constantine IX Monomachos">Constantine IX Monomachos</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Theodora_Porphyrogenita" title="Theodora Porphyrogenita">Theodora (III)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Michael_VI_Bringas" title="Michael VI Bringas">Michael VI Bringas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_I_Komnenos" title="Isaac I Komnenos">Isaac I Komnenos</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_X_Doukas" title="Constantine X Doukas">Constantine X Doukas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Eudokia_Makrembolitissa" title="Eudokia Makrembolitissa">Eudokia Makrembolitissa</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Romanos_IV_Diogenes" title="Romanos IV Diogenes">Romanos IV Diogenes</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Leo_Diogenes" title="Leo Diogenes">Leo</a></i> & <i><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_Diogenes" title="Nikephoros Diogenes">Nikephoros</a></i>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Michael_VII_Doukas" title="Michael VII Doukas">Michael VII Doukas</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_Doukas_(co-emperor)" title="Andronikos Doukas (co-emperor)">Andronikos</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Konstantios_Doukas" title="Konstantios Doukas">Konstantios</a></i> & <i><a href="/wiki/Constantine_Doukas_(co-emperor)" title="Constantine Doukas (co-emperor)">Constantine Doukas</a></i>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_III_Botaneiates" title="Nikephoros III Botaneiates">Nikephoros III Botaneiates</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_I_Komnenos" title="Alexios I Komnenos">Alexios I Komnenos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Constantine_Doukas_(co-emperor)" title="Constantine Doukas (co-emperor)">Constantine Doukas</a></i>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_II_Komnenos" title="John II Komnenos">John II Komnenos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Alexios_Komnenos_(co-emperor)" title="Alexios Komnenos (co-emperor)">Alexios</a></i>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_I_Komnenos" title="Manuel I Komnenos">Manuel I Komnenos</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_II_Komnenos" title="Alexios II Komnenos">Alexios II Komnenos</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_I_Komnenos" title="Andronikos I Komnenos">Andronikos I Komnenos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/John_Komnenos_(son_of_Andronikos_I)" title="John Komnenos (son of Andronikos I)">John</a></i>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_II_Angelos" title="Isaac II Angelos">Isaac II Angelos</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_III_Angelos" title="Alexios III Angelos">Alexios III Angelos</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_IV_Angelos" title="Alexios IV Angelos">Alexios IV Angelos</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_V_Doukas" title="Alexios V Doukas">Alexios V Doukas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_I_Laskaris" title="Theodore I Laskaris">Theodore I Laskaris</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Laskaris_(son_of_Theodore_I)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas Laskaris (son of Theodore I)">Nicholas</a></i>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_III_Vatatzes" class="mw-redirect" title="John III Vatatzes">John III Vatatzes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_II_Laskaris" title="Theodore II Laskaris">Theodore II Laskaris</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_IV_Laskaris" title="John IV Laskaris">John IV Laskaris</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Michael_VIII_Palaiologos" title="Michael VIII Palaiologos">Michael VIII Palaiologos</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_II_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos II Palaiologos">Andronikos II Palaiologos</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Michael_IX_Palaiologos" title="Michael IX Palaiologos">Michael IX Palaiologos</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_III_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos III Palaiologos">Andronikos III Palaiologos</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_V_Palaiologos" title="John V Palaiologos">John V Palaiologos</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_VI_Kantakouzenos" title="John VI Kantakouzenos">John VI Kantakouzenos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Kantakouzenos" title="Matthew Kantakouzenos">Matthew</a></i>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_IV_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos IV Palaiologos">Andronikos IV Palaiologos</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_VII_Palaiologos" title="John VII Palaiologos">John VII Palaiologos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_V_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos V Palaiologos">Andronikos V</a></i>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_II_Palaiologos" title="Manuel II Palaiologos">Manuel II Palaiologos</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_VIII_Palaiologos" title="John VIII Palaiologos">John VIII Palaiologos</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_XI_Palaiologos" title="Constantine XI Palaiologos">Constantine XI Palaiologos</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallic_Empire" title="Gallic Empire">Gallic emperors</a> (260–274)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Palmyrene_monarchs" title="List of Palmyrene monarchs">Palmyrene emperors</a> (267–273)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Carausian_revolt" title="Carausian revolt">Britannic emperors</a> (286–296)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Trapezuntine_emperors" title="List of Trapezuntine emperors">Trapezuntine emperors</a> (1204–1461)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Thessalonica" title="Empire of Thessalonica">Thessalonian emperors</a> (1224–1242)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_empresses" title="List of Roman and Byzantine empresses">Empresses</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Augustae" title="List of Augustae">Augustae</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Roman_usurper" title="Roman usurper">Usurpers</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_usurpers" title="List of Roman usurpers">Classical</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_usurpers" title="List of Byzantine usurpers">Eastern</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Italics indicates a junior co-emperor, underlining indicates an emperor variously regarded as either legitimate or a usurper</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pharaohs" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pharaohs" title="Template:Pharaohs"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pharaohs" title="Template talk:Pharaohs"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pharaohs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pharaohs"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pharaohs" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaohs</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Protodynastic_to_First_Intermediate_Period_(" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Naqada_III" title="Naqada III">Protodynastic</a> to <a href="/wiki/First_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="First Intermediate Period of Egypt">First Intermediate Period</a> <span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<3150–2040 BC)</span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Period</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Dynasty" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Dynasty</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li>Pharaohs
<ul><li>male</li>
<li>female<sup>♀</sup></li></ul></li>
<li><i>uncertain</i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Naqada_III" title="Naqada III">Protodynastic</a><br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(pre-3150 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Lower_Egypt" title="Lower Egypt">Lower</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hedju_Hor" title="Hedju Hor">Hedju Hor</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Ny-Hor" title="Ny-Hor">Ny-Hor</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Ni-Neith" title="Ni-Neith">Ni-Neith</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Hat-Hor" class="mw-redirect" title="Hat-Hor">Hat-Hor</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Pu_(pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pu (pharaoh)">Pu</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Hsekiu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hsekiu">Hsekiu</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Khayu" class="mw-redirect" title="Khayu">Khayu</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Tiu_(pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiu (pharaoh)">Tiu</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Thesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Thesh">Thesh</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Neheb" class="mw-redirect" title="Neheb">Neheb</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Wazner" class="mw-redirect" title="Wazner">Wazner</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Mekh" class="mw-redirect" title="Mekh">Mekh</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/A_(pharaoh_of_lower_egypt)" class="mw-redirect" title="A (pharaoh of lower egypt)">A</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Double_Falcon" title="Double Falcon">Double Falcon</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Wash_(pharaoh)" title="Wash (pharaoh)">Wash</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Upper_Egypt" title="Upper Egypt">Upper</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_(pharaoh)" title="A (pharaoh)">A</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Finger_Snail" title="Finger Snail">Finger Snail</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Fish_(pharaoh)" title="Fish (pharaoh)">Fish</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Elephant_(pharaoh)" title="Elephant (pharaoh)">Pen-Abu</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Stork_(pharaoh)" title="Stork (pharaoh)">Stork</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Bull_(pharaoh)" title="Bull (pharaoh)">Bull</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Scorpion_I" title="Scorpion I">Scorpion I</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Crocodile_(pharaoh)" title="Crocodile (pharaoh)">Shendjw</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Iry-Hor" title="Iry-Hor">Iry-Hor</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ka_(pharaoh)" title="Ka (pharaoh)">Ka</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Scorpion_II" title="Scorpion II">Scorpion II</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Narmer" title="Narmer">Narmer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Menes" title="Menes">Menes</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_(Egypt)" title="Early Dynastic Period (Egypt)">Early Dynastic</a><br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(3150–2686 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/First_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="First Dynasty of Egypt">I</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Narmer" title="Narmer">Narmer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Menes" title="Menes">Menes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hor-Aha" title="Hor-Aha">Hor-Aha</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Djer" title="Djer">Djer</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Djet" title="Djet">Djet</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Den_(pharaoh)" title="Den (pharaoh)">Den</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anedjib" title="Anedjib">Anedjib</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Semerkhet" title="Semerkhet">Semerkhet</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Qa%27a" title="Qa'a">Qa'a</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Sneferka" title="Sneferka">Sneferka</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Horus_Bird_(Pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Horus Bird (Pharaoh)">Horus Bird</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Second_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Second Dynasty of Egypt">II</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hotepsekhemwy" title="Hotepsekhemwy">Hotepsekhemwy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nebra_(Pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nebra (Pharaoh)">Nebra</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nynetjer" title="Nynetjer">Nynetjer</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Ba_(pharaoh)" title="Ba (pharaoh)">Ba</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Nubnefer" title="Nubnefer">Nubnefer</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Horus_Sa" title="Horus Sa">Horus Sa</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Weneg_(pharaoh)" title="Weneg (pharaoh)">Weneg-Nebty</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Wadjenes" title="Wadjenes">Wadjenes</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Senedj" title="Senedj">Senedj</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Seth-Peribsen" title="Seth-Peribsen">Seth-Peribsen</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sekhemib-Perenmaat" title="Sekhemib-Perenmaat">Sekhemib-Perenmaat</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Neferkara_I" title="Neferkara I">Neferkara I</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Neferkasokar" title="Neferkasokar">Neferkasokar</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Hudjefa_I" title="Hudjefa I">Hudjefa I</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Khasekhemwy" title="Khasekhemwy">Khasekhemwy</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Old Kingdom of Egypt">Old Kingdom</a><br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(2686–2181 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Third Dynasty of Egypt">III</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Djoser" title="Djoser">Djoser</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sekhemkhet" title="Sekhemkhet">Sekhemkhet</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sanakht" title="Sanakht">Sanakht</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Nebka" title="Nebka">Nebka</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Khaba" title="Khaba">Khaba</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Sedjes" title="Sedjes">Sedjes</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Qahedjet" title="Qahedjet">Qahedjet</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Huni" title="Huni">Huni</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fourth Dynasty of Egypt">IV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sneferu" title="Sneferu">Snefru</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Khufu" title="Khufu">Khufu</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Djedefre" title="Djedefre">Djedefre</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Khafre" title="Khafre">Khafre</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Bikheris" title="Bikheris">Bikheris</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Menkaure" title="Menkaure">Menkaure</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shepseskaf" title="Shepseskaf">Shepseskaf</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Thamphthis" title="Thamphthis">Thamphthis</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fifth Dynasty of Egypt">V</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Userkaf" title="Userkaf">Userkaf</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sahure" title="Sahure">Sahure</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Neferirkare_Kakai" title="Neferirkare Kakai">Neferirkare Kakai</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Neferefre" title="Neferefre">Neferefre</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shepseskare" title="Shepseskare">Shepseskare</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nyuserre_Ini" title="Nyuserre Ini">Nyuserre Ini</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Menkauhor_Kaiu" title="Menkauhor Kaiu">Menkauhor Kaiu</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Djedkare_Isesi" title="Djedkare Isesi">Djedkare Isesi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Unas" title="Unas">Unas</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Sixth Dynasty of Egypt">VI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teti" title="Teti">Teti</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Userkare" title="Userkare">Userkare</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pepi_I_Meryre" title="Pepi I Meryre">Pepi I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Merenre_Nemtyemsaf_I" title="Merenre Nemtyemsaf I">Merenre Nemtyemsaf I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pepi_II_Neferkare" title="Pepi II Neferkare">Pepi II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Merenre_Nemtyemsaf_II" title="Merenre Nemtyemsaf II">Merenre Nemtyemsaf II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Netjerkare_Siptah" title="Netjerkare Siptah">Netjerkare Siptah</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Neferka" title="Neferka">Neferka</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Nefer#Pharaoh" title="Nefer">Nefer</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/First_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="First Intermediate Period of Egypt">1<sup>st</sup> Intermediate</a><br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(2181–2040 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Seventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Seventh Dynasty of Egypt">VII</a>/<a href="/wiki/Eighth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eighth Dynasty of Egypt">VIII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Menkare" title="Menkare">Menkare</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Neferkare_II" title="Neferkare II">Neferkare II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Neferkare_Neby" title="Neferkare Neby">Neferkare III Neby</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Djedkare_Shemai" title="Djedkare Shemai">Djedkare Shemai</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Neferkare_Khendu" title="Neferkare Khendu">Neferkare IV Khendu</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Merenhor" title="Merenhor">Merenhor</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Neferkamin" title="Neferkamin">Neferkamin</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nikare" title="Nikare">Nikare</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Neferkare_Tereru" title="Neferkare Tereru">Neferkare V Tereru</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Neferkahor" title="Neferkahor">Neferkahor</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Neferkare_Pepiseneb" title="Neferkare Pepiseneb">Neferkare VI Pepiseneb</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Neferkamin_Anu" title="Neferkamin Anu">Neferkamin Anu</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Qakare_Ibi" title="Qakare Ibi">Qakare Iby</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Neferkaure" title="Neferkaure">Neferkaure</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Neferkauhor" title="Neferkauhor">Neferkauhor</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Neferirkare" title="Neferirkare">Neferirkare</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Wadjkare" title="Wadjkare">Wadjkare</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Khuiqer" title="Khuiqer">Khuiqer</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Khui" title="Khui">Khui</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Iytjenu" title="Iytjenu">Iytjenu</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Ninth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Ninth Dynasty of Egypt">IX</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meryibre_Khety" title="Meryibre Khety">Meryibre Khety</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Neferkare,_ninth_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Neferkare, ninth dynasty">Neferkare VII</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nebkaure_Khety" title="Nebkaure Khety">Nebkaure Khety</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Setut" title="Setut">Setut</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Imhotep_(pharaoh)" title="Imhotep (pharaoh)">Imhotep</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Tenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Tenth Dynasty of Egypt">X</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meryhathor" title="Meryhathor">Meryhathor</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Neferkare_VIII" title="Neferkare VIII">Neferkare VIII</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wahkare_Khety" title="Wahkare Khety">Wahkare Khety</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Merikare" title="Merikare">Merykare</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Middle_Kingdom_and_Second_Intermediate_Period_(2040–1550_BC)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="Second Intermediate Period of Egypt">Second Intermediate Period</a> <span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;"> (2040–1550 BC)</span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Period</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Dynasty" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Dynasty</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li>Pharaohs
<ul><li>male</li>
<li>female<sup>♀</sup></li></ul></li>
<li><i>uncertain</i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom</a><br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(2040–1802 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Eleventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt">XI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mentuhotep_I" title="Mentuhotep I">Mentuhotep I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Intef_I" title="Intef I">Intef I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Intef_II" title="Intef II">Intef II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Intef_III" title="Intef III">Intef III</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mentuhotep_II" title="Mentuhotep II">Mentuhotep II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mentuhotep_III" title="Mentuhotep III">Mentuhotep III</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mentuhotep_IV" title="Mentuhotep IV">Mentuhotep IV</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em">Nubia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Segerseni" title="Segerseni">Segerseni</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Qakare_Ini" title="Qakare Ini">Qakare Ini</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Iyibkhentre" title="Iyibkhentre">Iyibkhentre</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt">XII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_I" title="Amenemhat I">Amenemhat I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Senusret_I" title="Senusret I">Senusret I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_II" title="Amenemhat II">Amenemhat II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Senusret_II" title="Senusret II">Senusret II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Senusret_III" title="Senusret III">Senusret III</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_III" title="Amenemhat III">Amenemhat III</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_IV" title="Amenemhat IV">Amenemhat IV</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sobekneferu" title="Sobekneferu">Sobekneferu</a><sup>♀</sup></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Seankhibtawy_Seankhibra" title="Seankhibtawy Seankhibra">Seankhibtawy Seankhibra</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Second_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="Second Intermediate Period of Egypt">2<sup>nd</sup> Intermediate</a><br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1802–1550 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt">XIII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sekhemre_Khutawy_Sobekhotep" title="Sekhemre Khutawy Sobekhotep">Sekhemrekhutawy Sobekhotep</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sonbef" class="mw-redirect" title="Sonbef">Sonbef</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nerikare" title="Nerikare">Nerikare</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sekhemkare" title="Sekhemkare">Sekhemkare Amenemhat V</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ameny_Qemau" title="Ameny Qemau">Ameny Qemau</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hotepibre" title="Hotepibre">Hotepibre</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Iufni" title="Iufni">Iufni</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Amenemhet_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="Amenemhet VI">Ameny Antef Amenemhet VI</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Semenkare_Nebnuni" title="Semenkare Nebnuni">Semenkare Nebnuni</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sehetepibre" title="Sehetepibre">Sehetepibre</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sewadjkare" title="Sewadjkare">Sewadjkare</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nedjemibre" title="Nedjemibre">Nedjemibre</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Khaankhre_Sobekhotep" title="Khaankhre Sobekhotep">Khaankhre Sobekhotep</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Renseneb" title="Renseneb">Renseneb</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hor" title="Hor">Hor</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sekhemrekhutawy_Khabaw" title="Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw">Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Djedkheperew" title="Djedkheperew">Djedkheperew</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sebkay" title="Sebkay">Sebkay</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sedjefakare" class="mw-redirect" title="Sedjefakare">Sedjefakare</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Wegaf" title="Wegaf">Wegaf</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Khendjer" title="Khendjer">Khendjer</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Imyremeshaw" title="Imyremeshaw">Imyremeshaw</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sehetepkare_Intef" title="Sehetepkare Intef">Sehetepkare Intef</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Seth_Meribre" title="Seth Meribre">Seth Meribre</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sobekhotep_III" title="Sobekhotep III">Sobekhotep III</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Neferhotep_I" title="Neferhotep I">Neferhotep I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sihathor" title="Sihathor">Sihathor</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sobekhotep_IV" title="Sobekhotep IV">Sobekhotep IV</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Merhotepre_Sobekhotep" title="Merhotepre Sobekhotep">Merhotepre Sobekhotep</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sobekhotep_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="Sobekhotep VI">Khahotepre Sobekhotep</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wahibre_Ibiau" title="Wahibre Ibiau">Wahibre Ibiau</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Merneferre_Ay" title="Merneferre Ay">Merneferre Ay</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Merhotepre_Ini" title="Merhotepre Ini">Merhotepre Ini</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sankhenre_Sewadjtu" title="Sankhenre Sewadjtu">Sankhenre Sewadjtu</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mersekhemre_Ined" title="Mersekhemre Ined">Mersekhemre Ined</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sewadjkare_Hori" title="Sewadjkare Hori">Sewadjkare Hori</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Merkawre_Sobekhotep" title="Merkawre Sobekhotep">Merkawre Sobekhotep</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mershepsesre_Ini_II" title="Mershepsesre Ini II">Mershepsesre Ini II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sewahenre_Senebmiu" title="Sewahenre Senebmiu">Sewahenre Senebmiu</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Merkheperre" title="Merkheperre">Merkheperre</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Merkare" title="Merkare">Merkare</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sewadjare_Mentuhotep" title="Sewadjare Mentuhotep">Sewadjare Mentuhotep</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Seheqenre_Sankhptahi" title="Seheqenre Sankhptahi">Seheqenre Sankhptahi</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt">XIV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Yakbim_Sekhaenre" title="Yakbim Sekhaenre">Yakbim Sekhaenre</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Ya%27ammu_Nubwoserre" title="Ya'ammu Nubwoserre">Ya'ammu Nubwoserre</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Qareh" class="mw-redirect" title="Qareh">Qareh Khawoserre</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Aahotepre" class="mw-redirect" title="Aahotepre">'Ammu Ahotepre</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Sheshi" title="Sheshi">Maaibre Sheshi</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nehesy" title="Nehesy">Nehesy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Khakherewre" class="mw-redirect" title="Khakherewre">Khakherewre</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nebefawre" class="mw-redirect" title="Nebefawre">Nebefawre</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sehebre" title="Sehebre">Sehebre</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Merdjefare" title="Merdjefare">Merdjefare</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sewadjkare_III" title="Sewadjkare III">Sewadjkare III</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nebdjefare" title="Nebdjefare">Nebdjefare</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nebsenre" title="Nebsenre">Nebsenre</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sekheperenre" title="Sekheperenre">Sekheperenre</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bebnum" title="Bebnum">Bebnum</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/%27Apepi" title="'Apepi">'Apepi</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Nuya" title="Nuya">Nuya</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Wazad" title="Wazad">Wazad</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Sheneh_(pharaoh)" title="Sheneh (pharaoh)">Sheneh</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Shenshek" title="Shenshek">Shenshek</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Khamure" title="Khamure">Khamure</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Yakareb" title="Yakareb">Yakareb</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Yaqub-Har" title="Yaqub-Har">Yaqub-Har</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt">XV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sharek" title="Sharek">Sharek</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Semqen" title="Semqen">Semqen</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Aperanat" title="Aperanat">'Aper-'Anati</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Salitis" title="Salitis">Salitis</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sakir-Har" title="Sakir-Har">Sakir-Har</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Khyan" title="Khyan">Khyan</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Yanassi" title="Yanassi">Yanassi</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Apepi" title="Apepi">Apepi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Khamudi" title="Khamudi">Khamudi</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Sixteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Sixteenth Dynasty of Egypt">XVI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Djehuti" class="mw-redirect" title="Djehuti">Djehuti</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sobekhotep_VIII" title="Sobekhotep VIII">Sobekhotep VIII</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Neferhotep_III" title="Neferhotep III">Neferhotep III</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Seankhenre_Mentuhotepi" title="Seankhenre Mentuhotepi">Mentuhotepi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nebiryraw_I" title="Nebiryraw I">Nebiryraw I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nebiriau_II" title="Nebiriau II">Nebiriau II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Semenre" title="Semenre">Semenre</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bebiankh" title="Bebiankh">Bebiankh</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sekhemre_Shedwast" title="Sekhemre Shedwast">Sekhemre Shedwast</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dedumose_I" title="Dedumose I">Dedumose I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dedumose_II" title="Dedumose II">Dedumose II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Djedankhre_Montemsaf" title="Djedankhre Montemsaf">Montuemsaf</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Merankhre_Mentuhotep" title="Merankhre Mentuhotep">Merankhre Mentuhotep</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Senusret_IV" title="Senusret IV">Senusret IV</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Pepi_III" title="Pepi III">Pepi III</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Abydos_Dynasty" title="Abydos Dynasty">Abydos</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Senebkay" title="Senebkay">Senebkay</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Wepwawetemsaf" title="Wepwawetemsaf">Wepwawetemsaf</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Pantjeny" title="Pantjeny">Pantjeny</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Snaaib" title="Snaaib">Snaaib</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Seventeenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Seventeenth Dynasty of Egypt">XVII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rahotep" class="mw-redirect" title="Rahotep">Rahotep</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Nebmaatre" title="Nebmaatre">Nebmaatre</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sobekemsaf_I" title="Sobekemsaf I">Sobekemsaf I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sobekemsaf_II" title="Sobekemsaf II">Sobekemsaf II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sekhemre-Wepmaat_Intef" title="Sekhemre-Wepmaat Intef">Sekhemre-Wepmaat Intef</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nubkheperre_Intef" title="Nubkheperre Intef">Nubkheperre Intef</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sekhemre-Heruhirmaat_Intef" title="Sekhemre-Heruhirmaat Intef">Sekhemre-Heruhirmaat Intef</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Senakhtenre_Ahmose" title="Senakhtenre Ahmose">Senakhtenre Ahmose</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Seqenenre_Tao" title="Seqenenre Tao">Seqenenre Tao</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kamose" title="Kamose">Kamose</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="New_Kingdom_and_Third_Intermediate_Period_(1550–664_BC)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Third_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="Third Intermediate Period of Egypt">Third Intermediate Period</a> <span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;"> (1550–664 BC)</span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Period</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Dynasty" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Dynasty</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Pharaohs  <span class="nobold">(male</span></li><li><span class="nobold">female<sup>♀</sup>)</span></li><li><i>uncertain</i></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a><br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1550–1070 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt">XVIII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmose_I" title="Ahmose I">Ahmose I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_I" title="Amenhotep I">Amenhotep I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thutmose_I" title="Thutmose I">Thutmose I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thutmose_II" title="Thutmose II">Thutmose II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hatshepsut" title="Hatshepsut">Hatshepsut</a><sup>♀</sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thutmose_III" title="Thutmose III">Thutmose III</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_II" title="Amenhotep II">Amenhotep II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thutmose_IV" title="Thutmose IV">Thutmose IV</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_III" title="Amenhotep III">Amenhotep III</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Akhenaten" title="Akhenaten">Akhenaten</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Smenkhkare" title="Smenkhkare">Smenkhkare</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Neferneferuaten" title="Neferneferuaten">Neferneferuaten</a><sup>♀</sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tutankhamun" title="Tutankhamun">Tutankhamun</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ay_(pharaoh)" title="Ay (pharaoh)">Ay</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Horemheb" title="Horemheb">Horemheb</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt">XIX</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_I" title="Ramesses I">Ramesses I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Seti_I" title="Seti I">Seti I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_II" title="Ramesses II">Ramesses II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Merneptah" title="Merneptah">Merneptah</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Amenmesse" title="Amenmesse">Amenmesses</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Seti_II" title="Seti II">Seti II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Siptah" title="Siptah">Siptah</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Twosret" title="Twosret">Twosret</a><sup>♀</sup></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twentieth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt">XX</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Setnakhte" title="Setnakhte">Setnakhte</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_III" title="Ramesses III">Ramesses III</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_IV" title="Ramesses IV">Ramesses IV</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_V" title="Ramesses V">Ramesses V</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_VI" title="Ramesses VI">Ramesses VI</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_VII" title="Ramesses VII">Ramesses VII</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_VIII" title="Ramesses VIII">Ramesses VIII</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_IX" title="Ramesses IX">Ramesses IX</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_X" title="Ramesses X">Ramesses X</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_XI" title="Ramesses XI">Ramesses XI</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Third_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="Third Intermediate Period of Egypt">3<sup>rd</sup> Intermediate</a><br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1069–664 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-first_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-first Dynasty of Egypt">XXI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smendes" title="Smendes">Smendes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Amenemnisu" title="Amenemnisu">Amenemnisu</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Psusennes_I" title="Psusennes I">Psusennes I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Amenemope_(pharaoh)" title="Amenemope (pharaoh)">Amenemope</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Osorkon_the_Elder" title="Osorkon the Elder">Osorkon the Elder</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Siamun" title="Siamun">Siamun</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Psusennes_II" title="Psusennes II">Psusennes II</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/High_Priest_of_Amun" title="High Priest of Amun">High Priests of Amun</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herihor" title="Herihor">Herihor</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Piankh" title="Piankh">Piankh</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pinedjem_I" title="Pinedjem I">Pinedjem I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Masaharta" title="Masaharta">Masaharta</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Djedkhonsuefankh" title="Djedkhonsuefankh">Djedkhonsuefankh</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Menkheperre" title="Menkheperre">Menkheperre</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Smendes_II" title="Smendes II">Smendes II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pinedjem_II" title="Pinedjem II">Pinedjem II</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Psusennes_III" title="Psusennes III">Psusennes III</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-second_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt">XXII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_I" title="Shoshenq I">Shoshenq I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Osorkon_I" title="Osorkon I">Osorkon I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_II" title="Shoshenq II">Shoshenq II</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Tutkheperre_Shoshenq" title="Tutkheperre Shoshenq">Tutkheperre Shoshenq</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Takelot_I" title="Takelot I">Takelot I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Osorkon_II" title="Osorkon II">Osorkon II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_III" title="Shoshenq III">Shoshenq III</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_IV" title="Shoshenq IV">Shoshenq IV</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pami" title="Pami">Pami</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_V" title="Shoshenq V">Shoshenq V</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Pedubast_II" title="Pedubast II">Pedubast II</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Osorkon_IV" title="Osorkon IV">Osorkon IV</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-third_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-third Dynasty of Egypt">XXIII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harsiese_A" title="Harsiese A">Harsiese A</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Takelot_II" title="Takelot II">Takelot II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pedubast_I" title="Pedubast I">Pedubast I</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Iuput_I" title="Iuput I">Iuput I</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_VI" title="Shoshenq VI">Shoshenq VI</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Osorkon_III" title="Osorkon III">Osorkon III</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Takelot_III" title="Takelot III">Takelot III</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rudamun" title="Rudamun">Rudamun</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_VII" title="Shoshenq VII">Shoshenq VII</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ini_(pharaoh)" title="Ini (pharaoh)">Menkheperre Ini</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fourth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-fourth Dynasty of Egypt">XXIV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tefnakht" title="Tefnakht">Tefnakht</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bakenranef" title="Bakenranef">Bakenranef</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt">XXV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piye" title="Piye">Piye</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shebitku" title="Shebitku">Shebitku</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shabaka" title="Shabaka">Shabaka</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Taharqa" title="Taharqa">Taharqa</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tantamani" title="Tantamani">Tanutamun</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Late_Period_and_Hellenistic_Period_(664–30_BC)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Late_Period_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Late Period of ancient Egypt">Late Period</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Hellenistic Period</a> <span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;"> (664–30 BC)</span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Period</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Dynasty" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Dynasty</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li>Pharaohs
<ul><li>male</li>
<li>female<sup>♀</sup></li></ul></li>
<li><i>uncertain</i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Late_Period_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Late Period of ancient Egypt">Late</a><br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(664–332 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-sixth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt">XXVI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ammeris" title="Ammeris">Ammeris</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tefnakht_II" title="Tefnakht II">Tefnakht II</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Nekauba" title="Nekauba">Nekauba</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Necho_I" title="Necho I">Necho I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Psamtik_I" title="Psamtik I">Psamtik I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Necho_II" title="Necho II">Necho II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Psamtik_II" title="Psamtik II">Psamtik II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Apries" title="Apries">Wahibre</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Amasis_II" title="Amasis II">Ahmose II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Psamtik_III" title="Psamtik III">Psamtik III</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-seventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt">XXVII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cambyses_II" title="Cambyses II">Cambyses II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Petubastis_III" title="Petubastis III">Petubastis III</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Darius_the_Great" title="Darius the Great">Darius I</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Psammetichus_IV" title="Psammetichus IV">Psammetichus IV</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Xerxes_I" title="Xerxes I">Xerxes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_I" title="Artaxerxes I">Artaxerxes I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Darius_II" title="Darius II">Darius II</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-eighth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-eighth Dynasty of Egypt">XXVIII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amyrtaeus" title="Amyrtaeus">Amyrtaeus</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-ninth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-ninth Dynasty of Egypt">XXIX</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nepherites_I" title="Nepherites I">Nepherites I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hakor" title="Hakor">Hakor</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Psammuthes" title="Psammuthes">Psammuthes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nepherites_II" title="Nepherites II">Nepherites II</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Muthis" title="Muthis">Muthis</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Thirtieth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt">XXX</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nectanebo_I" title="Nectanebo I">Nectanebo I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Teos_of_Egypt" title="Teos of Egypt">Teos</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nectanebo_II" title="Nectanebo II">Nectanebo II</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Thirty-first_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt">XXXI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_III" title="Artaxerxes III">Artaxerxes III</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Khabash" title="Khabash">Khabash</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Arses_of_Persia" title="Arses of Persia">Arses</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Darius_III" title="Darius III">Darius III</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic</a><br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(332–30 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Argead_dynasty" title="Argead dynasty">Argead</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_Macedon" title="Philip III of Macedon">Philip III Arrhidaeus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_IV_of_Macedon" title="Alexander IV of Macedon">Alexander IV</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_dynasty" title="Ptolemaic dynasty">Ptolemaic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_I_Soter" title="Ptolemy I Soter">Ptolemy I Soter</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_II_Philadelphus" title="Ptolemy II Philadelphus">Ptolemy II Philadelphus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Arsinoe_II" title="Arsinoe II">Arsinoe II</a><sup>♀</sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_III_Euergetes" title="Ptolemy III Euergetes">Ptolemy III Euergetes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Berenice_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Berenice II">Berenice II Euergetes</a><sup>♀</sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_IV_Philopator" title="Ptolemy IV Philopator">Ptolemy IV Philopator</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Arsinoe_III_Philopator" class="mw-redirect" title="Arsinoe III Philopator">Arsinoe III Philopator</a><sup>♀</sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_V_Epiphanes" title="Ptolemy V Epiphanes">Ptolemy V Epiphanes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_I_Syra" title="Cleopatra I Syra">Cleopatra I Syra</a><sup>♀</sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_VI_Philometor" title="Ptolemy VI Philometor">Ptolemy VI Philometor</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_II" title="Cleopatra II">Cleopatra II</a><sup>♀</sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_VII_Neos_Philopator" title="Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator">Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_VIII_Physcon" title="Ptolemy VIII Physcon">Ptolemy VIII Euergetes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_III" title="Cleopatra III">Cleopatra III</a><sup>♀</sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_IX_Lathyros" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemy IX Lathyros">Ptolemy IX Soter</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_IV" title="Cleopatra IV">Cleopatra IV</a><sup>♀</sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_X_Alexander_I" title="Ptolemy X Alexander I">Ptolemy X Alexander I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Berenice_III" title="Berenice III">Berenice III</a><sup>♀</sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XI_Alexander_II" title="Ptolemy XI Alexander II">Ptolemy XI Alexander II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XII_Auletes" title="Ptolemy XII Auletes">Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysos</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_V" title="Cleopatra V">Cleopatra V</a><sup>♀</sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Berenice_IV_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Berenice IV of Egypt">Berenice IV Epiphaneia</a><sup>♀</sup></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_VI_Tryphaena" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleopatra VI Tryphaena">Cleopatra VI Tryphaena</a></i><sup>♀</sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra" title="Cleopatra">Cleopatra VII Philopator</a><sup>♀</sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XIII_Theos_Philopator" title="Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator">Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Arsinoe_IV" title="Arsinoe IV">Arsinoe IV</a><sup>♀</sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XIV_Philopator" title="Ptolemy XIV Philopator">Ptolemy XIV Philopator</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Caesarion" title="Caesarion">Ptolemy XV Caesarion</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Roman_Period_(30_BC–313_AD)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Egypt" title="Roman Egypt">Roman Period</a> <span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;"> (30 BC–313 AD)</span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Period</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Dynasty" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Dynasty</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li>Pharaohs
<ul><li>male</li>
<li>female<sup>♀</sup></li></ul></li>
<li><i>uncertain</i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a><br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(30 BC–313 AD)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="XXXIV" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Roman_pharaoh" title="Roman pharaoh">XXXIV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tiberius</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Caligula" title="Caligula">Caligula</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Galba" title="Galba">Galba</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Otho" title="Otho">Otho</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Vitellius" title="Vitellius">Vitellius</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Titus" title="Titus">Titus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Domitian" title="Domitian">Domitian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nerva" title="Nerva">Nerva</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Antoninus_Pius" title="Antoninus Pius">Antoninus Pius</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Verus" title="Lucius Verus">Lucius Verus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Commodus" title="Commodus">Commodus</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Pertinax" title="Pertinax">Pertinax</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Pescennius_Niger" title="Pescennius Niger">Pescennius Niger</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Geta_(emperor)" title="Geta (emperor)">Geta</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla">Caracalla</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Macrinus" title="Macrinus">Macrinus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Diadumenian" title="Diadumenian">Diadumenian</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Elagabalus" title="Elagabalus">Elagabalus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Severus_Alexander" title="Severus Alexander">Severus Alexander</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Maximinus_Thrax" title="Maximinus Thrax">Maximinus Thrax</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Gordian_I" title="Gordian I">Gordian I</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Gordian_II" title="Gordian II">Gordian II</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Pupienus" title="Pupienus">Pupienus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Balbinus" title="Balbinus">Balbinus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Gordian_III" title="Gordian III">Gordian III</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Arab" title="Philip the Arab">Philip</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Decius" title="Decius">Decius</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Trebonianus_Gallus" title="Trebonianus Gallus">Trebonianus Gallus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Aemilianus" title="Aemilianus">Aemilianus</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Valerian_(emperor)" title="Valerian (emperor)">Valerian</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Macrianus_Minor" title="Macrianus Minor">Macrianus Minor</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Quietus" title="Quietus">Quietus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Mussius_Aemilianus" title="Lucius Mussius Aemilianus">Lucius Mussius Aemilianus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Gallienus" title="Gallienus">Gallienus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Claudius_Gothicus" title="Claudius Gothicus">Claudius Gothicus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Quintillus" title="Quintillus">Quintillus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Aurelian" title="Aurelian">Aurelian</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Tacitus_(emperor)" title="Tacitus (emperor)">Tacitus</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Probus_(emperor)" title="Probus (emperor)">Probus</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Carus" title="Carus">Carus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Carinus" title="Carinus">Carinus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Numerian" title="Numerian">Numerian</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Maximian" title="Maximian">Maximian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Galerius" title="Galerius">Galerius</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Maximinus_Daza" title="Maximinus Daza">Maximinus Daza</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Dynastic_genealogies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Dynastic genealogies</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="First Dynasty of Egypt family tree">1<sup>st</sup></a></li>
<li>2<sup>nd</sup></li>
<li>3<sup>rd</sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Fourth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">4<sup>th</sup></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Eleventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt family tree">11<sup>th</sup></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">12<sup>th</sup></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">18<sup>th</sup></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">19<sup>th</sup></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Twentieth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">20<sup>th</sup></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/21st,_22nd_%26_23rd_dynasties_of_Egypt_family_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="21st, 22nd & 23rd dynasties of Egypt family tree">21<sup>st</sup> to 23<sup>rd</sup></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fourth_Dynasty_of_Egypt#Family_tree" title="Twenty-fourth Dynasty of Egypt">24<sup>th</sup></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">25<sup>th</sup></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-sixth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">26<sup>th</sup></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_family_tree" title="Achaemenid family tree">27<sup>th</sup></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thirtieth_Dynasty_of_Egypt#Family_tree" title="Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt">30<sup>th</sup></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_family_tree" title="Achaemenid family tree">31<sup>st</sup></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Argead_dynasty#Family_tree" title="Argead dynasty">Argead</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_family_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemaic family tree">Ptolemaic</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_pharaohs" title="List of pharaohs">List of pharaohs</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="New_Testament_people" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:New_Testament_people" title="Template:New Testament people"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:New_Testament_people" title="Template talk:New Testament people"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:New_Testament_people" title="Special:EditPage/Template:New Testament people"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="New_Testament_people" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Category:New_Testament_people" title="Category:New Testament people">New Testament people</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> <a href="/wiki/Christ_(title)" title="Christ (title)">Christ</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">In Christianity</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Jesus" title="Historical Jesus">Historical</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Jesus_in_the_New_Testament" class="mw-redirect" title="Life of Jesus in the New Testament">Life of Jesus in the New Testament</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;font-weight:normal">Individuals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alphaeus" title="Alphaeus">Alphaeus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anna_the_Prophetess" title="Anna the Prophetess">Anna the Prophetess</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Annas" title="Annas">Annas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Barabbas" title="Barabbas">Barabbas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Healing_the_blind_near_Jericho" title="Healing the blind near Jericho">Bartimaeus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Blind_man_of_Bethsaida" title="Blind man of Bethsaida">Blind man <span style="font-size:85%;">(Bethsaida)</span></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Caiaphas" title="Caiaphas">Caiaphas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Celidonius" title="Celidonius">Celidonius</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cleopas" title="Cleopas">Cleopas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Clopas" title="Clopas">Clopas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Devil_in_Christianity" title="Devil in Christianity">Devil</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Penitent_thief" title="Penitent thief">Penitent thief <span style="font-size:85%;">("Dismas")</span></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_(biblical_figure)" title="Elizabeth (biblical figure)">Elizabeth</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Impenitent_thief" title="Impenitent thief">Impenitent thief <span style="font-size:85%;">("Gestas")</span></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Raising_of_Jairus%27_daughter" title="Raising of Jairus' daughter">Jairus' daughter</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Joanna,_wife_of_Chuza" title="Joanna, wife of Chuza">Joanna</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_of_Arimathea" title="Joseph of Arimathea">Joseph of Arimathea</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jude,_brother_of_Jesus" title="Jude, brother of Jesus">Jude</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lazarus_of_Bethany" title="Lazarus of Bethany">Lazarus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Legion_(demons)" title="Legion (demons)">Legion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Luke_the_Evangelist" title="Luke the Evangelist">Luke</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lysanias" title="Lysanias">Lysanias</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Malchus" title="Malchus">Malchus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Martha" title="Martha">Martha</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary, mother of Jesus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Magdalene" title="Mary Magdalene">Mary Magdalene</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_James" title="Mary, mother of James">Mary, mother of James</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Bethany" title="Mary of Bethany">Mary, sister of Martha</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Clopas" title="Mary of Clopas">Mary of Clopas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Naked_fugitive" title="Naked fugitive">Naked fugitive</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Raising_of_the_son_of_the_widow_of_Nain" title="Raising of the son of the widow of Nain">Son of Nain's widow</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nicodemus" title="Nicodemus">Nicodemus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nicodemus_ben_Gurion" title="Nicodemus ben Gurion">Nicodemus ben Gurion</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Salome_(disciple)" title="Salome (disciple)">Salome</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_woman_at_the_well" title="Samaritan woman at the well">Samaritan woman</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_(Gospel_of_Luke)" title="Simeon (Gospel of Luke)">Simeon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Simon,_brother_of_Jesus" title="Simon, brother of Jesus">Simon, brother of Jesus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Simon_of_Cyrene" title="Simon of Cyrene">Simon of Cyrene</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Simon_the_Leper" title="Simon the Leper">Simon the Leper</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Simon_the_Pharisee" title="Simon the Pharisee">Simon the Pharisee</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Susanna_(disciple)" title="Susanna (disciple)">Susanna</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Exorcism_of_the_Syrophoenician_woman%27s_daughter" title="Exorcism of the Syrophoenician woman's daughter">Syrophoenician woman</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Theophilus_(biblical)" title="Theophilus (biblical)">Theophilus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zacchaeus" title="Zacchaeus">Zacchaeus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zebedee" title="Zebedee">Zebedee</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zechariah_(New_Testament_figure)" title="Zechariah (New Testament figure)">Zechariah</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;font-weight:normal">Multiple</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_people_named_James" title="New Testament people named James">People named James</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_people_named_John" title="New Testament people named John">People named John</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_people_named_Joseph" title="New Testament people named Joseph">People named Joseph</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Joses" title="Joses">Joses</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_people_named_Judas_or_Jude" title="New Testament people named Judas or Jude">People named Judas or Jude</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_people_named_Mary" title="New Testament people named Mary">People named Mary</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_people_named_Simon" title="New Testament people named Simon">People named Simon or Simeon</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;font-weight:normal">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angel#Christian_beliefs" title="Angel">Angels</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Brothers_of_Jesus" title="Brothers of Jesus">Jesus's brothers</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Christian_demonology" title="Christian demonology">Demons</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Disciple_(Christianity)" title="Disciple (Christianity)">Disciples</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Four_Evangelists" title="Four Evangelists">Evangelists</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Female_disciples_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Female disciples of Jesus">Female disciples of Jesus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/God-fearer" title="God-fearer">God-fearers</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Herodians" title="Herodians">Herodians</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Magi" title="Biblical Magi">Magi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Myrrhbearers" title="Myrrhbearers">Myrrhbearers</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_names_for_the_biblical_nameless#New_Testament" title="List of names for the biblical nameless">Nameless</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pharisees" title="Pharisees">Pharisees</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_of_Christianity" title="Prophets of Christianity">Prophets</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Proselyte" title="Proselyte">Proselytes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sadducees" title="Sadducees">Sadducees</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritans</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin" title="Sanhedrin">Sanhedrin</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sofer" title="Sofer">Scribes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Seventy_disciples" title="Seventy disciples">Seventy disciples</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Shepherds" title="Adoration of the Shepherds">Shepherds</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Women_at_the_crucifixion" title="Women at the crucifixion">Women at the crucifixion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zealots_(Judea)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zealots (Judea)">Zealots</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle" title="Andrew the Apostle">Andrew</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bartholomew_the_Apostle" title="Bartholomew the Apostle">Bartholomew</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nathanael_(follower_of_Jesus)" title="Nathanael (follower of Jesus)">Nathanael</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/James,_son_of_Alphaeus" title="James, son of Alphaeus">James, son of Alphaeus</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_the_Less" title="James the Less">Less</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/James_the_Great" title="James the Great">James, son of Zebedee</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Evangelist" title="John the Evangelist">Evangelist</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Patmos" title="John of Patmos">Patmos</a></li>
<li>"<a href="/wiki/Disciple_whom_Jesus_loved" title="Disciple whom Jesus loved">Disciple whom Jesus loved</a>"</li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Judas_Iscariot" title="Judas Iscariot">Judas Iscariot</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jude_the_Apostle" title="Jude the Apostle">Judas Thaddaeus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_the_Apostle" title="Matthew the Apostle">Matthew</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Apostle" title="Philip the Apostle">Philip</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Simon Peter</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Simon_the_Zealot" title="Simon the Zealot">Simon the Zealot</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle" title="Thomas the Apostle">Thomas</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeneas_(biblical_figure)" title="Aeneas (biblical figure)">Aeneas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Agabus" title="Agabus">Agabus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ananias_of_Damascus" title="Ananias of Damascus">Ananias <span style="font-size:85%;">(Damascus)</span></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ananias_and_Sapphira" title="Ananias and Sapphira">Ananias <span style="font-size:85%;">(Judaea)</span></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ananias_son_of_Nedebeus" title="Ananias son of Nedebeus">Ananias son of Nedebeus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Apollos" title="Apollos">Apollos</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Priscilla_and_Aquila" title="Priscilla and Aquila">Aquila</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aristarchus_of_Thessalonica" title="Aristarchus of Thessalonica">Aristarchus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Barnabas" title="Barnabas">Barnabas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Blastus" title="Blastus">Blastus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_the_Centurion" title="Cornelius the Centurion">Cornelius</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Damaris_(biblical_figure)" title="Damaris (biblical figure)">Damaris</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_(biblical_figure)" title="Demetrius (biblical figure)">Demetrius</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dionysius_the_Areopagite" title="Dionysius the Areopagite">Dionysius</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dorcas" title="Dorcas">Dorcas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Elymas" title="Elymas">Elymas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_(prophet)" title="Egyptian (prophet)">Egyptian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_eunuch" title="Ethiopian eunuch">Ethiopian eunuch</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Eutychus" title="Eutychus">Eutychus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gamaliel" title="Gamaliel">Gamaliel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/James,_brother_of_Jesus" title="James, brother of Jesus">James, brother of Jesus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jason_of_Thessalonica" title="Jason of Thessalonica">Jason</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Barsabbas" title="Joseph Barsabbas">Joseph Barsabbas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Judas_Barsabbas" title="Judas Barsabbas">Judas Barsabbas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Judas_of_Galilee" title="Judas of Galilee">Judas of Galilee</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_of_Cyrene" title="Lucius of Cyrene">Lucius</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Luke_the_Evangelist" title="Luke the Evangelist">Luke</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lydia_of_Thyatira" title="Lydia of Thyatira">Lydia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Manahen" title="Manahen">Manaen</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_Mark" title="John Mark">(John) Mark</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mark_the_Evangelist" title="Mark the Evangelist">Evangelist</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mark_the_cousin_of_Barnabas" title="Mark the cousin of Barnabas">cousin of Barnabas</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_John_Mark" title="Mary, mother of John Mark">Mary, mother of (John) Mark</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Matthias" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Matthias">Matthias</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mnason" title="Mnason">Mnason</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nicanor_the_Deacon" title="Nicanor the Deacon">Nicanor</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nicolaism#Nicolas" title="Nicolaism">Nicholas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Parmenas" title="Parmenas">Parmenas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Evangelist" title="Philip the Evangelist">Philip</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Priscilla_and_Aquila" title="Priscilla and Aquila">Priscilla</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prochorus_(deacon)" title="Prochorus (deacon)">Prochorus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Publius" title="Saint Publius">Publius</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rhoda_(biblical_figure)" title="Rhoda (biblical figure)">Rhoda</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ananias_and_Sapphira" title="Ananias and Sapphira">Sapphira</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sceva" title="Sceva">Sceva</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Deacons" title="Seven Deacons">Seven Deacons</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Silas" title="Silas">Silas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Silvanus_of_the_Seventy" title="Silvanus of the Seventy">Silvanus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_Niger" title="Simeon Niger">Simeon Niger</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Magus" title="Simon Magus">Simon Magus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sopater" title="Sopater">Sopater</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sosthenes" title="Sosthenes">Sosthenes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen" title="Saint Stephen">Stephen</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Theudas" title="Theudas">Theudas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Timothy" title="Saint Timothy">Timothy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Titus" title="Saint Titus">Titus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Trophimus" title="Trophimus">Trophimus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tychicus" title="Tychicus">Tychicus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zenas_the_Lawyer" title="Zenas the Lawyer">Zenas</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Roman_citizenship" title="Roman citizenship">Romans</a><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Herodian_dynasty" title="Herodian dynasty">Herod's family</a></i></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;font-weight:normal">Gospels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Herod_Antipas" title="Herod Antipas">Antipas</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Herod_Archelaus" title="Herod Archelaus">Archelaus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Herod_the_Great" title="Herod the Great">Herod the Great</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Herodias" title="Herodias">Herodias</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Longinus" title="Longinus">Longinus</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Tetrarch" title="Philip the Tetrarch">Philip</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pontius_Pilate" title="Pontius Pilate">Pilate</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pontius_Pilate%27s_wife" title="Pontius Pilate's wife">Pilate's wife</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Quirinius" title="Quirinius">Quirinius</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Salome" title="Salome">Salome</a></i></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tiberius</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;font-weight:normal">Acts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Herod_Agrippa" title="Herod Agrippa">Agrippa</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Herod_Agrippa_II" title="Herod Agrippa II">Agrippa II</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Berenice_(daughter_of_Herod_Agrippa)" title="Berenice (daughter of Herod Agrippa)">Berenice</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_the_Centurion" title="Cornelius the Centurion">Cornelius</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Drusilla_(daughter_of_Herod_Agrippa)" title="Drusilla (daughter of Herod Agrippa)">Drusilla</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Antonius_Felix" title="Antonius Felix">Felix</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Porcius_Festus" title="Porcius Festus">Festus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Junius_Gallio_Annaeanus" title="Lucius Junius Gallio Annaeanus">Gallio</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Claudius_Lysias" title="Claudius Lysias">Lysias</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sergius_Paulus" title="Sergius Paulus">Paullus</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Epistle" title="Epistle">Epistles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achaicus_of_Corinth" title="Achaicus of Corinth">Achaicus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_(Ephesian)" title="Alexander (Ephesian)">Alexander of Ephesus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Coppersmith" title="Alexander the Coppersmith">Alexander the Coppersmith</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Andronicus_of_Pannonia" title="Andronicus of Pannonia">Andronicus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Archippus" title="Archippus">Archippus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aretas_IV_Philopatris" title="Aretas IV Philopatris">Aretas IV</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Artemas" class="mw-redirect" title="Artemas">Artemas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Carpus_of_Beroea" title="Carpus of Beroea">Carpus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Claudia" title="Saint Claudia">Claudia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Crescens" title="Crescens">Crescens</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Demas" title="Demas">Demas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Diotrephes" title="Diotrephes">Diotrephes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Epaphras" title="Epaphras">Epaphras</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Epaphroditus" title="Epaphroditus">Epaphroditus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Erastus_of_Corinth" title="Erastus of Corinth">Erastus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Eunice_(biblical_figure)" title="Eunice (biblical figure)">Eunice</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Euodia_and_Syntyche" title="Euodia and Syntyche">Euodia and Syntyche</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Herodion_of_Patras" title="Herodion of Patras">Herodion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hymenaeus_(biblical_figure)" title="Hymenaeus (biblical figure)">Hymenaeus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_Justus" title="Jesus Justus">Jesus Justus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Junia_(New_Testament_person)" title="Junia (New Testament person)">Junia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Linus" title="Pope Linus">Linus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lois_(Bible)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lois (Bible)">Lois</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Rome" title="Mary of Rome">Mary</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)" title="Michael (archangel)">Michael</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nymphas" title="Nymphas">Nymphas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Olympas" title="Olympas">Olympas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Onesimus" title="Onesimus">Onesimus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Onesiphorus" title="Onesiphorus">Onesiphorus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Pudens" title="Saint Pudens">Pudens</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philemon_(biblical_figure)" title="Philemon (biblical figure)">Philemon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philetus_(biblical_figure)" title="Philetus (biblical figure)">Philetus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Phoebe_(biblical_figure)" title="Phoebe (biblical figure)">Phoebe</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Quartus" title="Quartus">Quartus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sosipater" title="Sosipater">Sosipater</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tertius_of_Iconium" title="Tertius of Iconium">Tertius</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tryphena_and_Tryphosa" title="Tryphena and Tryphosa">Tryphena and Tryphosa</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Revelation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antipas_of_Pergamum" title="Antipas of Pergamum">Antipas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Four_Horsemen_of_the_Apocalypse" title="Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse">Four Horsemen</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Abaddon" title="Abaddon">Apollyon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Two_witnesses" title="Two witnesses">Two witnesses</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Woman_of_the_Apocalypse" title="Woman of the Apocalypse">Woman</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/The_Beast_(Revelation)" title="The Beast (Revelation)">Beast</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Three_Angels%27_Messages" title="Three Angels' Messages">Three Angels</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Whore_of_Babylon" title="Whore of Babylon">Whore of Babylon</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancient_Olympic_Games" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_Olympic_winners" title="Template:Ancient Olympic winners"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_Olympic_winners" title="Template talk:Ancient Olympic winners"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_Olympic_winners" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient Olympic winners"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_Olympic_Games" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Olympic_Games" title="Ancient Olympic Games">Ancient Olympic Games</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_Museum_of_Olympia" title="Archaeological Museum of Olympia">Archaeological Museum of Olympia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_Olympic_festivals" title="Ancient Greek Olympic festivals">Ancient Greek Olympic festivals</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hellanodikai" title="Hellanodikai">Hellanodikai</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Stadium_at_Olympia" title="Stadium at Olympia">Stadium at Olympia</a></li></ul>
</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Olympic_schedule_%28Competitions%29_Pentathlon.svg/100px-Olympic_schedule_%28Competitions%29_Pentathlon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Olympic_schedule_%28Competitions%29_Pentathlon.svg/150px-Olympic_schedule_%28Competitions%29_Pentathlon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Olympic_schedule_%28Competitions%29_Pentathlon.svg/200px-Olympic_schedule_%28Competitions%29_Pentathlon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Running_in_Ancient_Greece" title="Running in Ancient Greece">Foot races</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diaulos_(running_race)" title="Diaulos (running race)">Diaulos</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dolichos_(race)" title="Dolichos (race)">Dolichos</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hoplitodromos" title="Hoplitodromos">Hoplitodromos</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Stadion_(running_race)" title="Stadion (running race)">Stadion</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Horse races</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Apene (page does not exist)">Apene</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chariot_of_polos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chariot of polos (page does not exist)">Chariot of polos</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Decapolon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Decapolon (page does not exist)">Decapolon</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalpe_riding&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kalpe riding (page does not exist)">Kalpe</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keles_riding&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Keles riding (page does not exist)">Keles</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perfect_chariot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perfect chariot (page does not exist)">Perfect chariot</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polos_riding&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polos riding (page does not exist)">Polos</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Synoris" class="mw-redirect" title="Synoris">Synoris</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synoris_of_polos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Synoris of polos (page does not exist)">Synoris of polos</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tethrippon" class="mw-redirect" title="Tethrippon">Tethrippon</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tethrippon_of_polos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tethrippon of polos (page does not exist)">Tethrippon of polos</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Combat</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_boxing" title="Ancient Greek boxing">Boxing</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pankration" title="Pankration">Pankration</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Greek_wrestling" title="Greek wrestling">Wrestling</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Special</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herald_and_Trumpet_contest" title="Herald and Trumpet contest">Herald and Trumpet contest</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Olympic_pentathlon" title="Ancient Olympic pentathlon">Pentathlon</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Winners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acanthus_of_Sparta" title="Acanthus of Sparta">Acanthus of Sparta</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Agasias_of_Arcadia" title="Agasias of Arcadia">Agasias of Arcadia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Agesarchus_of_Tritaea" title="Agesarchus of Tritaea">Agesarchus of Tritaea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Alcibiades" title="Alcibiades">Alcibiades of Athens</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Macedon" title="Alexander I of Macedon">Alexander I of Macedon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Anaxilas" title="Anaxilas">Anaxilas of Messenia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Aratus_of_Sicyon" title="Aratus of Sicyon">Aratus of Sicyon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Archelaus_of_Macedon" title="Archelaus of Macedon">Archelaus of Macedon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Arrhichion" title="Arrhichion">Arrhichion of Phigalia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Arsinoe_II" title="Arsinoe II">Arsinoe II</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Astylos_of_Croton" title="Astylos of Croton">Astylos of Croton</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Berenice_II_of_Egypt" title="Berenice II of Egypt">Berenice II of Egypt</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bilistiche" title="Bilistiche">Bilistiche</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Chaeron_of_Pellene" title="Chaeron of Pellene">Chaeron of Pellene</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Chilon_of_Patras" title="Chilon of Patras">Chilon of Patras</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Chionis_of_Sparta" title="Chionis of Sparta">Chionis of Sparta</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cimon_Coalemos" title="Cimon Coalemos">Cimon Coalemos</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Coroebus_of_Elis" title="Coroebus of Elis">Coroebus of Elis</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cylon_of_Athens" title="Cylon of Athens">Cylon of Athens</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cynisca" title="Cynisca">Cynisca of Sparta</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Damarchus" title="Damarchus">Damarchus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Demaratus" title="Demaratus">Demaratus of Sparta</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Desmon_of_Corinth" title="Desmon of Corinth">Desmon of Corinth</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Diagoras_of_Rhodes" title="Diagoras of Rhodes">Diagoras of Rhodes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Diocles_of_Corinth" title="Diocles of Corinth">Diocles of Corinth</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ergoteles_of_Himera" title="Ergoteles of Himera">Ergoteles of Himera</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Euryleonis" title="Euryleonis">Euryleonis</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Herodorus_of_Megara" title="Herodorus of Megara">Herodorus of Megara</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hiero_I_of_Syracuse" title="Hiero I of Syracuse">Hiero I of Syracuse</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hypenus_of_Elis" title="Hypenus of Elis">Hypenus of Elis</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hysmon" title="Hysmon">Hysmon of Elis</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Iccus_of_Taranto" title="Iccus of Taranto">Iccus of Taranto</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Leonidas_of_Rhodes" title="Leonidas of Rhodes">Leonidas of Rhodes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Leophron" title="Leophron">Leophron</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Milo_of_Croton" title="Milo of Croton">Milo of Croton</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero Caesar Augustus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Oebotas_of_Dyme" title="Oebotas of Dyme">Oebotas of Dyme</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Onomastus_of_Smyrna" title="Onomastus of Smyrna">Onomastus of Smyrna</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Orsippus" title="Orsippus">Orsippus of Megara</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Pisistratus" title="Pisistratus">Peisistratos of Athens</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Phanas_of_Pellene" title="Phanas of Pellene">Phanas of Pellene</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Philinus_of_Cos_(athlete)" title="Philinus of Cos (athlete)">Philinus of Cos</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Macedon" title="Philip II of Macedon">Philip II of Macedon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Philippus_of_Croton" title="Philippus of Croton">Philippus of Croton</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Phrynon" title="Phrynon">Phrynon of Athens</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Polydamas_of_Skotoussa" title="Polydamas of Skotoussa">Polydamas of Skotoussa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Pythagoras_of_Laconia" title="Pythagoras of Laconia">Pythagoras of Laconia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Pythagoras_(boxer)" title="Pythagoras (boxer)">Pythagoras of Samos</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sostratus_of_Pellene" title="Sostratus of Pellene">Sostratus of Pellene</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Theagenes_of_Thasos" title="Theagenes of Thasos">Theagenes of Thasos</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Theron_of_Acragas" title="Theron of Acragas">Theron of Acragas</a></li><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tiberius Caesar Augustus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Timasitheus_of_Delphi" title="Timasitheus of Delphi">Timasitheus of Delphi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Troilus_of_Elis" title="Troilus of Elis">Troilus of Elis</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Varazdat" title="Varazdat">Varazdat of Armenia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Xenophon_of_Aegium" title="Xenophon of Aegium">Xenophon of Aegium</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Xenophon_of_Corinth" title="Xenophon of Corinth">Xenophon of Corinth</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists of winners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Olympic_victors" title="List of ancient Olympic victors">Ancient Olympic victors</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Olympic_winners_of_the_Stadion_race" title="List of Olympic winners of the Stadion race">Stadion race</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Olympic_winners_of_the_Archaic_period" title="Olympic winners of the Archaic period">Archaic period</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Olympic_winners_of_the_Classical_period&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Olympic winners of the Classical period (page does not exist)">Classical period</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Olympic_winners_of_the_Hellenistic_period&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Olympic winners of the Hellenistic period (page does not exist)">Hellenistic period</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Olympic_winners_of_the_Roman_period&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Olympic winners of the Roman period (page does not exist)">Roman period</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>
<ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b1/Olympic_Rings.svg/32px-Olympic_Rings.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b1/Olympic_Rings.svg/48px-Olympic_Rings.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b1/Olympic_Rings.svg/64px-Olympic_Rings.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="495" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Olympic_Games" title="Portal:Olympic Games">Olympic Games portal</a></b></li>
<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Olympic_Games" title="Category:Ancient Olympic Games">Category</a></b></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1407#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1407#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1407#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/16826/">FAST</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000109233028">ISNI</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/89600176">VIAF</a></span>
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/356154380974330291541">2</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/610144647710153531393">3</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/8991164963977424300003">4</a></span></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90892174">Norway</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1136569">Spain</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120494832">France</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120494832">BnF data</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058614798706706">Catalonia</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118622501">Germany</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007269077705171">Israel</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/20728482">Belgium</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50049381">United States</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/1zcfh7rk1k02z3q">Sweden</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20000701812&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.nlg.gr/resource/authority/record154439">Greece</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p07065980X">Netherlands</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810610039505606">Poland</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/44239">Vatican</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01966967?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/agent/49477">Te Papa (New Zealand)</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500115693">ULAN</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118622501.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/010315">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6mb05kj">SNAC</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/028715195">IdRef</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
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