Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune condition that causes widespread inflammation. It can affect the skin, joints, blood vessels, and multiple organ systems.
The exact cause of SLE is unclear. However, genetic, hormonal, and environmental factors may contribute to the development of the condition.
Read on to learn more about the symptoms of SLE. This article also discusses possible causes, how doctors diagnose the condition, treatment options, and more.
In this article, we discuss SLE symptoms, causes, and treatments. We also explain when people need to consult a doctor.
A note about sex and gender
Sex and gender exist on spectrums. This article will use the terms “male,” “female,” or both to refer to sex assigned at birth. Learn more.
The infographic below shows how SLE can affect a person’s body.
People who have SLE may experience a range of symptoms, such as:
- skin problems, including a butterfly (malar) rash
- fatigue
- fever
- painful or swollen joints
- weight loss
- sun sensitivity
- mouth ulcers
- anemia, or low red blood cell count
- leukopenia, or low white blood cell count
- chest pain
- headaches
- vision problems
- abdominal pain
- nausea or vomiting
- difficulty breathing
- hair loss
- edema, or swelling of the limbs
SLE symptoms can come and go in flares. A lupus flare refers to a period where the condition actively produces symptoms. Once symptoms go away, a person with lupus enters remission.
The severity of SLE flares can range from mild to severe. People may also experience symptoms that affect their kidneys, lungs, heart, or brain.
SLE can affect nearly every organ in the body, so symptoms may vary widely from person to person.
View the slideshow below for photos of SLE.
The exact cause of SLE
Researchers associate SLE with genetic mutations that often involve genes that regulate the body’s immune function, which
However, not everyone with an SLE gene variation will develop the condition.
Several other factors can increase the risk of someone developing SLE. People assigned female at birth are around
It is also more common in people of African American, American Indian, and Asian descent.
Other factors that can contribute to SLE include:
- sex hormones
- exposure to toxic chemicals, sunlight, or certain medications
- viral infections
- diet
- stress
A doctor may begin by performing a physical examination and asking questions about symptoms to help reach an accurate diagnosis.
SLE can be difficult to diagnose, as it can cause a wide range of symptoms, and many symptoms can occur due to other conditions. It is important to write down every symptom so that the doctor has the clearest picture of what might be causing them.
The doctor may then order blood tests to check for antibodies, and this can help confirm the diagnosis.
They may also recommend an X-ray or other tests to check for organ involvement.
Currently, there is
Medication
Depending on the symptoms and the affected organs, a person with SLE may receive one or more of the following types of medication:
- anti-inflammatories for pain relief
- immunosuppressives to suppress the immune system
- steroids to reduce inflammation
- anticoagulants to help reduce the likelihood of blood clots
- biologics to help the immune system
- antimalarials to help protect the skin and help with joint pain
Learn about treating and managing a lupus flare.
Dietary changes
People who have SLE and lupus nephritis may wish to consider making the following dietary changes to help manage their symptoms:
- limiting sodium intake
- limiting saturated fats
- purchasing fresh food as often as possible
- avoiding packaged food and premade meals
- eating more plant-based proteins, such as nuts and beans
Learn more about diet and lupus.
Around one-third of people with SLE have inflammation that affects their kidneys, resulting in a condition called lupus nephritis. Without treatment, lupus nephritis can progress to end stage renal disease, which is a life threatening condition.
SLE can also affect the heart, leading to inflamed tissue around this organ and atypical heart valves, among other issues. Atherosclerosis, a form of heart disease, is more common among people with SLE than among those who do not have this condition.
SLE can damage the nervous system and contribute to the following conditions:
- weakness in the limbs
- changes in sensations
- difficulty processing thoughts
- seizures
- stroke
It is important to contact a doctor as soon as there are concerns about symptoms of SLE.
As the condition can be challenging to diagnose due to the wide range of symptoms, diagnosis may take some time. As medical treatment may be necessary, it is essential to receive an accurate diagnosis as early as possible.
A person may wish to contact a doctor if they have an existing SLE diagnosis and have questions about their treatment plan. It is also best to contact a doctor if symptoms worsen or new ones develop.
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a long-term condition that causes symptoms such as a butterfly rash and other skin symptoms. It can also affect organs throughout the body.
The long-term effects of SLE depend on the severity and frequency of flares. People who experience more intense and frequent flares may have a higher risk of developing complications.
An accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment may help manage symptoms. A doctor may recommend certain treatments such as dietary changes, anti-inflammatories, immunosuppressives, and more.
If a person has concerns about SLE, they need to contact a doctor. The doctor may order tests to confirm the diagnosis. They can then advise on a suitable treatment plan and ways to help reduce the likelihood of complications.
