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Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext) | '{{Short description|Federal republic (1992–2003) and political union (2003–2006) in the Balkans}}
{{Redirect|FRY}}
{{for |the relations of the modern-day sovereign states of Serbia and Montenegro|Montenegro–Serbia relations}}
{{Redirect-distinguish-text|Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|the [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]]|the [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]]}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}
{{Infobox former country
| conventional_long_name = {{nowrap|Federal Republic of Yugoslavia<br />{{No bold|(1992–2003)}}}}{{Clear}}{{Smaller|{{No bold|{{Lang|sh-Cyrl|Савезна Република Југославија}}{{Clear}}{{Lang|sh-Latn|Savezna Republika Jugoslavija}}}}}}<hr/>{{Nowrap|Serbia and Montenegro<br />{{No bold|(2003–2006)}}}}<br />{{Smaller |{{No bold|{{Lang|sh-Cyrl|Србија и Црна Гора}}{{Clear}}{{Lang|sh-Latn|Srbija i Crna Gora}}}}}}
| common_name = Serbia and Montenegro
| image_flag = Flag of Serbia and Montenegro (1992–2006).svg
| flag_caption = Flag
| image_coat = [[File:Coat of arms of Serbia and Montenegro.svg|80px]]
| symbol_type = [[Coat of arms of Serbia and Montenegro|Coat of arms]]
| image_map = Serbia and Montenegro.svg
| map_caption = Map of FR Yugoslavia (green) in 2003, while [[Kosovo]] in light green
| national_anthem = "[[Hej Sloveni|Хеј, Словени]]" / "{{Lang |sh|Hej, Sloveni|italic=no}}"<br />{{small|"Hey, Slavs"}}{{parabr}}{{center|}}[[File:United States Navy Band - Hey, Slavs.ogg]]
| official_languages = [[Serbian language|Serbian]]<ref>{{cite wikisource |quote=In the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, the Serbian language […] shall be official. |wslink=Constitution of Yugoslavia (1992) |section=Article 15 |title=Constitution of Yugoslavia (1992)}}</ref>
| recognized_languages = [[Albanian language|Albanian]]{{·}}[[Hungarian language|Hungarian]]
| capital = [[Belgrade]]{{ref label|a|a}}
| largest_city = capital
| demonym = [[Yugoslavs|Yugoslav]] (until 2003)<br />
[[Serbia|Serbian]]{{·}}[[Montenegro|Montenegrin]] (from 2003)
| government_type = [[Federal republic|Federal]] [[parliamentary republic|parliamentary]] [[constitutional republic]] (1992–2003) under an [[Authoritarianism|authoritarian]] dictatorship (1992-2000)<hr>[[Confederation|Confederated]] [[constitutional republic]] with an [[Executive president|executive presidency]] (2003–2006)
| title_leader = [[President of Serbia and Montenegro|President]]
| leader1 = [[Dobrica Ćosić]]
| year_leader1 = 1992–1993
| leader2 = [[Zoran Lilić]]
| year_leader2 = 1993–1997
| leader3 = [[Slobodan Milošević]]
| year_leader3 = 1997–2000
| leader4 = [[Vojislav Koštunica]]
| year_leader4 = 2000–2003
| leader5 = [[Svetozar Marović]]
| year_leader5 = 2003–2006
| title_deputy = [[Prime Minister of Serbia and Montenegro|Prime Minister]]
| deputy1 = [[Milan Panić]]
| year_deputy2 = 1993–1998
| deputy2 = [[Radoje Kontić]]
| year_deputy3 = 1998–2000
| year_deputy1 = 1992–1993
| deputy5 = [[Dragiša Pešić]]
| year_deputy6 = 2003–2006
| deputy6 = [[Svetozar Marović]]
| deputy3 = [[Momir Bulatović]]
| year_deputy4 = 2000–2001
| deputy4 = [[Zoran Žižić]]
| year_deputy5 = 2001–2003
| legislature = [[Parliament of Serbia and Montenegro|Federal Assembly]]
| era = [[Yugoslav Wars]] (1992–1999)
| year_start = 1992
| year_end = 2006
| event_start = [[1992 Yugoslav Constitution|Constitution]] adopted
| date_start = 27 April
| event1 = [[Sanctions against Yugoslavia|Sanctions]]
| date_event1 = 1992–1995
| event2 = [[Kosovo War]]
| date_event2 = 1998–1999
| event3 = [[Overthrow of Slobodan Milošević|Bulldozer revolution]]
| date_event3 = 5 October 2000
| event4 = [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1326|Admitted]] to the [[United Nations]]{{ref label|b|b}}
| date_event4 = 1 November 2000
| event5 = [[Constitutional Charter of Serbia and Montenegro|State Union]]
| date_event5 = 4 February 2003
| event6 = [[2006 Montenegrin independence referendum|Independence]] of [[Montenegro]]
| date_event6 = 3 June 2006
| event_end = [[History of Serbia#Republic of Serbia (2006–present)|Independence of Serbia]]
| date_end = 5 June
| population_estimate = 10,832,545
| population_estimate_rank =
| population_estimate_year = 2006
| currency = Serbia:
*[[Yugoslav dinar]]<br />(1992–2003)
*[[Serbian dinar]]<br />(2003–2006)
Montenegro:{{ref label|c|c}}
*[[Yugoslav dinar]]<br />(1992–2000)
*[[Deutsche Mark]]<br />(1999–2002)
*[[Euro]]<br />(2003–2006)
| cctld = [[.yu]]
| time_zone = [[Central European Time|CET]]
| utc_offset = [[UTC+1|+1]]
| utc_offset_DST = [[UTC+2|+2]]
| time_zone_DST = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]]
| drives_on = [[Right- and left-hand traffic|Right]]
| calling_code = +381
| today = [[Serbia]]<br />[[Montenegro]]
| footnote_a = {{Note|a}} After 2003, no city was the official capital, but legislative and executive institutions remained located in [[Belgrade]]. [[Podgorica]] served as the seat of the Supreme Court.
| footnote_b = {{Note|b}} Membership as the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.
| footnote_c = {{Note|c}} The dinar and German mark had joint legal tender status in Montenegro in 1999 and 2000. N.B. Albanian parts of Kosovo have ''de facto'' used the mark since 1999 and the euro since 2002.
<!--| footnote_d = {{Note|box5}} New flag was never adopted, instead, both sides used their own flags.-->| area_km2 = 102173
| area_rank =
| GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $11.6 billion<ref name="HDI" />
| GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $2,650<ref name="HDI" />
| GDP_PPP_year = 1995
| HDI = 0.725
| HDI_year = 1996
| HDI_change = steady
| HDI_rank = 87th
| HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web |url= http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/yugoslavia_nhdr1996.pdf |title=Human Development Report Yugoslavia 1996 | publisher =UNDP |access-date=22 June 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200801203605/http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/yugoslavia_nhdr1996.pdf |archive-date=1 August 2020 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| map_width = 315px
| flag_width = 150px
| symbol_width =
| status = [[Sovereign state]]<br/>[[Rump state]] of [[SFR Yugoslavia]] ([[Agreement on Succession Issues of the Former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|claimed until 2001]])
| p1 = Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia{{!}}SFR Yugoslavia
| flag_p1 = Flag of Yugoslavia (1946-1992).svg
| p2 = Socialist Republic of Serbia{{!}}SR Serbia
| flag_p2 = Flag of Serbia (1947–1992); Flag of Montenegro (1946–1993).svg
| p3 = Socialist Republic of Montenegro{{!}}SR Montenegro
| flag_p3 = Flag of Serbia (1947–1992); Flag of Montenegro (1946–1993).svg
| s1 = Serbia
| flag_s1 = Flag of Serbia (2004–2010).svg
| s2 = Montenegro
| flag_s2 = Flag of Montenegro.svg
}}
'''Serbia and Montenegro''' ({{lang-sr-Cyrl-Latn|Cрбија и Црна Гора|Srbija i Crna Gora}}), known until 2003 as the '''Federal Republic of Yugoslavia''' ({{lang-sr-Cyrl-Latn|Савезна Република Југославија|Savezna Republika Jugoslavija}}), '''FR Yugoslavia''' ('''FRY''') or simply '''Yugoslavia''' ({{lang-sr-Cyrl-Latn|Југославија|Jugoslavija}}), was a country in [[Southeast Europe]] located in the [[Balkans]] that existed from 1992 to 2006, following the [[Breakup of Yugoslavia|breakup]] of the [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]] (SFR Yugoslavia). The country bordered [[Hungary]] to the north, [[Romania]] to the northeast, [[Bulgaria]] to the southeast, [[North Macedonia]] to the south, [[Croatia]] and [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] to the west, and [[Albania]] to the southwest. The state was founded on 27 April 1992 as a federation comprising the [[Republic of Serbia (1992–2006)|Republic of Serbia]] and the [[Republic of Montenegro (1992–2006)|Republic of Montenegro]]. In February 2003, it was transformed from a [[federal republic]] to a [[Confederation|political union]] until [[Montenegro]] seceded from the union in June 2006, leading to the full independence of both [[Serbia]] and [[Montenegro]].
Its aspirations to be the sole legal [[successor state]] to SFR Yugoslavia were not recognized by the [[United Nations]], following the passing of [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 777]],<ref>{{cite book |author-link=Sean D. Murphy |last=Murphy |first=Sean D. |year=2002 |title=United States Practice in International Law: 1999–2001 |volume=1 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=130 |isbn=978-0-521-75070-7}}</ref> which affirmed that the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia had ceased to exist, and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was a new state. All former republics were entitled to state succession while none of them continued SFR Yugoslavia's international legal personality. However, the government of [[Slobodan Milošević]] opposed any such claims, and as such, FR Yugoslavia was not allowed to join the United Nations.
Throughout its existence, FR Yugoslavia had a tense relationship with the international community{{Clarify|reason=Which countries?|date=February 2024}}, as [[Sanctions against Yugoslavia|economic sanctions]]<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/10/29/world/yugoslavs-face-hard-winter-as-the-blockade-bites.html |title=Yugoslavs Face Hard Winter as the Blockade Bites |first=Paul |last=Lewis |date=29 October 1992 |work=The New York Times |access-date=29 July 2020 |archive-date=5 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205230653/https://www.nytimes.com/1992/10/29/world/yugoslavs-face-hard-winter-as-the-blockade-bites.html |url-status=live }}</ref> were issued against the state during the course of the [[Yugoslav Wars]] and [[Kosovo War]]. This also resulted in [[Hyperinflation in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|hyperinflation between 1992 and 1994]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cato.org/publications/commentary/worlds-greatest-unreported-hyperinflation |title=The World's Greatest Unreported Hyperinflation |date=7 May 2007 |publisher=Cato Institute |access-date=29 July 2020 |archive-date=26 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726181455/https://www.cato.org/publications/commentary/worlds-greatest-unreported-hyperinflation |url-status=live }}</ref> FR Yugoslavia's involvement in the Yugoslav Wars ended with the [[Dayton Agreement]], which recognized the independence of the Republics of Croatia, Slovenia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina, as well as establishing diplomatic relationships between the states, and a guaranteed role of the Serbian population within Bosnian politics.<ref name="auto4">{{Cite web |url= http://hrlibrary.umn.edu/icty/dayton/daytonsum.html |title= Summary of the Dayton Peace Agreement on Bosnia-Herzegovina |website= HR library |place= UMN |access-date= 29 July 2020 |archive-date= 17 August 2018 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180817225957/http://hrlibrary.umn.edu/icty/dayton/daytonsum.html |url-status= live }}</ref> Later on, growing separatism within the [[Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija]], a region of Serbia heavily populated by ethnic [[Albanians]], resulted in an insurrection by the [[Kosovo Liberation Army]], an Albanian separatist group.<ref name="auto5">{{Cite journal |url= https://pureportal.coventry.ac.uk/en/publications/from-a-terrorist-group-to-a-civil-defence-corps-the-transformatio |title= From a 'terrorist' group to a 'civil defence' corps: The 'transformation' of the Kosovo Liberation Army |first= Alpaslan |last= Ozerdem |date= 27 July 2003 |journal= International Peacekeeping |volume= 10 |issue= 3 |pages= 79–101 |via= Coventry |place= UK |doi= 10.1080/13533310308559337 |s2cid= 144017700 |access-date= 29 July 2020 |archive-date= 26 July 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200726082755/https://pureportal.coventry.ac.uk/en/publications/from-a-terrorist-group-to-a-civil-defence-corps-the-transformatio |url-status= live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Kosovo-Liberation-Army |title=Kosovo Liberation Army History & Facts |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=29 July 2020 |archive-date=24 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190924065434/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Kosovo-Liberation-Army |url-status=live }}</ref> The outbreak of the Kosovo War reintroduced [[International sanctions against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|international sanctions]], as well as eventual [[NATO bombing of Yugoslavia|NATO involvement in the conflict]]. The conflict ended with the adoption of [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1244]], which guaranteed economic and political separation of Kosovo from FR Yugoslavia, to be placed under UN [[United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo|Administration]].<ref>{{Cite web |url= https://undocs.org/S/RES/1244(1999) |title= S/RES/1244(1999) - E - S/RES/1244(1999) |website= UN docs |access-date= 29 July 2020 |archive-date= 8 March 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210308040644/https://undocs.org/S/RES/1244(1999) |url-status= live }}</ref>
Economic hardship and war resulted in growing discontent with the government of Slobodan Milošević and his allies, who ran both Serbia and Montenegro as an effective dictatorship.<ref>{{Cite web |url= https://balkaninsight.com/2010/10/05/slobodan-milosevic-twisted-firestarter/ |title= Slobodan Milosevic – The Dictator |work= Balkan Insight |date= 5 October 2010 |access-date= 22 June 2021 |archive-date= 29 April 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210429010220/https://balkaninsight.com/2010/10/05/slobodan-milosevic-twisted-firestarter/ |url-status= live }}</ref> This would eventually cumulate in the [[Overthrow of Slobodan Milošević|Bulldozer revolution]], which saw his government overthrown, and replaced by one led by the [[Democratic Opposition of Serbia]] and [[Vojislav Koštunica]], which also joined the UN.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/09/24/world/un-expulsion-of-yugoslavia-breeds-defiance-and-finger-pointing.html |title=U.N. Expulsion of Yugoslavia Breeds Defiance and Finger-Pointing |first=Chuck |last=Sudetic |date=24 September 1992 |work=The New York Times |access-date=29 July 2020 |archive-date=8 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408113225/https://www.nytimes.com/1992/09/24/world/un-expulsion-of-yugoslavia-breeds-defiance-and-finger-pointing.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2000/11/02/world/a-different-yugoslavia-8-years-later-takes-its-seat-at-the-un.html |title= A Different Yugoslavia, 8 Years Later, Takes Its Seat at the UN |agency= Associated Press |date= 2 November 2000 |work= The New York Times |access-date= 29 July 2020 |archive-date= 26 July 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200726083550/https://www.nytimes.com/2000/11/02/world/a-different-yugoslavia-8-years-later-takes-its-seat-at-the-un.html |url-status= live }}</ref>
The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ended in 2003 after the [[Parliament of Serbia and Montenegro|Federal Assembly of Yugoslavia]] voted to enact the [[Constitutional Charter of Serbia and Montenegro]], which established the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro. As such, the name Yugoslavia was consigned to history.<ref>{{Cite web |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/2724047.stm |title= Yugoslavia consigned to history |date= 4 February 2003 |work= BBC News |access-date= 29 July 2020 |archive-date= 8 November 2022 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20221108060047/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/2724047.stm |url-status= live }}</ref> A growing independence movement in Montenegro, led by [[Milo Đukanović]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vreme.com/cms/view.php?id=1061276 |title=Priželjkivao sam da na čelu Srbije bude – Srbijanac |work=Vreme |language=bs |date=5 July 2012 |access-date=22 June 2021 |archive-date=17 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917004219/https://www.vreme.com/cms/view.php?id=1061276 |url-status=live }}</ref> meant that the new constitution of Serbia and Montenegro included a clause allowing for a referendum on the question of Montenegrin independence, after a period of three years had passed. In 2006, the [[2006 Montenegrin independence referendum|referendum]] was called, and passed,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/5043462.stm |title=Montenegro declares independence |date=4 June 2006 |work=BBC News |access-date=29 July 2020 |archive-date=11 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911232150/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/5043462.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> by a narrow margin. This led to the dissolution of the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro, and the establishment of the independent republics of Serbia and Montenegro, turning Serbia into a [[landlocked country]]. This can be considered the last act which finalized the dissolution of Yugoslavia.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/5006380.stm |title=Recount call in Montenegro vote |date=22 May 2006 |work=BBC News |access-date=29 July 2020 |archive-date=28 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728085307/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/5006380.stm |url-status=live }}</ref>
== Name ==
At the country's founding in 1992 following the [[Breakup of Yugoslavia|breakup of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFR Yugoslavia)]], the country's official name was the ''Federal Republic of Yugoslavia'' (FR Yugoslavia), as it claimed to be the sole legal [[successor state]] of the [[SFR Yugoslavia]]. The United States government however viewed this claim as illegitimate and thus, as early as 1993, referred to the country as ''Serbia and Montenegro''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cia.gov:80/cia/publications/factbook/sr.html |work=The World Factbook 1999 |title=Serbia and Montenegro |date=16 August 2000 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |location=Virginia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000816214535/http://www.cia.gov:80/cia/publications/factbook/sr.html |archive-date=16 August 2000 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The 2003 constitution changed the state name to "Serbia and Montenegro".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mfa.gov.rs/Facts/const_scg.pdf |title=Constitutional Charter of the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro |quote=The name of the state union shall be Serbia and Montenegro. |date=2003 |access-date=26 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090226024403/http://www.mfa.gov.rs/Facts/const_scg.pdf |archive-date=26 February 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
== History ==
During the collapse of SFR Yugoslavia in the 1990s, the two Serb majority republics, Serbia and Montenegro, agreed to remain as Yugoslavia, and established a new constitution in 1992, which established the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia essentially as a [[rump state]], with a population consisting of a majority of Serbs. The new state abandoned the Communist legacy: the red star was removed from the national flag, and the communist coat of arms was replaced by a new coat of arms representing Serbia and Montenegro. The new state also established the office of the president, held by a single person, initially appointed with the consent of the republics of Serbia and Montenegro until 1997 after which the president was democratically elected. The President of Yugoslavia acted alongside the Presidents of the republics of Serbia and Montenegro. Initially, all three offices were dominated by allies of Slobodan Milosevic<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GkBmdCwHuDsC&q=anti-bureaucratic+revolution&pg=PA550 |title=The Road to War in Serbia: Trauma and Catharsis |date=1 January 2000 |publisher=Central European University Press |isbn=9789639116566 |via=Google Books |access-date=28 October 2020 |archive-date=17 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417062019/https://books.google.com/books?id=GkBmdCwHuDsC&q=anti-bureaucratic+revolution&pg=PA550 |url-status=live }}</ref> and his [[Socialist Party of Serbia]].
=== Foundation ===
On 26 December 1991, Serbia, Montenegro, and the Serb rebel-held territories in Croatia agreed that they would form a new "third Yugoslavia".<ref>Sabrina P. Ramet. ''Serbia Since 1989: Politics and Society Under Milošević and After''. University of Washington Press, 2005. pp. 55–56</ref> Efforts were also made in 1991 to include the [[Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina]] within the federation, with negotiations between Miloševic, Bosnia's [[Serbian Democratic Party (Bosnia and Herzegovina)|Serbian Democratic Party]], and the Bosniak proponent of union – Bosnia's Vice-president [[Adil Zulfikarpašić]] taking place on this matter.<ref name="Steven L. Burg 2000. p. 72">Steven L. Burg, Paul S. Shoup. ''The War in Bosnia-Herzegovina: Ethnic Conflict and International Intervention''. Armonk, New York, US: M.E. Sharpe, 2000. {{ISBN|9781563243097}} pp. 72–73.</ref> Zulfikarpašić believed that Bosnia could benefit from a union with Serbia, Montenegro, and Krajina, thus he supported a union which would secure the unity of Serbs and Bosniaks.<ref name="Steven L. Burg 2000. p. 72"/> Milošević continued negotiations with Zulfikarpašić to include Bosnia and Herzegovina within a new Yugoslavia, however efforts to include entire Bosnia and Herzegovina within a new Yugoslavia effectively terminated by late 1991 as Izetbegović planned to hold a referendum on independence while the Bosnian Serbs and Bosnian Croats formed autonomous territories.<ref name="Steven L. Burg 2000. p. 72"/> Violence between ethnic Serbs and Bosniaks soon broke out. Thus, FR Yugoslavia was restricted to the republics of Serbia and Montenegro, and became closely associated with breakaway Serb republics during the Yugoslav Wars.
=== Yugoslav Wars ===
{{Main|Yugoslav Wars|Bosnian War}}
[[File:Map of war in Yugoslavia, 1993.png|thumb|Map of the Yugoslav Wars in 1993|alt=|324x324px]]
The FRY was suspended from a number of international institutions.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/un-suspends-former-yugoslavia-1553074.html |title=UN suspends former Yugoslavia |date=23 September 1992 |website=The Independent |access-date=29 July 2020 |archive-date=26 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726142309/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/un-suspends-former-yugoslavia-1553074.html |url-status=live }}</ref> This was due to the ongoing [[Yugoslav Wars]] during the 1990s, which had prevented agreement being reached on the disposition of federal assets and liabilities, particularly the national debt. The Government of Yugoslavia supported Croatian and Bosnian Serbs in the wars from 1992 to 1995. Because of that, the country was under economic and political sanctions. War and sanctions resulted in economic disaster, which forced thousands of its young citizens to emigrate from the country.
FR Yugoslavia acted to support Serbian separatist movements in breakaway states, including the [[Republic of Serbian Krajina]] and the [[Republika Srpska (1992–1995)|Republika Srpska]], and sought to establish them as independent Serbian republics, with potential eventual reintegration with FR Yugoslavia.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://theconversation.com/au/topics/bosnian-war-37515 |title=Bosnian war News, Research and Analysis |website=The Conversation |access-date=29 July 2020 |archive-date=26 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726142311/https://theconversation.com/au/topics/bosnian-war-37515 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/09/01/magazine/carving-out-a-greater-serbia.html |title=Carving Out a Greater Serbia |first=Stephen |last=Engelberg |date=1 September 1991 |work=The New York Times |access-date=29 July 2020 |archive-date=2 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200902023906/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/09/01/magazine/carving-out-a-greater-serbia.html |url-status=live }}</ref> However, the Government of FR Yugoslavia would treat these republics as separate entities, and gave unofficial, rather than active, aid by transferring control of units from the now-defunct [[Yugoslav National Army|JNA]] to the secessionist movements.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/01/27/world/yugoslav-army-reported-fighting-in-bosnia-to-help-serbian-forces.html#:~:text=Soon%20after%20fighting%20broke%20out,army%20of%20the%20Bosnian%20Serbs |title=Yugoslav Army Reported Fighting In Bosnia to Help Serbian Forces |work=The New York Times |last=Kifner |first=John |date=27 January 1994 |access-date=22 June 2021 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=30 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430034027/https://www.nytimes.com/1994/01/27/world/yugoslav-army-reported-fighting-in-bosnia-to-help-serbian-forces.html#:~:text=Soon%20after%20fighting%20broke%20out,army%20of%20the%20Bosnian%20Serbs |url-status=live }}</ref> In this way, FR Yugoslavia avoided potential accusations of committing acts of aggression against the breakaway republics recognised by the international community.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.aph.gov.au/binaries/library/pubs/rp/1995-96/96rp15.pdf |title=The UN's Role in the Former Yugoslavia: the Failure of the Middle Way |date=1995 |author=Parliamentary Research Service |journal=Research Paper |publisher=Department of the Parliamentary Library (Australia) |issn=1321-1579 |access-date=22 June 2021 |archive-date=3 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210403071057/https://www.aph.gov.au/binaries/library/pubs/rp/1995-96/96rp15.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/04/08/world/us-recognizes-3-yugoslav-republics-as-independent.html |title=U.S. Recognizes 3 Yugoslav Republics as Independent |first=David |last=Binder |date=8 April 1992 |work=The New York Times |access-date=29 July 2020 |archive-date=26 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726142309/https://www.nytimes.com/1992/04/08/world/us-recognizes-3-yugoslav-republics-as-independent.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Slobodan Milošević]], the [[President of Serbia]], did not consider himself to be at war with the breakaway republics of Yugoslavia.
Following the transfer of Yugoslav Army units, the state of FR Yugoslavia ceased to play an important military role in the Yugoslav Wars, barring conflicts on the border with Croatia, such as the [[Siege of Dubrovnik]]. It instead provided economic and political aid,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Bosnian-War |title=Bosnian War | Facts, Summary, & War Crimes |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=29 July 2020 |archive-date=14 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211114061646/https://www.britannica.com/event/Bosnian-War |url-status=live }}</ref> to avoid provoking the international community further, and to preserve FR Yugoslavia as the republics of Serbia and Montenegro, rather than 'Greater Serbia.'<ref>{{cite web |url=https://iwpr.net/global-voices/greater-serbia-myth-or-plan |title=Greater Serbia: Myth or Plan? |work=Institute for War & Peace Reporting |date=15 December 2004 |access-date=22 June 2021 |archive-date=22 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210622230810/https://iwpr.net/global-voices/greater-serbia-myth-or-plan |url-status=live }}</ref>
In 1995, following [[Operation Storm]], a military offensive by the [[Croatian Army]], and [[Operation Deliberate Force|NATO involvement]] in the Bosnian War, President Slobodan Milošević agreed to negotiate, as the Serbian position within Bosnia had become substantially worse. Under threat of economically crippling the Republika Srpska, he took over negotiating powers for all Serbian secessionist movements, as well as FR Yugoslavia.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.brookings.edu/articles/decision-to-intervene-how-the-war-in-bosnia-ended/ |title=Decision to Intervene: How the War in Bosnia Ended |work=Brookings |last=Daalder |first=Ivo H. |date=1 December 1998 |access-date=22 June 2021 |archive-date=9 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210609125409/https://www.brookings.edu/articles/decision-to-intervene-how-the-war-in-bosnia-ended/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The ensuing [[Dayton Agreements]], signed between representatives from the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, the [[Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina]] and the [[Croatia|Republic of Croatia]], resulted in each state being recognised as sovereign states. It also provided recognition for Serbian [[Republika Srpska|institutions]] and a rotating presidency within Bosnia and Herzegovina, and the Serbian populated areas of the former [[Socialist Republic of Bosnia]] were absorbed into Bosnia and Herzegovina.<ref name="auto4"/><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/global/2015/nov/10/bosnia-bitter-flawed-peace-deal-dayton-agreement-20-years-on |title=Bosnia's bitter, flawed peace deal, 20 years on |first=Julian |last=Borger |date=10 November 2015 |work=The Guardian |access-date=29 July 2020 |archive-date=21 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221210846/https://www.theguardian.com/global/2015/nov/10/bosnia-bitter-flawed-peace-deal-dayton-agreement-20-years-on |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.osce.org/bih/126173 |title=Dayton Peace Agreement |website=[[osce.org]] |access-date=29 July 2020 |archive-date=25 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225062013/https://www.osce.org/bih/126173 |url-status=live }}</ref> Thus the Yugoslav Wars ended, and international sanctions on FR Yugoslavia were lifted.<ref name="auto3">{{Cite web |url=https://www.gmu.edu/programs/icar/ijps/vol3_1/Delvic.htm |title=Economic Sanctions as a Foreign Policy Tool: The Case of Yugoslavia - Milica Delvic |website=gmu.edu |access-date=29 July 2020 |archive-date=15 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715025823/http://www.gmu.edu/programs/icar/ijps/vol3_1/Delvic.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> However, Slobodan Milošević would not achieve his dreams of admitting FR Yugoslavia to the United Nations as the successor state of SFR Yugoslavia, as an 'outer wall' of international sanctions prohibited this.<ref name="auto3"/><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1992-09-20-mn-1984-story.html |title=Security Council Denies Yugoslavia Its U.N. Seat |date=20 September 1992 |website=Los Angeles Times |access-date=29 July 2020 |archive-date=26 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726145747/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1992-09-20-mn-1984-story.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
=== Economic collapse during Yugoslav Wars ===
{{Main|Hyperinflation in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|International sanctions against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia}}
Following the adoption of economic sanctions by the international community against FR Yugoslavia, its economy experienced a collapse. Sanctions on fuel meant that fuel stations across the country ran out of petrol,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/05/25/world/crisis-in-the-balkans-fuel-oil-flowing-to-yugoslavia-despite-nato-s-exertions.html |title=CRISIS IN THE BALKANS: FUEL; Oil Flowing to Yugoslavia Despite NATO's Exertions |first=Raymond |last=Bonner |date=25 May 1999 |work=The New York Times |access-date=29 July 2020 |archive-date=26 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726221326/https://www.nytimes.com/1999/05/25/world/crisis-in-the-balkans-fuel-oil-flowing-to-yugoslavia-despite-nato-s-exertions.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and foreign assets were seized. The average income of inhabitants of FR Yugoslavia was halved from $3,000 to $1,500.<ref name="auto2"/> An estimated 3 million Yugoslavs (Serbs and Montenegrins) lived below the poverty line,<ref name="auto2"/> suicide rates increased by 22%<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/05/30/world/embargo-leaves-serbia-thriving.html |title=Embargo Leaves Serbia Thriving |first=Roger |last=Cohen |date=30 May 1994 |work=The New York Times |access-date=29 July 2020 |archive-date=27 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727040324/https://www.nytimes.com/1994/05/30/world/embargo-leaves-serbia-thriving.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and hospitals lacked basic equipment. Along with this, supply links were cut, which meant that the Yugoslav economy could not grow, and imports or exports needed for industries could not be obtained, forcing them to close.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.vijesti.me/vijesti/dukanoviceva-strategija-za-pripajanje-srpske-88103 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180112021508/http://www.vijesti.me/vijesti/dukanoviceva-strategija-za-pripajanje-srpske-881034 |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 January 2018 |title=Đukanovićeva strategija za pripajanje Srpske |work=Vijesti.me |date=12 January 2018}}</ref> The crippled state of the Yugoslav economy also affected its ability to wage war, and after 1992, Yugoslavia had an extremely limited military role within the Yugoslav Wars, due to Yugoslav Army (VJ) units being unable to operate without oil or munitions.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/05/31/world/un-votes-13-0-for-embargo-on-trade-with-yugoslavia-air-travel-and-oil-curbed.html |title=U.n. Votes 13-0 for Embargo on Trade with Yugoslavia; Air Travel and Oil Curbed |first=Paul |last=Lewis |date=31 May 1992 |work=The New York Times |access-date=29 July 2020 |archive-date=26 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726221329/https://www.nytimes.com/1992/05/31/world/un-votes-13-0-for-embargo-on-trade-with-yugoslavia-air-travel-and-oil-curbed.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite press release |url=https://www.un.org/press/en/1995/19951122.sc6127.html |title=Security Council Decides on Phased Lifting of Arms Embargo Against Former Yugoslavia by Vote of 14 to None, With Russian Federation Abstaining |website=un.org |date=22 November 1995 |access-date=22 June 2021 |archive-date=31 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210731054956/https://www.un.org/press/en/1995/19951122.sc6127.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
On top of this, starting in 1992 and until 1994, the Yugoslav dinar [[hyperinflation in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|experienced a major hyperinflation]], leading to inflation reaching 313 million percent,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cato.org/publications/commentary/worlds-greatest-unreported-hyperinflation#:~:text=Starting%20in%20January%201992%2C%20what,but%20well%20below%20Hungary's%20record. |title=The World's Greatest Unreported Hyperinflation |work=Cato Institute |last=Hanke |first=Steve H. |date=7 May 2007 |access-date=22 June 2021 |archive-date=18 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518230354/https://www.cato.org/publications/commentary/worlds-greatest-unreported-hyperinflation#:~:text=Starting%20in%20January%201992%2C%20what,but%20well%20below%20Hungary's%20record. |url-status=live }}</ref> the second worst hyperinflation in history. Many parts of FR Yugoslavia, including all of Montenegro, adopted the [[Deutsche Mark]] and [[Euro]] currencies instead of the Yugoslav dinar.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/2000/0302/p8s1.html |title=German currency leaves its mark across the Balkans |date=2 March 2000 |work=The Christian Science Monitor |last=Kim |first=Lucian |access-date=22 June 2021 |archive-date=5 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210805014844/https://www.csmonitor.com/2000/0302/p8s1.html |url-status=live }}</ref> International sanctions crippled the Yugoslav economy, and prevented it from playing an active role in aiding Serb breakaway republics. Following the Dayton Agreement, the UN Security Council voted to lift most sanctions, but they were reissued following the outbreak of an Albanian insurgency in Kosovo. The lasting economic impact can be attributed to the eventual downfall of FR Yugoslavia and Slobodan Milošević's government, as well as a deeper desire in Montenegro to leave Yugoslavia.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/inatl/longterm/balkans/stories/montenegro062599.htm |title=Montenegro Easing Away From Serb Ally |newspaper=The Washington Post |last=Dobbs |first=Michael |date=25 June 1999 |access-date=22 June 2021 |archive-date=1 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201051350/https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/inatl/longterm/balkans/stories/montenegro062599.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
=== Kosovo War ===
{{Main|Kosovo War}}
In the [[Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija]], a growing desire for independence emerged among the Albanian majority population. Already, an unrecognised [[Republic of Kosova]] had emerged with underground institutions.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.keshilliministrave.al/index.php?fq=brenda&m=news&lid=7323&gj=gj2 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120316032633/http://www.keshilliministrave.al/index.php?fq=brenda&m=news&lid=7323&gj=gj2 |url-status=dead |archive-date = 16 March 2012 |title=Keshilli i Ministrave |date=16 March 2012}}</ref> In 1996, the [[Kosovo Liberation Army]], an Albanian militia promoting Kosovar independence, launched attacks against Serbian police stations, killing at least ten Serbian policemen in direct attacks between 1996 and 1998.<ref>"Unknown Albanian 'liberation army' claims attacks". Agence France Presse. 17 February 1996.</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=myEuDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT103 |title=Islamic Terror and the Balkans |first=Shaul |last=Shay |date=12 July 2017 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781351511384 |via=Google Books |access-date=28 October 2020 |archive-date=11 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111165731/https://books.google.com/books?id=myEuDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT103 |url-status=live }}</ref> The low level [[Insurgency in Kosovo (1995–98)|insurgency]] eventually escalated. After Slobodan Milošević was elected President of Yugoslavia in 1997, having served his maximum two terms as President of Serbia, he ordered Yugoslav Army (VJ) units to move into Kosovo to aid in the suppression of the insurrection. The governments of FR Yugoslavia and the US declared the Kosovo Liberation Army a terrorist organisation, following repeated deadly attacks against Yugoslav law enforcement agencies.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vELQpx1U9EcC |title=Humanitarian Law Violations in Kosovo |first1=Fred |last1=Abrahams |first2=Elizabeth |last2=Andersen |date=27 July 1998 |publisher=Human Rights Watch |isbn=9781564321947 |via=Google Books |access-date=28 October 2020 |archive-date=11 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111165737/https://books.google.com/books?id=vELQpx1U9EcC |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SlHqkxGk4Q8C |title=Kosovo Liberation Army: The Inside Story of an Insurgency |first=Henry H. |last=Perritt |date=1 October 2010 |publisher=University of Illinois Press |isbn=9780252092138 |via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://judiciary.house.gov/legacy/muts1213.htm |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20050226123208/http://judiciary.house.gov/legacy/muts1213.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date = 26 February 2005 |title=12/13/00 Committee on the Judiciary - Mutschke Testimony |date=26 February 2005}}</ref> US intelligence also mentioned illegal arms sources of the Kosovo Liberation Army, including conducting raids during the course of the [[1997 Albanian civil unrest]], and drug dealing.<ref name="auto5" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kosovo.net/kla3.html |title=Articles on KLA-Kosovo-Drugs-Mafia and Fundraising |website=kosovo.net |access-date=29 July 2020 |archive-date=20 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200720005552/http://kosovo.net/kla3.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Despite this, substantial evidence now shows that the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] had aided in training units of the KLA,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.globalpolicy.org/component/content/article/192/38782.html |title=CIA Aided Kosovo Guerrilla Army All Along |website=www.globalpolicy.org |access-date=29 July 2020 |archive-date=29 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729120536/https://www.globalpolicy.org/component/content/article/192/38782.html |url-status=live }}</ref> although not necessarily providing them with arms and funding.
In 1998, the Kosovo War began, following increased open combat with Yugoslav police and army units deployed by Milošević. The KLA found itself heavily outnumbered and outgunned in open combat, and had to use guerrilla tactics.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://balkaninsight.com/2010/12/14/the-kla-from-guerilla-wars-to-party-plenums1/ |title=KLA : From Guerilla Wars to Party Plenums |date=14 December 2010 |access-date=29 July 2020 |archive-date=26 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726191830/https://balkaninsight.com/2010/12/14/the-kla-from-guerilla-wars-to-party-plenums1/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Serbian police and VJ units attacked KLA outposts, attempting to destroy them, as KLA units attempted to avoid direct confrontation and use terrorist attacks, including bombings and ambushes, to weaken Yugoslav control.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bundesheer.at/pdf_pool/publikationen/01_kse1_02_tck.pdf |title=The Kosovo Conflict |last=Troebst |first=Stefan |website=bundesheer.at |access-date=22 June 2021 |archive-date=27 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227033819/https://www.bundesheer.at/pdf_pool/publikationen/01_kse1_02_tck.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Although unable to gain a strategic advantage, Yugoslav Army units found themselves in a tactical advantage against KLA units which lacked proper training. VJ units themselves lacked morale, and attacks were often directed against civilian targets rather than military targets.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B4YbP0fPcMYC&pg=PA332 |title=The Serbs: History, Myth, and the Destruction of Yugoslavia |first=Tim |last=Judah |date=27 July 2000 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=0300085079 |via=Google Books |access-date=27 December 2021 |archive-date=17 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417062019/https://books.google.com/books?id=B4YbP0fPcMYC&pg=PA332 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{NoteTag|The [[Kosovo Liberation Army]] had limited active members; as such, Yugoslav units could often not find any KLA units throughout their stay in Kosovo.}} 863,000 Albanian civilians were forcibly expelled between March and June 1999 from Kosovo.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.osce.org/files/f/documents/d/d/17772.pdf |title=KOSOVO / KOSOVA As Seen, As Told |publisher=OSCE Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights |year=1999 |location=Warsaw, Poland |pages=167 |access-date=13 October 2021 |archive-date=29 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029173415/https://www.osce.org/files/f/documents/d/d/17772.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> 169,824 Serb and Romani civilians were estimated by the UNHCR's Belgrade office to have fled from Kosovo-Metohija to either [[Serbia Proper|Serbia proper]], [[Vojvodina|the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina]], or [[Republic of Montenegro (1992–2006)|the constituent Republic of Montenegro]] by 20 June 1999.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 1999 |title=FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF YUGOSLAVIA ABUSES AGAINST SERBS AND ROMA IN THE NEW KOSOVO |url=http://www.hrw.org/reports/1999/kosov2/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929140659/http://www.hrw.org/reports/1999/kosov2/#N_3_ |archive-date=29 September 2007}}</ref> Out of 10,317 civilians, 8,676 Albanians, 1,196 Serbs and 445 Roma, Bosniaks, Montenegrins and others were killed or went missing in connection with the war between 1 January 1998 - 31 December 2000.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kosovomemorybook.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Expert_Evaluation_of_Kosovo_Memory_Book_Database_Prishtina_04_02_2015.pdf |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190111055051/http://www.kosovomemorybook.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Expert_Evaluation_of_Kosovo_Memory_Book_Database_Prishtina_04_02_2015.pdf |url-status=dead |title=Kosovo Memory Book Database |archive-date=11 January 2019 |date=11 January 2019}}</ref> The Serbian government attributed 1,953 Serbian, 361 Albanian and 266 other civilian deaths or disappearances from 1 January 1998 - 1 November 2001 to “Albanian terrorism in Kosovo-Metohija”.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.arhiva.serbia.gov.rs/news/2002-07/08/325076.html|title=Serbian Government >> News >> Missing persons in Kosovo >> Victims of the Albanian terrorism in Kosovo-Metohija (Killed, kidnapped, and missing persons, January 1998 - November 2001)|website=www.arhiva.serbia.gov.rs|access-date=13 October 2021|archive-date=23 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023192953/http://www.arhiva.serbia.gov.rs/news/2002-07/08/325076.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
The international community was quick to respond, issuing a [[Rambouillet Agreement|peace proposal]] to Yugoslavia in 1999. The agreement was seen as an essential ultimatum<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2009/mar/24/serbia-kosovo |title=Ian Bancroft: Nato's bombardment of Serbia was an important precursor to the invasion of Iraq |first=Ian |last=Bancroft |date=24 March 2009 |work=The Guardian |access-date=29 July 2020 |archive-date=1 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220501162102/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2009/mar/24/serbia-kosovo |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Clark |first=Christopher |year=2012 |title=The Sleepwalkers: How Europe Went To War in 1914 |edition=2012 |location=London |publisher=Allen Lane |pages=456–457 |isbn=978-0-713-99942-6}}.</ref> by [[NATO]] to Yugoslavia, and this rejected by the Yugoslav government. NATO responded in March 1999 by ordering airstrikes against Yugoslav military targets and infrastructure, including roads, railroads, administrative buildings and the headquarters of [[Radio Television Serbia]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://mondediplo.com/2000/07/03kosovo |title=Was the Serbian TV station really a legitimate target? |first=Claudio Cordone & Avner |last=Gidron |date=1 July 2000 |website=Le Monde diplomatique |access-date=29 July 2020 |archive-date=31 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210131185456/https://mondediplo.com/2000/07/03kosovo |url-status=live }}</ref> NATO's bombing campaign was not approved by the UN Security Council, for fear of a veto by Russia, which would cause controversy as to its [[Legitimacy of the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia|legality]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/06/08/world/rights-group-says-nato-bombing-in-yugoslavia-violated-law.html |title=Rights Group Says NATO Bombing in Yugoslavia Violated Law |first=Steven |last=Erlanger |date=8 June 2000 |work=The New York Times |access-date=29 July 2020 |archive-date=23 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170223162203/http://www.nytimes.com/2000/06/08/world/rights-group-says-nato-bombing-in-yugoslavia-violated-law.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.znetwork.org/sustainers/content/1999-06/june_15herman.htm |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20020916122240/http://www.znetwork.org/sustainers/content/1999-06/june_15herman.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2002-09-16 |title=Kosovo and Doublespeak |last=Herman |first=Edward S. |publisher=Library of Congress Archives |date=15 June 1999 |access-date=22 June 2021}}</ref> The UN Security Council adopted [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1160]], renewing arms and oil sanctions against FR Yugoslavia, and thus crippling its economy. The effects of continuous aerial bombardment and sanctions cost the Yugoslav economy hundreds of billions of USD<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/09/29/world/yugoslavia-gives-nato-100-billion-damage-bill.html |title=Yugoslavia Gives NATO $100 Billion Damage Bill |first=Christopher S. |last=Wren |date=29 September 1999 |work=The New York Times |access-date=29 July 2020 |archive-date=24 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220824152037/https://www.nytimes.com/1999/09/29/world/yugoslavia-gives-nato-100-billion-damage-bill.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and eventually forced Milošević's government to comply with an agreement put forward by an international delegation. [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1244]] led to substantial autonomy for Kosovo, and the establishment of a [[United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo|UN mission]] to Kosovo, as well as the complete withdrawal of units of the Yugoslav National Army.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/06/04/opinion/the-kosovo-peace-plan.html |title=Opinion | The Kosovo Peace Plan |date=4 June 1999 |work=The New York Times |access-date=29 July 2020 |archive-date=2 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802222119/https://www.nytimes.com/1999/06/04/opinion/the-kosovo-peace-plan.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/inatl/daily/june99/plantext03.htm |title=Text of Kosovo Peace Plan |newspaper=The Washington Post |agency=Associated Press |date=3 June 1999 |access-date=22 June 2021 |archive-date=4 July 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080704192317/http://washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/inatl/daily/june99/plantext03.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> As such, Kosovo remained an Autonomous Province of Serbia, but politically and economically independent. The damage to FR Yugoslavia was immense, with the government estimating $100 billion in infrastructure damage,<ref name="auto"/> as well as 1,200 Serbian and Albanian civilians or soldiers confirmed dead. Economists have estimated at least $29 billion in direct damages caused by the bombings.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.b92.net/eng/news/politics.php?yyyy=2006&mm=06&dd=09&nav_id=35250 |title=Seven years since end of NATO bombing |website=B92.net |date=9 June 2006 |access-date=22 June 2021 |archive-date=22 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322053522/https://www.b92.net/eng/news/politics.php?yyyy=2006&mm=06&dd=09&nav_id=35250 |url-status=live }}</ref>
In the aftermath of the Kosovo War, a low level [[Insurgency in the Preševo Valley|insurgency]] continued in parts of Southern Serbia ([[Preševo Valley|Presevo valley]]), which had Albanian minorities. However, this insurgencts ([[Liberation Army of Preševo, Medveđa and Bujanovac|UCPMB]]) lacked resources, and the Yugoslav Armed Forces and police were able to put down the insurgency.
=== Bulldozer Revolution ===
{{Main|Overthrow of Slobodan Milošević}}
The string of defeats, as well as a complete collapse of the Yugoslav economy, led to mass unpopularity of the essential dictatorship of Slobodan Milošević and his allies in the [[Socialist Party of Serbia]]. In September 2000, amongst accusations of electoral fraud, large scale protests struck the nation. Milošević was eventually removed from power, as his [[Socialist Party of Serbia]] lost in the federal elections to the [[Democratic Opposition of Serbia]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://balkaninsight.com/2010/10/05/timeline-the-bulldozer-revolution/ |title=The Bulldozer Revolution |last=Barlovac |first=Bojana |work=BalkanInsight |date=5 October 2010 |access-date=22 June 2021 |archive-date=29 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429030144/https://balkaninsight.com/2010/10/05/timeline-the-bulldozer-revolution/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In the aftermath, a new government in Yugoslavia negotiated with the United Nations, accepting that it was not the sole legal successor to the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, and was allowed to join the UN.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.euractiv.com/section/enlargement/news/yugoslavia-joins-un-as-new-member/ |title=Yugoslavia joins UN as new member |work=Euractiv |date=1 November 2000 |access-date=22 June 2021 |archive-date=18 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210618062530/https://www.euractiv.com/section/enlargement/news/yugoslavia-joins-un-as-new-member/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Milošević would later be put on trial for corruption and war crimes,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/mar/11/warcrimes.milosevictrial#:~:text=Slobodan%20Milosevic%20was%20the%20main,wars%20in%20the%20early%201990s |title=The charges against Milosevic |last=Kenny |first=Sean |work=The Guardian |date=11 March 2006 |access-date=22 June 2021 |archive-date=22 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210622184111/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/mar/11/warcrimes.milosevictrial#:~:text=Slobodan%20Milosevic%20was%20the%20main,wars%20in%20the%20early%201990s |url-status=live }}</ref> especially during the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.icty.org/en/case/slobodan_milosevic |title=ICTY file for Milosevic |work=International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia |access-date=23 November 2021 |archive-date=23 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123142344/https://www.icty.org/en/case/slobodan_milosevic |url-status=live }}</ref> although he died in prison before his trial could end in 2006.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/milosevic-war-crime-deniers-feed-receptive-audience/27910664.html |title=Milosevic 'Exonerated'? War-Crime Deniers Feed Receptive Audience |work=Radio Free Europe-Radio Liberty |last=Knezevic |first=Gordana |date=9 August 2016 |access-date=22 June 2021 |archive-date=15 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210615142016/https://www.rferl.org/a/milosevic-war-crime-deniers-feed-receptive-audience/27910664.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://balkaninsight.com/2016/08/16/milosevic-s-old-allies-celebrate-his-innocence-08-16-2016/ |title=Milosevic's Old Allies Celebrate His 'Innocence' |last=Dragojlo |first=Sasa |work=BalkanInsight |date=16 August 2016 |access-date=22 June 2021 |archive-date=12 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412163849/https://balkaninsight.com/2016/08/16/milosevic-s-old-allies-celebrate-his-innocence-08-16-2016/ |url-status=live }}</ref> His culpability, especially of the charges brought against him in the context of the ICTY, remains a subject of controversy within Serbia.
=== Gradual dissolution ===
{{unreferenced section|date=February 2021}}
In 2002, Serbia and Montenegro came to a new agreement regarding continued co-operation, which, among other changes, promised the end of the name Yugoslavia (since they were part of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia). On 4 February 2003, the [[Parliament of Serbia and Montenegro|Federal Assembly of Yugoslavia]] created a loose [[Political union|state union]] or [[Confederation|confederacy]]—the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro, although Yugoslavia was still commonly used. A new [[Constitutional Charter of Serbia and Montenegro|constitutional charter]] was agreed to provide a framework for the governance of the country.
On Sunday, 21 May 2006, [[Montenegrins (ethnic group)|Montenegrins]] voted in an [[2006 Montenegrin independence referendum|independence referendum]],<ref name="N1">[[Dieter Nohlen|Nohlen, D]] & Stöver, P (2010) ''Elections in Europe: A data handbook'', p1372 {{ISBN|978-3-8329-5609-7}}</ref> with 55.5% supporting independence. Fifty-five percent or more of affirmative votes were needed to dissolve the confederation and Yugoslavia. The turnout was 86.3% and 99.73% of the more than 477,000 votes cast were deemed valid.
The subsequent Montenegrin proclamation of independence on 3 June 2006<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/5043462.stm Montenegro declares independence] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911232150/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/5043462.stm |date=11 September 2017 }} BBC News, 4 June 2006</ref> and the Serbian proclamation of independence on 5 June ended the confederation of Serbia and Montenegro and thus the last remaining vestiges of the former [[Yugoslavia]].
== Politics ==
{{Main|Politics of Serbia and Montenegro}}
The Federal Assembly of Yugoslavia, representing FR Yugoslavia (1992–2003) was composed of two chambers: the Council of Citizens and the Council of Republics. Whereas the Council of Citizens served as an ordinary assembly, representing the people of FR Yugoslavia, the Council of Republics was made equally by representatives from the federation's constituent republics, to ensure federal equality between Serbia and Montenegro.
The first president from 1992 to 1993 was [[Dobrica Ćosić]], a former communist [[Yugoslav partisan]] during World War II and later one of the fringe contributors of the controversial [[Memorandum of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts]]. Despite being head of the country, Ćosić was forced out of office in 1993 due to his opposition to Serbian President [[Slobodan Milošević]]. Ćosić was replaced by [[Zoran Lilić]] who served from 1993 to 1997, and then followed by Milošević becoming Yugoslav President in 1997 after his last legal term as Serbian president ended in 1997. FR Yugoslavia was dominated by Milosevic and his allies, until the presidential election in 2000. There were accusations of vote fraud and Yugoslav citizens took to the streets and engaged in [[Overthrow of Slobodan Milošević|riots in Belgrade]] demanding that Milošević be removed from power. Shortly afterwards Milošević resigned and [[Vojislav Koštunica]] took over as Yugoslav president and remained president until the state's reconstitution as the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro.
Federal Prime Minister [[Milan Panić]] became frustrated with Milošević's domineering behaviour during diplomatic talks in 1992 and told Milošević to "shut up" because Milošević's position was officially subordinate to his position.<ref>James Gow. ''Triumph of the Lack of Will: International Diplomacy and the Yugoslav War'', Columbia University Press (1997). New York City. p. 228.</ref> Milošević later forced Panić to resign.<ref>Sabrina P. Ramet. ''Serbia Since 1989: Politics and Society Under Milošević and After''. University of Washington Press, 2005. p. 61.</ref> However, this situation changed after 1997 when Milošević's second and last legal term as Serbian President ended. He then had himself elected Federal President, thus entrenching the power that he already de facto held.<ref name="Sabrina P. Ramet 2005. Pp. 61">[[Sabrina P. Ramet]]. ''Serbia Since 1989: Politics and Society Under Milošević and After''. University of Washington Press, 2005. p. 61. (During Milošević's tenure as President of Serbia, the government of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was de facto subordinate to his government, with Milošević installing and forcing the removal of several Federal Presidents and Prime Ministers. However this changed after 1997 when Milošević's last legal term as Serbian President ended and he became Federal President that year, in which Milošević entrenched the power of the Federal Presidency.)</ref>
After the federation was reconstituted as a State Union, the new [[Parliament of Serbia and Montenegro|Assembly of the State Union]] was created. It was unicameral and was made up of 126 deputies, of which 91 were from Serbia and 35 were from Montenegro. The Assembly convened in the building of the old Federal Assembly of Yugoslavia, which now houses the [[National Assembly of Serbia]].
In 2003, after the constitutional changes and creation of the [[State Union of Serbia and Montenegro]], a new [[President of Serbia and Montenegro]] was elected. He was also president of the [[Council of Ministers of Serbia and Montenegro]].
[[Svetozar Marović]] was the first and last President of Serbia and Montenegro until its breakup in 2006.
On April 12, 1999, the Federal Assembly of the [[FR Yugoslavia]] passed the "Decision on the accession of the FRY to the [[Union State|Union State of Russia and Belarus]]".<ref>{{cite news |newspaper=Službeni list SRJ |url=https://www.pravno-informacioni-sistem.rs/SlGlasnikPortal/eli/rep/slsrj/skupstina/odluka/1999/25/1/reg |title=Одлука о приступању Савезне Републике Југославије Савезу Русије и Белорусије: 25/1999-1 |trans-title=Decision on the accession of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia to the Alliance of Russia and Belarus: 25/1999-1 |issue=25 |date=12 April 1999 |publisher=Pravno informacioni sistem RS |location=Belgrade |access-date=22 January 2023 |archive-date=23 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221223062432/https://www.pravno-informacioni-sistem.rs/SlGlasnikPortal/eli/rep/slsrj/skupstina/odluka/1999/25/1/reg |url-status=live }}</ref> The legal successor of that decision is the Republic of Serbia.{{citation needed|date=January 2023}}
== Military ==
The '''[[Armed Forces of Serbia and Montenegro|Armed Forces of Yugoslavia]]''' ([[Serbian language|Serbian]]: Војска Југославије/Vojska Jugoslavije, ВЈ/VJ) included [[ground forces]] with internal and [[Border guard|border troops]], [[Navy|naval forces]], [[Air force|air and air defense forces]], and [[civil defense]]. It was established from the remnants of the [[Yugoslav People's Army]] (JNA), the military of [[SFR Yugoslavia]]. Several Bosnian Serb units of the VJ were transferred over to the [[Republika Srpska (1992–1995)|Republika Srpska]], during the course of the [[Bosnian War]], leaving only units directly from Serbia and Montenegro in the armed forces. The VJ saw military action during the [[Yugoslav Wars]], including the [[Siege of Dubrovnik]] and the [[Battle of Vukovar]], as well as the [[Kosovo War]], and played combat roles during ethnic [[Insurgency in the Preševo Valley|insurgencies]]. Following the Kosovo War, the VJ was forced to evacuate Kosovo, and in 2003 it was renamed the <nowiki>''Armed Forces of Serbia and Montenegro.''</nowiki> Following the dissolution of the Union between Serbia and Montenegro, units from each army were assigned to the independent republics of Serbia and Montenegro, as recruitment in the army was on a local, rather than Federal, level. Montenegro inherited the small navy of FR Yugoslavia, due to Serbia being landlocked.
== Administrative divisions ==
{{Main|Administrative divisions of Serbia and Montenegro}}
[[File:Scg02.png|thumb|Map of the territorial subdivisions of FR Yugoslavia]]
FR Yugoslavia was composed of two political units, consisting of two Republics, and two subordinate Autonomous Provinces to Serbia, as following:
*The [[Republic of Serbia (1990–2006)|Republic of Serbia]] (capital: [[Belgrade]]), including [[Central Serbia]];
**[[Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija|Kosovo and Metohija]] – Autonomous province within Serbia (capital: [[Pristina]]). Under [[United Nations]] administration from June 1999 under the terms of the [[Kumanovo Agreement]].
**[[Autonomous Province of Vojvodina|Vojvodina]], Autonomous province within Serbia (capital: [[Novi Sad]]).
*The [[Republic of Montenegro (1992–2006)|Republic of Montenegro]] (capital: [[Podgorica]]).
{| class="wikitable"
|'''Name'''
|'''Capital'''
|'''Flag'''
|'''Coat of arms'''
|-
|[[Republic of Serbia (1992–2006)|Republic of Serbia]]<br>
|[[Belgrade]]
|[[File:Flag of Serbia (2004–2010).svg|88x88px]]
|[[File:Coat of Аrms of Serbia (2004-2010).svg|93x93px]]
|-
|[[Vojvodina|AP Vojvodina]]
|[[Novi Sad]]
|[[File:Flag of Vojvodina.svg|88x88px]]
|[[File:Coat of arms of Vojvodina.svg|93x93px]]
|-
|[[AP Kosovo and Metohija]]
|[[Priština]]
|[[File:Flag of the United Nations.svg|88x88px]]
|[[File:Coat of arms of the PISG of Kosovo.svg|93x93px]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Republic of Montenegro (1992–2006)|Republic of Montenegro]]
|[[Cetinje]]
|[[File:Flag of Montenegro (1993–2004).svg|123x123px]]
|[[File:Coat of arms of Montenegro (1992-2004).svg|75x75px]]
|-
|[[Podgorica]]
|[[File:Flag of Montenegro.svg|103x103px]]
|[[File:Coat of arms of Montenegro.svg|76x76px]]
|}
=== Serbia ===
{{Main|Subdivisions of Serbia}}
The territorial organisation of the Republic of Serbia was regulated by the Law on Territorial Organisation and Local Self-Government, adopted in the [[Assembly of Serbia]] on 24 July 1991. Under the Law, the municipalities, cities and settlements make the bases of the territorial organization.<ref name="zakon">[http://www.parlament.gov.rs/content/cir/akta/akta_detalji.asp?Id=466&t=Z# Law on Territorial Organization and Local Self-Government] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091211190546/http://www.parlament.gov.rs/content/cir/akta/akta_detalji.asp?Id=466&t=Z |date=11 December 2009 }}, Parliament of Serbia {{in lang|sr}}</ref>
Serbia was divided into 195 [[Municipalities and cities of Serbia|municipalities]] and 4 [[Municipalities and cities of Serbia|cities]], which were the basic units of local autonomy. It had two autonomous provinces: [[Kosovo and Metohija]] in the south (with 30 municipalities), which was under the administration of [[UNMIK]] after 1999, and [[Vojvodina]] in the north (with 46 municipalities and 1 city). The territory between Kosovo and Vojvodina was called [[Central Serbia]]. Central Serbia was not an administrative division on its own and had no regional government of its own.
In addition, there were four cities: Belgrade, [[Niš]], [[Novi Sad]] and [[Kragujevac]], each having an assembly and budget of its own. The cities comprised several municipalities, divided into "urban" (in the city proper) and "other" (suburban). Competences of cities and their municipalities were divided.
Municipalities were gathered into [[Districts of Serbia|districts]], which are regional centres of state authority, but have no assemblies of their own; they present purely administrative divisions, and host various state institutions such as funds, office branches and courts. The Republic of Serbia was then and is still today divided into 29 districts (17 in Central Serbia, 7 in Vojvodina and 5 in Kosovo, which are now defunct), while the city of Belgrade presents a district of its own.
=== Montenegro ===
{{Main|Municipalities of Montenegro}}
Montenegro was divided into [[Municipalities of Montenegro|21 municipalities]].
== Geography ==
{{see also|Geography of Serbia|Geography of Montenegro}}
Serbia and Montenegro had an area of 102,350 square kilometres (39,518 sq mi), with 199 kilometres (124 mi) of coastline. The terrain of the two republics is extremely varied, with much of Serbia comprising plains and low hills (except in the more mountainous region of Kosovo and Metohija) and much of Montenegro consisting of high mountains. Serbia is entirely landlocked, with the coastline belonging to Montenegro. The climate is similarly varied. The north has a [[continental climate]] (cold winters and hot summers); the central region has a combination of a continental and [[Mediterranean climate]]; the southern region had an [[Adriatic sea|Adriatic climate]] along the coast, with inland regions experiencing hot, dry summers and autumns and relatively cold winters with heavy snowfall inland.
[[Belgrade]], with its population of 1,574,050, is the largest city in the two nations: and the only one of significant size. The country's other principal cities were [[Novi Sad]], [[Niš]], [[Kragujevac]], [[Podgorica]], [[Subotica]], [[Pristina]], and [[Prizren]], each with populations of about 100,000–250,000 people.
== Demographics ==
{{Main|Demographics of Serbia and Montenegro|}}
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Demographics of FR Yugoslavia in 1992{{sfn|Kovačević|1993|p=55-56}}
|label1 = [[Serbs]]
|value1 = 62.6
|color1 = Red
|label2 = [[Albanians]]
|value2 = 16.5
|color2 = Green
|label3 = [[Montenegrins (ethnic group)|Montenegrins]]
|value3 = 5
|color3 = Blue
|label4 = Others
|value4 = 15.9
|color4 = Light
}}
FR Yugoslavia had more demographic variety than most other European countries. According to the 1992 census, the Federal Republic had 10,394,026 inhabitants.{{sfn|Kovačević|1993|p=55-56}} The three largest named nationalities were [[Serbs]] (6,504,048 inhabitants, or 62.6%), [[Albanians]] (1,714,768 inhabitants, or 16.5%), and [[Montenegrins (ethnic group)|Montenegrins]] (519,766 inhabitants, or 5%).{{sfn|Kovačević|1993|p=55-56}} The country also had significant populations of [[Hungarians]], [[ethnic Yugoslavs]], [[Muslims (South-Slavic ethnic group)|ethnic Muslims]], [[Romani people|Romani]], [[Croats]], [[Bulgarians]], [[Macedonians (ethnic group)|Macedonians]], [[Romanians]] and [[Vlachs of Serbia|Vlachs]], and others (under 1%). Most of the ethnic diversity was situated in the autonomous provinces of [[Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija|Kosovo]] and [[Autonomous Province of Vojvodina|Vojvodina]], where smaller numbers of other minority groups could be found. The large Albanian population was chiefly [[Kosovo Albanians|concentrated in Kosovo]], with smaller populations in the [[Preševo Valley]], and in the [[Ulcinj]] municipality in Montenegro. The ''Muslim'' ([[Muslims (South-Slavic ethnic group)|Slavic Muslims]], including [[Bosniaks]] and [[Gorani people|Gorani]]) population lived mostly in the [[Sandžak|federal border region]] (mainly [[Novi Pazar]] in Serbia, and [[Rožaje]] in Montenegro). It is important to note that the Montenegrin population at the time often considered themselves to be Serbs.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hedges |first=Chris |date=10 July 1999 |title=Montenegrins, Angry at Serbs, Talk of a Split |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/07/10/world/montenegrins-angry-at-serbs-talk-of-a-split.html |access-date=5 August 2020 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=31 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210131231558/https://www.nytimes.com/1999/07/10/world/montenegrins-angry-at-serbs-talk-of-a-split.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
;Total Population of FR Yugoslavia – 10,019,657
*[[Republic of Serbia (federal)|Serbia]] (total): 9,396,411
**Vojvodina: 2,116,725
**Central Serbia: 5,479,686
**Kosovo: 1,800,000
*[[Republic of Montenegro (federal)|Montenegro]]: 623,246
*Major cities (over 100,000 inhabitants) – 2002 data (2003 for Podgorica):
**[[Beograd]] (Belgrade): 1,280,639 (1,574,050 metro)
**[[Novi Sad]]: 215,600 (298,139 metro)
**[[Pristina]]: 200,000 (2002 estimate)
**[[Niš]]: 173,390 (234,863 metro)
**[[Kragujevac]]: 145,890 (175,182 metro)
**[[Podgorica]]: 139,500 (169,000 metro)
**[[Prizren]]: 121,000 (2002 estimate)
**[[Subotica]]: 99,471 (147,758 metro)
More than half of [[Kosovo Serbs|Kosovo's pre-1999 Serb population]] (226,000),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.srbija.gov.rs/kosovo-metohija/20031|title=Интерно расељена и прогнана лица са Косова и Метохије|access-date=19 December 2022|archive-date=19 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221219225709/https://www.srbija.gov.rs/kosovo-metohija/20031|url-status=live}}</ref> including 37,000 [[Romani people|Romani]], 15,000 [[Islam in Europe|Balkan Muslims]] (including [[Ashkali and Balkan Egyptians|Ashkali]], [[Bosniaks]], and [[Gorani people|Gorani]]), and 7,000 other non-Albanian civilians were expelled to central Serbia and Montenegro, following the [[Kosovo War]].<ref>{{•}} {{cite book |author-last=Vladisavljević |author-first=Nebojša |year=2012 |chapter=Kosovo and Two Dimensions of the Contemporary Serb-Albanian Conflict |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wkQ3I6GyClEC&pg=PA29 |editor1-last=Hudson |editor1-first=Robert |editor2-last=Bowman |editor2-first=Glenn |title=After Yugoslavia: Identities and Politics Within the Successor States |location=Cham, Switzerland |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |pages=29–30 |doi=10.1057/9780230305137_3 |isbn=9780230201316 |access-date=12 December 2022 }}<br />{{•}} {{cite book |author-last=Wills |author-first=Siobhán |year=2009 |title=Protecting Civilians: The Obligations of Peacekeepers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QoqQ7kBrlSAC&pg=PA219 |location=Oxford and New York |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |page=219 |isbn=978-0-19-953387-9 |access-date=12 December 2022 |archive-date=11 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111171634/https://books.google.com/books?id=QoqQ7kBrlSAC&pg=PA219 |url-status=live }}<br />{{•}} {{cite web |title=Abuses against Serbs and Roma in the new Kosovo |url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/1999/kosov2/ |date=August 1999 |url-status=live |publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113211702/http://www.hrw.org/reports/1999/kosov2/ |archive-date=13 November 2022 |access-date=12 December 2022 }}<br />{{•}} {{cite web |title=The Violence: Ethnic Albanian Attacks on Serbs and Roma |url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/2004/kosovo0704/7.htm |date=July 2004 |url-status=live |publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712101508/https://www.hrw.org/reports/2004/kosovo0704/7.htm |archive-date=12 July 2022 |access-date=12 December 2022 }}<br />{{•}} {{cite web |title=Kosovo Crisis Update |url=http://www.unhcr.org/3ae6b80f2c.html |date=August 4, 1999 |url-status=live |publisher=[[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees|UNHCR]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702170303/https://www.unhcr.org/3ae6b80f2c.html |archive-date=2 July 2022 |access-date=12 December 2022 }}<br />{{•}} {{cite web |title=Forced Expulsion of Kosovo Roma, Ashkali and Egyptians from OSCE Participated state to Kosovo |url=http://www.osce.org/odihr/21342 |date=October 6, 2006 |url-status=live |publisher=[[Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe|OSCE]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220528105950/https://www.osce.org/odihr/21342 |archive-date=28 May 2022 |access-date=12 December 2022 }}</ref>
According to a 2004 estimate, the State Union had 10,825,900 inhabitants. According to a July 2006 estimate, the State Union had 10,832,545 inhabitants.
== Economy ==
{{Main|Economy of Serbia and Montenegro}}
The state suffered significantly economically due to the breakup of Yugoslavia and mismanagement of the economy, and an extended period of economic sanctions. In the early 1990s, the FRY suffered from hyperinflation of the Yugoslav dinar. By the mid-1990s, the FRY had overcome the inflation. Further damage to Yugoslavia's infrastructure and industry caused by the [[Kosovo War]] left the economy only half the size it was in 1990. Since the ousting of former Federal Yugoslav President [[Slobodan Milošević]] in October 2000, the [[Democratic Opposition of Serbia]] (DOS) coalition government has implemented stabilization measures and embarked on an aggressive market reform program. After renewing its membership in the [[International Monetary Fund]] in December 2000, Yugoslavia continued to reintegrate with other world nations by rejoining the [[World Bank]] and the [[European Bank for Reconstruction and Development]].
<!--
PLEASE REWRITE AND UPDATE THIS PART SO THAT IT IS APPLICABLE TO THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF YUGOSLAVIA.
A World Bank-[[European Commission]] sponsored Donors' Conference held in June 2001 raised $1.3 billion for economic restructuring. An agreement rescheduling the country's $4.5 billion [[Paris Club]] government debts was concluded in November 2001; it will write off 66% of the debt; a similar debt relief agreement on its $2.8 billion [[London Club]] commercial debt has been reached in July 2004; 62% of the debt have been written off. -->
The smaller republic of [[Montenegro]] severed its economy from federal control and from Serbia during the Milošević era. Afterwards, the two republics had separate central banks whilst Montenegro began to use different currencies – it first adopted the [[Deutsche Mark]] and continued to use it until the Mark fell into disuse to be replaced by the [[Euro]]. Serbia continued to use the Yugoslav Dinar, renaming it the ''[[Serbian Dinar]]''.<!-- rewrite as part of history
The southern Serbian province of [[Kosovo]], while formally still part of Serbia (according to United Nations Security Council Resolution 1244), is moving toward local autonomy under the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo ([[UNMIK]]) and is dependent on the international community for financial and technical assistance. The euro is official currency, and UNMIK collects taxes and manages the budget. -->
The complexity of the FRY's political relationships, slow progress in privatisation, and stagnation in the European economy were detrimental to the economy. Arrangements with the IMF, especially requirements for fiscal discipline, were an important element in policy formation. Severe unemployment was a key political and economic problem. Corruption also presented a major problem, with a large [[black market]] and a high degree of criminal involvement in the formal economy.
== Transport ==
[[File:Passport of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.jpg|thumb|A [[Yugoslav passport]]|alt=|283x283px]]
Serbia, and in particular the valley of the [[Great Morava|Morava]] is often described as "the crossroads between the [[Eastern world|East]] and the [[Western world|West]]" – one of the primary reasons for its turbulent history. The valley is by far the easiest land route from continental Europe to Greece and [[Asia Minor]].
Major [[European route|international highways]] going through Serbia were [[European route E75|E75]] and [[European route E70|E70]]. [[European route E763|E763]]/[[European route E761|E761]] was the most important route connecting Serbia with Montenegro.
The [[Danube]], an important international waterway, flowed through Serbia.
The [[Port of Bar]] was the largest seaport located in Montenegro.
== Holidays ==
{|class="wikitable"
|+ Holidays
|-
! Date
! Name
! Notes
|-
| 1 January
| [[New Year's Day]]
| (non-working holiday)
|-
| 7 January
| [[Eastern Orthodox|Orthodox]] [[Christmas]]
| (non-working)
|-
| 27 January
| [[Saint Sava]]'s feast Day – Day of Spirituality
|
|-
| 27 April
| [[Constitution Day]]
|
|-
| 29 April
| Orthodox [[Good Friday]]
| Date for 2005 only
|-
| 1 May
| Orthodox [[Easter]]
| Date for 2005 only
|-
| 2 May
| Orthodox [[Easter Monday]]
| Date for 2005 only
|-
| 1 May
| [[Labour Day]]
| (non-working)
|-
| 9 May
| [[Victory Day]]
|
|-
| 28 June
| [[Vidovdan]] ([[Martyr]]'s Day)
| In memory of soldiers fallen at the [[Battle of Kosovo]]
|-
| 29 November
| [[Republic Day]]
|}
;Holidays celebrated only in Serbia
*15 February – Sretenje ([[National Day]], non-working)
;Holidays celebrated only in Montenegro
*13 July – Statehood Day (non-working)
== Proposed national flag and anthem for the State Union ==
[[File:Proposed flag of Serbia and Montenegro (2003).svg|thumb|Proposed flag for Serbia and Montenegro|alt=|250x250px]]
After the formation of the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro, the Yugoslav tricolour was to be replaced by a new compromise flag. Article 23 of the Law for the implementation of the Constitutional Charter<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ssinf.sv.gov.yu/default.php?id=87&je= |title=Zakon o sprovođenju Ustavne povelje |access-date=12 July 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929155125/http://www.ssinf.sv.gov.yu/default.php?id=87&je= |archive-date=29 September 2007}}</ref> stated that a law specifying the new flag was to be passed within 60 days of the first session of the new joint parliament. Among the flag proposals, the popular choice was a flag with a shade of blue in between the Serbian tricolor and the Montenegrin tricolor of 1993 through 2004. The color shade Pantone 300C was perceived as the best choice.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/3170416.stm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031009024659/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/3170416.stm |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 October 2003 |title=Belgrade flag flap reveals identity crisis |work=BBC News |location=United Kingdom |publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation |access-date=9 October 2003 |date=7 October 2003 |first=Matthew |last=Price}}</ref> However the parliament failed to vote on the proposal within the legal time-frame and the flag was not adopted. In 2004, Montenegro adopted a radically different flag, as its independence-leaning government sought to distance itself from Serbia. Proposals for a compromise flag were dropped after this and the Union of Serbia and Montenegro never adopted a flag.
A similar fate befell the country's state anthem and coat-of-arms to be; the above-mentioned Article 23 also stipulated that a law determining the State Union's flag and anthem was to be passed by the end of 2003. The official proposal for a state anthem was a combination piece consisting of one verse of the former (now current) Serbian national anthem "[[Bože pravde]]" followed by a verse of the Montenegrin folk song, "[[Oj, svijetla majska zoro]]". This proposal was dropped after some public opposition, notably by Serbian Patriarch [[Serbian Patriarch Pavle II|Pavle]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vreme.com/cms/view.php?id=387870 |title=Nova drzavna himna: Boze zore |date=12 August 2004 |publisher=Vreme |access-date=26 August 2010 |archive-date=6 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606004833/http://www.vreme.com/cms/view.php?id=387870 |url-status=live }}</ref> Another legal deadline passed and no state anthem was adopted. Serious proposals for the coat of arms were never put forward, probably because the coat of arms of the FRY, adopted in 1994 combining Serbian and Montenegrin heraldic elements, was considered adequate.
Thus, the State Union never officially adopted state symbols and continued to use the flag and national anthem of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia by inertia until its dissolution in 2006.
== Sports ==
=== Association football ===
{{Main|Football Association of Serbia and Montenegro}}
FR Yugoslavia, later Serbia and Montenegro, was considered by [[FIFA]] and [[UEFA]] to be the only successor-state of Yugoslavia.<ref>[http://www.fss.rs/sr/savez/istorijat.html History] {{webarchive |url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111227044239/http://www.fss.rs/sr/savez/istorijat.html |date=27 December 2011 }}, FSS, Retrieved 4 October 2012 {{in lang|sr}}</ref><ref name= "FIFA">[https://web.archive.org/web/20070603185848/http://www.fifa.com/associations/association=srb/ Serbia], [[FIFA]], 2007 Jun 3.</ref><ref>[http://www.uefa.com/under17/news/newsid=1610531.html News: Serbia] {{Webarchive|url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170925121412/http://www.uefa.com/under17/news/newsid=1610531.html |date=25 September 2017}} at [[UEFA]] official website, published 1 January 2011, Retrieved 4 October 2012</ref> Football was experiencing major success during the 1980s and early 1990s; however, due to the imposed economic sanctions, the country was excluded from all international competitions between 1992 and 1996. After the sanctions were lifted, the national team qualified for two [[FIFA World Cup]]s—in [[1998 FIFA World Cup|1998]] as FR Yugoslavia and in [[2006 FIFA World Cup|2006]] as Serbia and Montenegro. It also qualified for [[Euro 2000]], as FR Yugoslavia.
[[File:Fans of Montenegro and Serbia, 2006 WC.jpg|thumb|right|Supporters of the [[Serbia and Montenegro national football team|national football team]] during the [[2006 FIFA World Cup]]]]
The 1998 World Cup appearance in France was accompanied with plenty of expectation and quiet confidence as the team was considered{{By whom |date=July 2020}} to be one of the tournament's dark horses due to being stacked with proven world-class players such as 29-year-old [[Predrag Mijatović]], 33-year-old [[Dragan Stojković]], 29-year-old [[Siniša Mihajlović]], 28-year-old [[Vladimir Jugović]], and 31-year-old [[Dejan Savićević]], as well as emerging 19-year-old youngster [[Dejan Stanković]], and tall 24-year-old target forwards [[Savo Milošević]] and [[Darko Kovačević]]. Another reason for heightened expectations was that this was the country's first major international appearance following the UN-imposed exile. However, the squad never managed to hit top gear—although it did make it out of the group, it got eliminated by the [[Netherlands national football team|Netherlands]] via an injury-time goal in the round-of-16. Two years later at Euro 2000, nearly the same team again made it out of the group and was again eliminated from the tournament by the Netherlands, this time convincingly, 1–6, in the quarter finals.
Serbia and Montenegro were represented by [[Serbia and Montenegro national football team|a single national team]] in the [[2006 FIFA World Cup]] tournament, despite having formally split just weeks prior to its start. The final squad was made up of players born in both Serbia and Montenegro.
They played their last ever international on 21 June 2006, a 3–2 loss to [[Ivory Coast national football team|Ivory Coast]]. Following the World Cup, this team has been inherited by Serbia, while a [[Montenegro national football team|new one]] was to be organized to represent Montenegro in future international competitions.
=== Basketball ===
The [[Serbia and Montenegro national basketball team|senior men's basketball team]] dominated European and world basketball during the mid-to-late 1990s and early 2000s, with three [[EuroBasket]] titles ([[1995 EuroBasket|1995]], [[1997 EuroBasket|1997]], and [[2001 EuroBasket|2001]]), two [[FIBA World Cup]] titles ([[1998 FIBA World Championship|1998]] and [[2002 FIBA World Championship|2002]]), and a [[Basketball at the Summer Olympics|Summer Olympic Games]] silver medal ([[Basketball at the 1996 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament|1996]]).
The national team started competing internationally in 1995, after a three-year exile, due to a UN trade embargo. During that time, FR Yugoslavia was not allowed to compete at the [[Basketball at the 1992 Summer Olympics|1992 Summer Olympics]] in [[Barcelona]], the [[1993 EuroBasket]], and also the [[1994 FIBA World Championship]], which was originally supposed to be hosted by [[Belgrade]], before being taken away from the city and moved to [[Toronto|Toronto, Canada]].
[[File:Maskota 2003ep.JPG|thumb|right|Mascot of the [[EuroBasket 2005]], hosted by Serbia and Montenegro]]
At the [[1995 EuroBasket]] in [[Athens]], its first international competition, the hungry and highly motivated FR Yugoslav team, which was led by head coach [[Dušan Ivković]], featured a starting five full of world-class talent, with established European stars at positions [[point guard|one]] through [[power forward (basketball)|four]] — 27-year-old [[Saša Đorđević]], 25-year-old [[Predrag Danilović]], 29-year-old [[Žarko Paspalj]], 22-year-old [[Dejan Bodiroga]] — capped off with 27-year-old [[Vlade Divac]], the starting center for the [[LA Lakers]] at the [[center (basketball)|five]] position. With a bench that was just as capable — with experienced [[Zoran Sretenović]] (the only player over 30 in the team), [[Saša Obradović]], talisman power forward [[Zoran Savić]], and up-and-coming young center [[Željko Rebrača]] — the team rampaged through its preliminary group, which featured medal contenders [[Greek national basketball team|Greece]] and [[Lithuania men's national basketball team|Lithuania]], with a 6–0 record. At the first direct elimination stage, the quarterfinals, FR Yugoslavia scored 104 points to destroy [[French national basketball team|France]], thus setting up a semifinal clash with the tournament hosts Greece. In the highly charged atmosphere of the [[O.A.C.A. Olympic Indoor Hall|OAKA Indoor Arena]], the FR Yugoslav team demonstrated its versatility, using defensive prowess in that game to pull off a famous eight-point win, in a tense, low-scoring 60–52 game. In the final, FR Yugoslavia played against the experienced Lithuanian team, which was led by basketball legend [[Arvydas Sabonis]], in addition to other world class players like [[Šarūnas Marčiulionis]], [[Rimas Kurtinaitis]], and [[Valdemaras Chomičius]]. The final became a classic game of international basketball, with the crafty Yugoslavs prevailing, by a score of 96–90, behind Đorđević's 41 points.
They were represented by a single team at the [[2006 FIBA World Championship]] as well, even though the tournament was played in mid/late-August and early-September of that year, and the Serbia–Montenegro breakup had occurred in May. That team was also inherited by [[Serbia]] after the tournament, while [[Montenegro]] created a separate senior national basketball team afterwards, as well as their own national teams in all other team sports.
== Entertainment ==
Serbia and Montenegro was represented after its formal dissolution in the [[Miss Earth 2006]] pageant by a single delegate, Dubravka Skoric.
Serbia and Montenegro also participated in the [[Eurovision Song Contest]] on two occasions and in [[Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2005]] only on one occasion. The country debuted in the Eurovision Song Contest under the name Serbia and Montenegro in 2004, when [[Željko Joksimović]] got second place. The next to follow was the Montenegrin boyband No Name. In 2006, the year of Montenegrin independence, the country Serbia and Montenegro did not have a representative due to the scandal in [[Evropesma#2006 event and controversy|Evropesma 2006]], but was still able to vote in both the semi-final and the final.
== See also ==
{{Portal|Serbia}}
*[[List of national border changes since World War I]]
*[[Military of Serbia and Montenegro|Military of FR Yugoslavia]]
== Notes ==
{{NoteFoot}}
== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{notelist}}
{{Reflist}}
=== Sources ===
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book |last=Ćirković |first=Sima |author-link=Sima Ćirković |year=2004 |title=The Serbs |location=Malden |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |isbn=978-1-40514291-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Wc-DWRzoeIC }}
*{{cite book |last=Bataković |first=Dušan T. |author-link=Dušan T. Bataković |title=The Kosovo Chronicles |year=1992 |location=Belgrade |publisher=Plato |url=https://www.rastko.rs/kosovo/istorija/kosovo_chronicles/ |access-date=12 September 2020 |archive-date=25 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225163933/https://www.rastko.rs/kosovo/istorija/kosovo_chronicles/ |url-status=live }}
*{{cite book |last=Bataković |first=Dušan T. |author-link=Dušan T. Bataković |title=Kosovo, la spirale de la haine: Les faits, les acteurs, l'histoire |language=fr |year=1993 |edition=1st |location=Lausanne |publisher=L'Age d'Homme |isbn=978-282510389-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CI5pAAAAMAAJ |access-date=12 September 2020 |archive-date=17 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417062020/https://books.google.com/books?id=CI5pAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}
*{{cite book |editor-last=Bataković |editor-first=Dušan T. |editor-link=Dušan T. Bataković |title=Histoire du peuple serbe |trans-title=History of the Serbian People |language=fr |year=2005 |location=Lausanne |publisher=L’Age d’Homme |isbn=978-282511958-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a0jA_LdH6nsC |access-date=2 March 2018 |archive-date=23 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123132942/https://books.google.com/books?id=a0jA_LdH6nsC |url-status=live }}
*{{cite book |editor-last=Bataković |editor-first=Dušan T. |editor-link=Dušan T. Bataković |title=Kosovo and Metohija: Living in the Enclave |year=2007 |location=Belgrade |publisher=Institute for Balkan Studies |url=http://www.balkaninstitut.com/pdf/izdanja/posebno/Enklave.pdf |access-date=12 September 2020 |archive-date=31 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210131202827/http://www.balkaninstitut.com/pdf/izdanja/posebno/Enklave.pdf |url-status=live }}
*{{cite book |last=Bataković |first=Dušan T. |author-link=Dušan T. Bataković |title=A Turbulent Decade: The Serbs in Post-1999 Kosovo: Destruction of Cultural Heritage, Ethnic Cleansing, and Marginalization (1999—2009) |year=2014 |location=Paris |publisher=Dialogue |isbn=978-291152712-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wFTDrQEACAAJ |access-date=12 September 2020 |archive-date=17 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417062021/https://books.google.com/books?id=wFTDrQEACAAJ |url-status=live }}
*{{Cite book |last=Bataković |first=Dušan T. |author-link=Dušan T. Bataković |chapter=Kosovo and Metohija: History, Memory and Identity |title=The Christian Heritage of Kosovo and Metohija: the Historical and Spiritual Heartland of the Serbian People |year=2015 |location=Los Angeles |publisher=Sebastian Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8LK2DAEACAAJ |pages=569–608 |isbn=978-868268539-5 |access-date=12 September 2020 |archive-date=17 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417062020/https://books.google.com/books?id=8LK2DAEACAAJ |url-status=live }}
*{{Cite book |last=Bataković |first=Dušan T. |author-link=Dušan T. Bataković |chapter=The Serbs of Kosovo and Metohija 1999-2007: Surviving in Ghetto-like Enclaves |title=The Christian Heritage of Kosovo and Metohija: the Historical and Spiritual Heartland of the Serbian People |year=2015 |location=Los Angeles |publisher=Sebastian Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8LK2DAEACAAJ |pages=935–45 |isbn=978-868268539-5 |access-date=12 September 2020 |archive-date=17 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417062020/https://books.google.com/books?id=8LK2DAEACAAJ |url-status=live }}
*{{Cite book |last1=Goati |first1=Vladimir |last2=Slavujević |first2=Zoran |last3=Pribićević |first3=Ognjen |title=Izborne borbe u Jugoslaviji (1990-1992) |year=1993 |location=Beograd |publisher=Institut društvenih nauka |isbn=978-867093051-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eiZEAQAAIAAJ |access-date=12 September 2020 |archive-date=17 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417062021/https://books.google.com/books?id=eiZEAQAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}
*{{Cite book |last=Goati |first=Vladimir |title=Partije Srbije i Crne Gore u političkim borbama od 1990 do 2000 |year=2000 |location=Bar |publisher=Conteco |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qx2itAEACAAJ |access-date=12 September 2020 |archive-date=17 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417062023/https://books.google.com/books?id=Qx2itAEACAAJ |url-status=live }}
*{{Cite book |last=Goati |first=Vladimir |title=Izbori u SRJ od 1990 do 1998: Volja građana ili izborna manipulacija. Dodatak: Izbori 2000 |year=2001 |edition=2 |location=Beograd |publisher=Centar za slobodne izbore i demokratiju |url=http://www.cesid.rs/images/IZBORI%20U%20SRJ%20OD%201990_%20DO%201998.pdf |access-date=12 September 2020 |archive-date=29 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429223546/http://www.cesid.rs/images/IZBORI%20U%20SRJ%20OD%201990_%20DO%201998.pdf |url-status=live }}
*{{Cite book |last=Goati |first=Vladimir |title=Izbori u Srbiji i Crnoj Gori od 1990. do 2013. i u SRJ od 1992. do 2003. |year=2013 |location=Beograd |publisher=Centar za slobodne izbore i demokratiju |url=http://www.cesid.rs/images/1372054311_Vladimir%20Goati_knjiga.pdf |access-date=12 September 2020 |archive-date=4 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201004173815/http://www.cesid.rs/images/1372054311_Vladimir%20Goati_knjiga.pdf |url-status=live }}
*{{Cite book |last= Kovačević |first= Miladin and other |title= Statistical Yearbook of Yugoslavia 1993 |url= https://publikacije.stat.gov.rs/G1993/Pdf/G19932004.pdf |location= Beograd |year= 1993 |access-date= 1 April 2020 |archive-date= 7 August 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200807025405/https://publikacije.stat.gov.rs/G1993/Pdf/G19932004.pdf |url-status= live }}
*{{Cite book |last=Miller |first=Nicholas |chapter=Serbia and Montenegro |title=Eastern Europe: An Introduction to the People, Lands, and Culture |year=2005 |volume=3 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |location=Santa Barbara, [[California|CA]] |pages=529–81 |isbn=978-157607800-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lVBB1a0rC70C |access-date=7 March 2018 |archive-date=21 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230121122343/https://books.google.com/books?id=lVBB1a0rC70C |url-status=live }}
*{{Cite book |last=Morrison |first=Kenneth |title=Montenegro: A Modern History |year=2009 |location=London-New York |publisher=I.B. Tauris |url=https://epdf.pub/download/montenegro-a-modern-history.html }}
{{refend}}
==External links==
{{Commons category|Serbia and Montenegro}}
*{{Wikivoyage inline|Serbia and Montenegro}}
*{{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/*/http://www.gov.yu/|title=Official website, government of Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro)}}
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/1039269.stm Country Profile: Serbia and Montenegro], [[BBC]]
{{Serbia topics}}
{{Montenegro topics}}
{{Kosovo topics}}
{{Yugoslavia topics}}
{{Breakup of Yugoslavia}}
{{Yugoslavia timeline}}
{{Council of Europe}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Coord|44|49|N|20|28|E|source:kolossus-svwiki|display=title}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Serbia And Montenegro}}
[[Category:Serbia and Montenegro| ]]
[[Category:Former federations]]
[[Category:Former confederations]]
[[Category:Modern history of Serbia]]
[[Category:Former countries in the Balkans]]
[[Category:Former state unions]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1992]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 2006]]
[[Category:1992 establishments in Europe]]
[[Category:2006 disestablishments in Europe]]
[[Category:2000s in Kosovo]]
[[Category:2000s in Montenegro]]
[[Category:2000s in Serbia]]
[[Category:20th century rump states]]
[[Category:2006 disestablishments in Serbia and Montenegro]]
[[Category:Countries and territories where Serbian is an official language]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{Short description|Federal republic (1992–2003) and political union (2003–2006) in the Balkans}} fr Yugoslavia was bombed that's cool
{{Redirect|FRY}}
{{for |the relations of the modern-day sovereign states of Serbia and Montenegro|Montenegro–Serbia relations}}
{{Redirect-distinguish-text|Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|the [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]]|the [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]]}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}
{{Infobox former country
| conventional_long_name = {{nowrap|Federal Republic of Yugoslavia<br />{{No bold|(1992–2003)}}}}{{Clear}}{{Smaller|{{No bold|{{Lang|sh-Cyrl|Савезна Република Југославија}}{{Clear}}{{Lang|sh-Latn|Savezna Republika Jugoslavija}}}}}}<hr/>{{Nowrap|Serbia and Montenegro<br />{{No bold|(2003–2006)}}}}<br />{{Smaller |{{No bold|{{Lang|sh-Cyrl|Србија и Црна Гора}}{{Clear}}{{Lang|sh-Latn|Srbija i Crna Gora}}}}}}
| common_name = Serbia and Montenegro
| image_flag = Flag of Serbia and Montenegro (1992–2006).svg
| flag_caption = Flag
| image_coat = [[File:Coat of arms of Serbia and Montenegro.svg|80px]]
| symbol_type = [[Coat of arms of Serbia and Montenegro|Coat of arms]]
| image_map = Serbia and Montenegro.svg
| map_caption = Map of FR Yugoslavia (green) in 2003, while [[Kosovo]] in light green
| national_anthem = "[[Hej Sloveni|Хеј, Словени]]" / "{{Lang |sh|Hej, Sloveni|italic=no}}"<br />{{small|"Hey, Slavs"}}{{parabr}}{{center|}}[[File:United States Navy Band - Hey, Slavs.ogg]]
| official_languages = [[Serbian language|Serbian]]<ref>{{cite wikisource |quote=In the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, the Serbian language […] shall be official. |wslink=Constitution of Yugoslavia (1992) |section=Article 15 |title=Constitution of Yugoslavia (1992)}}</ref>
| recognized_languages = [[Albanian language|Albanian]]{{·}}[[Hungarian language|Hungarian]]
| capital = [[Belgrade]]{{ref label|a|a}}
| largest_city = capital
| demonym = [[Yugoslavs|Yugoslav]] (until 2003)<br />
[[Serbia|Serbian]]{{·}}[[Montenegro|Montenegrin]] (from 2003)
| government_type = [[Federal republic|Federal]] [[parliamentary republic|parliamentary]] [[constitutional republic]] (1992–2003) under an [[Authoritarianism|authoritarian]] dictatorship (1992-2000)<hr>[[Confederation|Confederated]] [[constitutional republic]] with an [[Executive president|executive presidency]] (2003–2006)
| title_leader = [[President of Serbia and Montenegro|President]]
| leader1 = [[Dobrica Ćosić]]
| year_leader1 = 1992–1993
| leader2 = [[Zoran Lilić]]
| year_leader2 = 1993–1997
| leader3 = [[Slobodan Milošević]]
| year_leader3 = 1997–2000
| leader4 = [[Vojislav Koštunica]]
| year_leader4 = 2000–2003
| leader5 = [[Svetozar Marović]]
| year_leader5 = 2003–2006
| title_deputy = [[Prime Minister of Serbia and Montenegro|Prime Minister]]
| deputy1 = [[Milan Panić]]
| year_deputy2 = 1993–1998
| deputy2 = [[Radoje Kontić]]
| year_deputy3 = 1998–2000
| year_deputy1 = 1992–1993
| deputy5 = [[Dragiša Pešić]]
| year_deputy6 = 2003–2006
| deputy6 = [[Svetozar Marović]]
| deputy3 = [[Momir Bulatović]]
| year_deputy4 = 2000–2001
| deputy4 = [[Zoran Žižić]]
| year_deputy5 = 2001–2003
| legislature = [[Parliament of Serbia and Montenegro|Federal Assembly]]
| era = [[Yugoslav Wars]] (1992–1999)
| year_start = 1992
| year_end = 2006
| event_start = [[1992 Yugoslav Constitution|Constitution]] adopted
| date_start = 27 April
| event1 = [[Sanctions against Yugoslavia|Sanctions]]
| date_event1 = 1992–1995
| event2 = [[Kosovo War]]
| date_event2 = 1998–1999
| event3 = [[Overthrow of Slobodan Milošević|Bulldozer revolution]]
| date_event3 = 5 October 2000
| event4 = [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1326|Admitted]] to the [[United Nations]]{{ref label|b|b}}
| date_event4 = 1 November 2000
| event5 = [[Constitutional Charter of Serbia and Montenegro|State Union]]
| date_event5 = 4 February 2003
| event6 = [[2006 Montenegrin independence referendum|Independence]] of [[Montenegro]]
| date_event6 = 3 June 2006
| event_end = [[History of Serbia#Republic of Serbia (2006–present)|Independence of Serbia]]
| date_end = 5 June
| population_estimate = 10,832,545
| population_estimate_rank =
| population_estimate_year = 2006
| currency = Serbia:
*[[Yugoslav dinar]]<br />(1992–2003)
*[[Serbian dinar]]<br />(2003–2006)
Montenegro:{{ref label|c|c}}
*[[Yugoslav dinar]]<br />(1992–2000)
*[[Deutsche Mark]]<br />(1999–2002)
*[[Euro]]<br />(2003–2006)
| cctld = [[.yu]]
| time_zone = [[Central European Time|CET]]
| utc_offset = [[UTC+1|+1]]
| utc_offset_DST = [[UTC+2|+2]]
| time_zone_DST = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]]
| drives_on = [[Right- and left-hand traffic|Right]]
| calling_code = +381
| today = [[Serbia]]<br />[[Montenegro]]
| footnote_a = {{Note|a}} After 2003, no city was the official capital, but legislative and executive institutions remained located in [[Belgrade]]. [[Podgorica]] served as the seat of the Supreme Court.
| footnote_b = {{Note|b}} Membership as the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.
| footnote_c = {{Note|c}} The dinar and German mark had joint legal tender status in Montenegro in 1999 and 2000. N.B. Albanian parts of Kosovo have ''de facto'' used the mark since 1999 and the euro since 2002.
<!--| footnote_d = {{Note|box5}} New flag was never adopted, instead, both sides used their own flags.-->| area_km2 = 102173
| area_rank =
| GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $11.6 billion<ref name="HDI" />
| GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $2,650<ref name="HDI" />
| GDP_PPP_year = 1995
| HDI = 0.725
| HDI_year = 1996
| HDI_change = steady
| HDI_rank = 87th
| HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web |url= http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/yugoslavia_nhdr1996.pdf |title=Human Development Report Yugoslavia 1996 | publisher =UNDP |access-date=22 June 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200801203605/http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/yugoslavia_nhdr1996.pdf |archive-date=1 August 2020 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| map_width = 315px
| flag_width = 150px
| symbol_width =
| status = [[Sovereign state]]<br/>[[Rump state]] of [[SFR Yugoslavia]] ([[Agreement on Succession Issues of the Former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|claimed until 2001]])
| p1 = Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia{{!}}SFR Yugoslavia
| flag_p1 = Flag of Yugoslavia (1946-1992).svg
| p2 = Socialist Republic of Serbia{{!}}SR Serbia
| flag_p2 = Flag of Serbia (1947–1992); Flag of Montenegro (1946–1993).svg
| p3 = Socialist Republic of Montenegro{{!}}SR Montenegro
| flag_p3 = Flag of Serbia (1947–1992); Flag of Montenegro (1946–1993).svg
| s1 = Serbia
| flag_s1 = Flag of Serbia (2004–2010).svg
| s2 = Montenegro
| flag_s2 = Flag of Montenegro.svg
}}
'''Serbia and Montenegro''' ({{lang-sr-Cyrl-Latn|Cрбија и Црна Гора|Srbija i Crna Gora}}), known until 2003 as the '''Federal Republic of Yugoslavia''' ({{lang-sr-Cyrl-Latn|Савезна Република Југославија|Savezna Republika Jugoslavija}}), '''FR Yugoslavia''' ('''FRY''') or simply '''Yugoslavia''' ({{lang-sr-Cyrl-Latn|Југославија|Jugoslavija}}), was a country in [[Southeast Europe]] located in the [[Balkans]] that existed from 1992 to 2006, following the [[Breakup of Yugoslavia|breakup]] of the [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]] (SFR Yugoslavia). The country bordered [[Hungary]] to the north, [[Romania]] to the northeast, [[Bulgaria]] to the southeast, [[North Macedonia]] to the south, [[Croatia]] and [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] to the west, and [[Albania]] to the southwest. The state was founded on 27 April 1992 as a federation comprising the [[Republic of Serbia (1992–2006)|Republic of Serbia]] and the [[Republic of Montenegro (1992–2006)|Republic of Montenegro]]. In February 2003, it was transformed from a [[federal republic]] to a [[Confederation|political union]] until [[Montenegro]] seceded from the union in June 2006, leading to the full independence of both [[Serbia]] and [[Montenegro]].
Its aspirations to be the sole legal [[successor state]] to SFR Yugoslavia were not recognized by the [[United Nations]], following the passing of [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 777]],<ref>{{cite book |author-link=Sean D. Murphy |last=Murphy |first=Sean D. |year=2002 |title=United States Practice in International Law: 1999–2001 |volume=1 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=130 |isbn=978-0-521-75070-7}}</ref> which affirmed that the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia had ceased to exist, and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was a new state. All former republics were entitled to state succession while none of them continued SFR Yugoslavia's international legal personality. However, the government of [[Slobodan Milošević]] opposed any such claims, and as such, FR Yugoslavia was not allowed to join the United Nations.
Throughout its existence, FR Yugoslavia had a tense relationship with the international community{{Clarify|reason=Which countries?|date=February 2024}}, as [[Sanctions against Yugoslavia|economic sanctions]]<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/10/29/world/yugoslavs-face-hard-winter-as-the-blockade-bites.html |title=Yugoslavs Face Hard Winter as the Blockade Bites |first=Paul |last=Lewis |date=29 October 1992 |work=The New York Times |access-date=29 July 2020 |archive-date=5 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205230653/https://www.nytimes.com/1992/10/29/world/yugoslavs-face-hard-winter-as-the-blockade-bites.html |url-status=live }}</ref> were issued against the state during the course of the [[Yugoslav Wars]] and [[Kosovo War]]. This also resulted in [[Hyperinflation in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|hyperinflation between 1992 and 1994]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cato.org/publications/commentary/worlds-greatest-unreported-hyperinflation |title=The World's Greatest Unreported Hyperinflation |date=7 May 2007 |publisher=Cato Institute |access-date=29 July 2020 |archive-date=26 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726181455/https://www.cato.org/publications/commentary/worlds-greatest-unreported-hyperinflation |url-status=live }}</ref> FR Yugoslavia's involvement in the Yugoslav Wars ended with the [[Dayton Agreement]], which recognized the independence of the Republics of Croatia, Slovenia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina, as well as establishing diplomatic relationships between the states, and a guaranteed role of the Serbian population within Bosnian politics.<ref name="auto4">{{Cite web |url= http://hrlibrary.umn.edu/icty/dayton/daytonsum.html |title= Summary of the Dayton Peace Agreement on Bosnia-Herzegovina |website= HR library |place= UMN |access-date= 29 July 2020 |archive-date= 17 August 2018 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180817225957/http://hrlibrary.umn.edu/icty/dayton/daytonsum.html |url-status= live }}</ref> Later on, growing separatism within the [[Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija]], a region of Serbia heavily populated by ethnic [[Albanians]], resulted in an insurrection by the [[Kosovo Liberation Army]], an Albanian separatist group.<ref name="auto5">{{Cite journal |url= https://pureportal.coventry.ac.uk/en/publications/from-a-terrorist-group-to-a-civil-defence-corps-the-transformatio |title= From a 'terrorist' group to a 'civil defence' corps: The 'transformation' of the Kosovo Liberation Army |first= Alpaslan |last= Ozerdem |date= 27 July 2003 |journal= International Peacekeeping |volume= 10 |issue= 3 |pages= 79–101 |via= Coventry |place= UK |doi= 10.1080/13533310308559337 |s2cid= 144017700 |access-date= 29 July 2020 |archive-date= 26 July 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200726082755/https://pureportal.coventry.ac.uk/en/publications/from-a-terrorist-group-to-a-civil-defence-corps-the-transformatio |url-status= live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Kosovo-Liberation-Army |title=Kosovo Liberation Army History & Facts |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=29 July 2020 |archive-date=24 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190924065434/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Kosovo-Liberation-Army |url-status=live }}</ref> The outbreak of the Kosovo War reintroduced [[International sanctions against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|international sanctions]], as well as eventual [[NATO bombing of Yugoslavia|NATO involvement in the conflict]]. The conflict ended with the adoption of [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1244]], which guaranteed economic and political separation of Kosovo from FR Yugoslavia, to be placed under UN [[United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo|Administration]].<ref>{{Cite web |url= https://undocs.org/S/RES/1244(1999) |title= S/RES/1244(1999) - E - S/RES/1244(1999) |website= UN docs |access-date= 29 July 2020 |archive-date= 8 March 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210308040644/https://undocs.org/S/RES/1244(1999) |url-status= live }}</ref>
Economic hardship and war resulted in growing discontent with the government of Slobodan Milošević and his allies, who ran both Serbia and Montenegro as an effective dictatorship.<ref>{{Cite web |url= https://balkaninsight.com/2010/10/05/slobodan-milosevic-twisted-firestarter/ |title= Slobodan Milosevic – The Dictator |work= Balkan Insight |date= 5 October 2010 |access-date= 22 June 2021 |archive-date= 29 April 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210429010220/https://balkaninsight.com/2010/10/05/slobodan-milosevic-twisted-firestarter/ |url-status= live }}</ref> This would eventually cumulate in the [[Overthrow of Slobodan Milošević|Bulldozer revolution]], which saw his government overthrown, and replaced by one led by the [[Democratic Opposition of Serbia]] and [[Vojislav Koštunica]], which also joined the UN.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/09/24/world/un-expulsion-of-yugoslavia-breeds-defiance-and-finger-pointing.html |title=U.N. Expulsion of Yugoslavia Breeds Defiance and Finger-Pointing |first=Chuck |last=Sudetic |date=24 September 1992 |work=The New York Times |access-date=29 July 2020 |archive-date=8 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408113225/https://www.nytimes.com/1992/09/24/world/un-expulsion-of-yugoslavia-breeds-defiance-and-finger-pointing.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2000/11/02/world/a-different-yugoslavia-8-years-later-takes-its-seat-at-the-un.html |title= A Different Yugoslavia, 8 Years Later, Takes Its Seat at the UN |agency= Associated Press |date= 2 November 2000 |work= The New York Times |access-date= 29 July 2020 |archive-date= 26 July 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200726083550/https://www.nytimes.com/2000/11/02/world/a-different-yugoslavia-8-years-later-takes-its-seat-at-the-un.html |url-status= live }}</ref>
The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ended in 2003 after the [[Parliament of Serbia and Montenegro|Federal Assembly of Yugoslavia]] voted to enact the [[Constitutional Charter of Serbia and Montenegro]], which established the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro. As such, the name Yugoslavia was consigned to history.<ref>{{Cite web |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/2724047.stm |title= Yugoslavia consigned to history |date= 4 February 2003 |work= BBC News |access-date= 29 July 2020 |archive-date= 8 November 2022 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20221108060047/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/2724047.stm |url-status= live }}</ref> A growing independence movement in Montenegro, led by [[Milo Đukanović]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vreme.com/cms/view.php?id=1061276 |title=Priželjkivao sam da na čelu Srbije bude – Srbijanac |work=Vreme |language=bs |date=5 July 2012 |access-date=22 June 2021 |archive-date=17 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917004219/https://www.vreme.com/cms/view.php?id=1061276 |url-status=live }}</ref> meant that the new constitution of Serbia and Montenegro included a clause allowing for a referendum on the question of Montenegrin independence, after a period of three years had passed. In 2006, the [[2006 Montenegrin independence referendum|referendum]] was called, and passed,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/5043462.stm |title=Montenegro declares independence |date=4 June 2006 |work=BBC News |access-date=29 July 2020 |archive-date=11 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911232150/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/5043462.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> by a narrow margin. This led to the dissolution of the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro, and the establishment of the independent republics of Serbia and Montenegro, turning Serbia into a [[landlocked country]]. This can be considered the last act which finalized the dissolution of Yugoslavia.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/5006380.stm |title=Recount call in Montenegro vote |date=22 May 2006 |work=BBC News |access-date=29 July 2020 |archive-date=28 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728085307/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/5006380.stm |url-status=live }}</ref>
== Name ==
At the country's founding in 1992 following the [[Breakup of Yugoslavia|breakup of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFR Yugoslavia)]], the country's official name was the ''Federal Republic of Yugoslavia'' (FR Yugoslavia), as it claimed to be the sole legal [[successor state]] of the [[SFR Yugoslavia]]. The United States government however viewed this claim as illegitimate and thus, as early as 1993, referred to the country as ''Serbia and Montenegro''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cia.gov:80/cia/publications/factbook/sr.html |work=The World Factbook 1999 |title=Serbia and Montenegro |date=16 August 2000 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |location=Virginia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000816214535/http://www.cia.gov:80/cia/publications/factbook/sr.html |archive-date=16 August 2000 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The 2003 constitution changed the state name to "Serbia and Montenegro".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mfa.gov.rs/Facts/const_scg.pdf |title=Constitutional Charter of the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro |quote=The name of the state union shall be Serbia and Montenegro. |date=2003 |access-date=26 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090226024403/http://www.mfa.gov.rs/Facts/const_scg.pdf |archive-date=26 February 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
== History ==
During the collapse of SFR Yugoslavia in the 1990s, the two Serb majority republics, Serbia and Montenegro, agreed to remain as Yugoslavia, and established a new constitution in 1992, which established the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia essentially as a [[rump state]], with a population consisting of a majority of Serbs. The new state abandoned the Communist legacy: the red star was removed from the national flag, and the communist coat of arms was replaced by a new coat of arms representing Serbia and Montenegro. The new state also established the office of the president, held by a single person, initially appointed with the consent of the republics of Serbia and Montenegro until 1997 after which the president was democratically elected. The President of Yugoslavia acted alongside the Presidents of the republics of Serbia and Montenegro. Initially, all three offices were dominated by allies of Slobodan Milosevic<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GkBmdCwHuDsC&q=anti-bureaucratic+revolution&pg=PA550 |title=The Road to War in Serbia: Trauma and Catharsis |date=1 January 2000 |publisher=Central European University Press |isbn=9789639116566 |via=Google Books |access-date=28 October 2020 |archive-date=17 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417062019/https://books.google.com/books?id=GkBmdCwHuDsC&q=anti-bureaucratic+revolution&pg=PA550 |url-status=live }}</ref> and his [[Socialist Party of Serbia]].
=== Foundation ===
On 26 December 1991, Serbia, Montenegro, and the Serb rebel-held territories in Croatia agreed that they would form a new "third Yugoslavia".<ref>Sabrina P. Ramet. ''Serbia Since 1989: Politics and Society Under Milošević and After''. University of Washington Press, 2005. pp. 55–56</ref> Efforts were also made in 1991 to include the [[Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina]] within the federation, with negotiations between Miloševic, Bosnia's [[Serbian Democratic Party (Bosnia and Herzegovina)|Serbian Democratic Party]], and the Bosniak proponent of union – Bosnia's Vice-president [[Adil Zulfikarpašić]] taking place on this matter.<ref name="Steven L. Burg 2000. p. 72">Steven L. Burg, Paul S. Shoup. ''The War in Bosnia-Herzegovina: Ethnic Conflict and International Intervention''. Armonk, New York, US: M.E. Sharpe, 2000. {{ISBN|9781563243097}} pp. 72–73.</ref> Zulfikarpašić believed that Bosnia could benefit from a union with Serbia, Montenegro, and Krajina, thus he supported a union which would secure the unity of Serbs and Bosniaks.<ref name="Steven L. Burg 2000. p. 72"/> Milošević continued negotiations with Zulfikarpašić to include Bosnia and Herzegovina within a new Yugoslavia, however efforts to include entire Bosnia and Herzegovina within a new Yugoslavia effectively terminated by late 1991 as Izetbegović planned to hold a referendum on independence while the Bosnian Serbs and Bosnian Croats formed autonomous territories.<ref name="Steven L. Burg 2000. p. 72"/> Violence between ethnic Serbs and Bosniaks soon broke out. Thus, FR Yugoslavia was restricted to the republics of Serbia and Montenegro, and became closely associated with breakaway Serb republics during the Yugoslav Wars.
=== Yugoslav Wars ===
{{Main|Yugoslav Wars|Bosnian War}}
[[File:Map of war in Yugoslavia, 1993.png|thumb|Map of the Yugoslav Wars in 1993|alt=|324x324px]]
The FRY was suspended from a number of international institutions.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/un-suspends-former-yugoslavia-1553074.html |title=UN suspends former Yugoslavia |date=23 September 1992 |website=The Independent |access-date=29 July 2020 |archive-date=26 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726142309/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/un-suspends-former-yugoslavia-1553074.html |url-status=live }}</ref> This was due to the ongoing [[Yugoslav Wars]] during the 1990s, which had prevented agreement being reached on the disposition of federal assets and liabilities, particularly the national debt. The Government of Yugoslavia supported Croatian and Bosnian Serbs in the wars from 1992 to 1995. Because of that, the country was under economic and political sanctions. War and sanctions resulted in economic disaster, which forced thousands of its young citizens to emigrate from the country.
FR Yugoslavia acted to support Serbian separatist movements in breakaway states, including the [[Republic of Serbian Krajina]] and the [[Republika Srpska (1992–1995)|Republika Srpska]], and sought to establish them as independent Serbian republics, with potential eventual reintegration with FR Yugoslavia.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://theconversation.com/au/topics/bosnian-war-37515 |title=Bosnian war News, Research and Analysis |website=The Conversation |access-date=29 July 2020 |archive-date=26 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726142311/https://theconversation.com/au/topics/bosnian-war-37515 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/09/01/magazine/carving-out-a-greater-serbia.html |title=Carving Out a Greater Serbia |first=Stephen |last=Engelberg |date=1 September 1991 |work=The New York Times |access-date=29 July 2020 |archive-date=2 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200902023906/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/09/01/magazine/carving-out-a-greater-serbia.html |url-status=live }}</ref> However, the Government of FR Yugoslavia would treat these republics as separate entities, and gave unofficial, rather than active, aid by transferring control of units from the now-defunct [[Yugoslav National Army|JNA]] to the secessionist movements.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/01/27/world/yugoslav-army-reported-fighting-in-bosnia-to-help-serbian-forces.html#:~:text=Soon%20after%20fighting%20broke%20out,army%20of%20the%20Bosnian%20Serbs |title=Yugoslav Army Reported Fighting In Bosnia to Help Serbian Forces |work=The New York Times |last=Kifner |first=John |date=27 January 1994 |access-date=22 June 2021 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=30 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430034027/https://www.nytimes.com/1994/01/27/world/yugoslav-army-reported-fighting-in-bosnia-to-help-serbian-forces.html#:~:text=Soon%20after%20fighting%20broke%20out,army%20of%20the%20Bosnian%20Serbs |url-status=live }}</ref> In this way, FR Yugoslavia avoided potential accusations of committing acts of aggression against the breakaway republics recognised by the international community.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.aph.gov.au/binaries/library/pubs/rp/1995-96/96rp15.pdf |title=The UN's Role in the Former Yugoslavia: the Failure of the Middle Way |date=1995 |author=Parliamentary Research Service |journal=Research Paper |publisher=Department of the Parliamentary Library (Australia) |issn=1321-1579 |access-date=22 June 2021 |archive-date=3 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210403071057/https://www.aph.gov.au/binaries/library/pubs/rp/1995-96/96rp15.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/04/08/world/us-recognizes-3-yugoslav-republics-as-independent.html |title=U.S. Recognizes 3 Yugoslav Republics as Independent |first=David |last=Binder |date=8 April 1992 |work=The New York Times |access-date=29 July 2020 |archive-date=26 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726142309/https://www.nytimes.com/1992/04/08/world/us-recognizes-3-yugoslav-republics-as-independent.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Slobodan Milošević]], the [[President of Serbia]], did not consider himself to be at war with the breakaway republics of Yugoslavia.
Following the transfer of Yugoslav Army units, the state of FR Yugoslavia ceased to play an important military role in the Yugoslav Wars, barring conflicts on the border with Croatia, such as the [[Siege of Dubrovnik]]. It instead provided economic and political aid,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Bosnian-War |title=Bosnian War | Facts, Summary, & War Crimes |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=29 July 2020 |archive-date=14 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211114061646/https://www.britannica.com/event/Bosnian-War |url-status=live }}</ref> to avoid provoking the international community further, and to preserve FR Yugoslavia as the republics of Serbia and Montenegro, rather than 'Greater Serbia.'<ref>{{cite web |url=https://iwpr.net/global-voices/greater-serbia-myth-or-plan |title=Greater Serbia: Myth or Plan? |work=Institute for War & Peace Reporting |date=15 December 2004 |access-date=22 June 2021 |archive-date=22 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210622230810/https://iwpr.net/global-voices/greater-serbia-myth-or-plan |url-status=live }}</ref>
In 1995, following [[Operation Storm]], a military offensive by the [[Croatian Army]], and [[Operation Deliberate Force|NATO involvement]] in the Bosnian War, President Slobodan Milošević agreed to negotiate, as the Serbian position within Bosnia had become substantially worse. Under threat of economically crippling the Republika Srpska, he took over negotiating powers for all Serbian secessionist movements, as well as FR Yugoslavia.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.brookings.edu/articles/decision-to-intervene-how-the-war-in-bosnia-ended/ |title=Decision to Intervene: How the War in Bosnia Ended |work=Brookings |last=Daalder |first=Ivo H. |date=1 December 1998 |access-date=22 June 2021 |archive-date=9 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210609125409/https://www.brookings.edu/articles/decision-to-intervene-how-the-war-in-bosnia-ended/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The ensuing [[Dayton Agreements]], signed between representatives from the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, the [[Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina]] and the [[Croatia|Republic of Croatia]], resulted in each state being recognised as sovereign states. It also provided recognition for Serbian [[Republika Srpska|institutions]] and a rotating presidency within Bosnia and Herzegovina, and the Serbian populated areas of the former [[Socialist Republic of Bosnia]] were absorbed into Bosnia and Herzegovina.<ref name="auto4"/><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/global/2015/nov/10/bosnia-bitter-flawed-peace-deal-dayton-agreement-20-years-on |title=Bosnia's bitter, flawed peace deal, 20 years on |first=Julian |last=Borger |date=10 November 2015 |work=The Guardian |access-date=29 July 2020 |archive-date=21 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221210846/https://www.theguardian.com/global/2015/nov/10/bosnia-bitter-flawed-peace-deal-dayton-agreement-20-years-on |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.osce.org/bih/126173 |title=Dayton Peace Agreement |website=[[osce.org]] |access-date=29 July 2020 |archive-date=25 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225062013/https://www.osce.org/bih/126173 |url-status=live }}</ref> Thus the Yugoslav Wars ended, and international sanctions on FR Yugoslavia were lifted.<ref name="auto3">{{Cite web |url=https://www.gmu.edu/programs/icar/ijps/vol3_1/Delvic.htm |title=Economic Sanctions as a Foreign Policy Tool: The Case of Yugoslavia - Milica Delvic |website=gmu.edu |access-date=29 July 2020 |archive-date=15 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715025823/http://www.gmu.edu/programs/icar/ijps/vol3_1/Delvic.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> However, Slobodan Milošević would not achieve his dreams of admitting FR Yugoslavia to the United Nations as the successor state of SFR Yugoslavia, as an 'outer wall' of international sanctions prohibited this.<ref name="auto3"/><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1992-09-20-mn-1984-story.html |title=Security Council Denies Yugoslavia Its U.N. Seat |date=20 September 1992 |website=Los Angeles Times |access-date=29 July 2020 |archive-date=26 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726145747/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1992-09-20-mn-1984-story.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
=== Economic collapse during Yugoslav Wars ===
{{Main|Hyperinflation in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|International sanctions against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia}}
Following the adoption of economic sanctions by the international community against FR Yugoslavia, its economy experienced a collapse. Sanctions on fuel meant that fuel stations across the country ran out of petrol,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/05/25/world/crisis-in-the-balkans-fuel-oil-flowing-to-yugoslavia-despite-nato-s-exertions.html |title=CRISIS IN THE BALKANS: FUEL; Oil Flowing to Yugoslavia Despite NATO's Exertions |first=Raymond |last=Bonner |date=25 May 1999 |work=The New York Times |access-date=29 July 2020 |archive-date=26 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726221326/https://www.nytimes.com/1999/05/25/world/crisis-in-the-balkans-fuel-oil-flowing-to-yugoslavia-despite-nato-s-exertions.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and foreign assets were seized. The average income of inhabitants of FR Yugoslavia was halved from $3,000 to $1,500.<ref name="auto2"/> An estimated 3 million Yugoslavs (Serbs and Montenegrins) lived below the poverty line,<ref name="auto2"/> suicide rates increased by 22%<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/05/30/world/embargo-leaves-serbia-thriving.html |title=Embargo Leaves Serbia Thriving |first=Roger |last=Cohen |date=30 May 1994 |work=The New York Times |access-date=29 July 2020 |archive-date=27 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727040324/https://www.nytimes.com/1994/05/30/world/embargo-leaves-serbia-thriving.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and hospitals lacked basic equipment. Along with this, supply links were cut, which meant that the Yugoslav economy could not grow, and imports or exports needed for industries could not be obtained, forcing them to close.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.vijesti.me/vijesti/dukanoviceva-strategija-za-pripajanje-srpske-88103 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180112021508/http://www.vijesti.me/vijesti/dukanoviceva-strategija-za-pripajanje-srpske-881034 |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 January 2018 |title=Đukanovićeva strategija za pripajanje Srpske |work=Vijesti.me |date=12 January 2018}}</ref> The crippled state of the Yugoslav economy also affected its ability to wage war, and after 1992, Yugoslavia had an extremely limited military role within the Yugoslav Wars, due to Yugoslav Army (VJ) units being unable to operate without oil or munitions.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/05/31/world/un-votes-13-0-for-embargo-on-trade-with-yugoslavia-air-travel-and-oil-curbed.html |title=U.n. Votes 13-0 for Embargo on Trade with Yugoslavia; Air Travel and Oil Curbed |first=Paul |last=Lewis |date=31 May 1992 |work=The New York Times |access-date=29 July 2020 |archive-date=26 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726221329/https://www.nytimes.com/1992/05/31/world/un-votes-13-0-for-embargo-on-trade-with-yugoslavia-air-travel-and-oil-curbed.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite press release |url=https://www.un.org/press/en/1995/19951122.sc6127.html |title=Security Council Decides on Phased Lifting of Arms Embargo Against Former Yugoslavia by Vote of 14 to None, With Russian Federation Abstaining |website=un.org |date=22 November 1995 |access-date=22 June 2021 |archive-date=31 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210731054956/https://www.un.org/press/en/1995/19951122.sc6127.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
On top of this, starting in 1992 and until 1994, the Yugoslav dinar [[hyperinflation in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|experienced a major hyperinflation]], leading to inflation reaching 313 million percent,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cato.org/publications/commentary/worlds-greatest-unreported-hyperinflation#:~:text=Starting%20in%20January%201992%2C%20what,but%20well%20below%20Hungary's%20record. |title=The World's Greatest Unreported Hyperinflation |work=Cato Institute |last=Hanke |first=Steve H. |date=7 May 2007 |access-date=22 June 2021 |archive-date=18 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518230354/https://www.cato.org/publications/commentary/worlds-greatest-unreported-hyperinflation#:~:text=Starting%20in%20January%201992%2C%20what,but%20well%20below%20Hungary's%20record. |url-status=live }}</ref> the second worst hyperinflation in history. Many parts of FR Yugoslavia, including all of Montenegro, adopted the [[Deutsche Mark]] and [[Euro]] currencies instead of the Yugoslav dinar.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/2000/0302/p8s1.html |title=German currency leaves its mark across the Balkans |date=2 March 2000 |work=The Christian Science Monitor |last=Kim |first=Lucian |access-date=22 June 2021 |archive-date=5 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210805014844/https://www.csmonitor.com/2000/0302/p8s1.html |url-status=live }}</ref> International sanctions crippled the Yugoslav economy, and prevented it from playing an active role in aiding Serb breakaway republics. Following the Dayton Agreement, the UN Security Council voted to lift most sanctions, but they were reissued following the outbreak of an Albanian insurgency in Kosovo. The lasting economic impact can be attributed to the eventual downfall of FR Yugoslavia and Slobodan Milošević's government, as well as a deeper desire in Montenegro to leave Yugoslavia.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/inatl/longterm/balkans/stories/montenegro062599.htm |title=Montenegro Easing Away From Serb Ally |newspaper=The Washington Post |last=Dobbs |first=Michael |date=25 June 1999 |access-date=22 June 2021 |archive-date=1 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201051350/https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/inatl/longterm/balkans/stories/montenegro062599.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
=== Kosovo War ===
{{Main|Kosovo War}}
In the [[Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija]], a growing desire for independence emerged among the Albanian majority population. Already, an unrecognised [[Republic of Kosova]] had emerged with underground institutions.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.keshilliministrave.al/index.php?fq=brenda&m=news&lid=7323&gj=gj2 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120316032633/http://www.keshilliministrave.al/index.php?fq=brenda&m=news&lid=7323&gj=gj2 |url-status=dead |archive-date = 16 March 2012 |title=Keshilli i Ministrave |date=16 March 2012}}</ref> In 1996, the [[Kosovo Liberation Army]], an Albanian militia promoting Kosovar independence, launched attacks against Serbian police stations, killing at least ten Serbian policemen in direct attacks between 1996 and 1998.<ref>"Unknown Albanian 'liberation army' claims attacks". Agence France Presse. 17 February 1996.</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=myEuDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT103 |title=Islamic Terror and the Balkans |first=Shaul |last=Shay |date=12 July 2017 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781351511384 |via=Google Books |access-date=28 October 2020 |archive-date=11 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111165731/https://books.google.com/books?id=myEuDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT103 |url-status=live }}</ref> The low level [[Insurgency in Kosovo (1995–98)|insurgency]] eventually escalated. After Slobodan Milošević was elected President of Yugoslavia in 1997, having served his maximum two terms as President of Serbia, he ordered Yugoslav Army (VJ) units to move into Kosovo to aid in the suppression of the insurrection. The governments of FR Yugoslavia and the US declared the Kosovo Liberation Army a terrorist organisation, following repeated deadly attacks against Yugoslav law enforcement agencies.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vELQpx1U9EcC |title=Humanitarian Law Violations in Kosovo |first1=Fred |last1=Abrahams |first2=Elizabeth |last2=Andersen |date=27 July 1998 |publisher=Human Rights Watch |isbn=9781564321947 |via=Google Books |access-date=28 October 2020 |archive-date=11 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111165737/https://books.google.com/books?id=vELQpx1U9EcC |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SlHqkxGk4Q8C |title=Kosovo Liberation Army: The Inside Story of an Insurgency |first=Henry H. |last=Perritt |date=1 October 2010 |publisher=University of Illinois Press |isbn=9780252092138 |via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://judiciary.house.gov/legacy/muts1213.htm |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20050226123208/http://judiciary.house.gov/legacy/muts1213.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date = 26 February 2005 |title=12/13/00 Committee on the Judiciary - Mutschke Testimony |date=26 February 2005}}</ref> US intelligence also mentioned illegal arms sources of the Kosovo Liberation Army, including conducting raids during the course of the [[1997 Albanian civil unrest]], and drug dealing.<ref name="auto5" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kosovo.net/kla3.html |title=Articles on KLA-Kosovo-Drugs-Mafia and Fundraising |website=kosovo.net |access-date=29 July 2020 |archive-date=20 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200720005552/http://kosovo.net/kla3.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Despite this, substantial evidence now shows that the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] had aided in training units of the KLA,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.globalpolicy.org/component/content/article/192/38782.html |title=CIA Aided Kosovo Guerrilla Army All Along |website=www.globalpolicy.org |access-date=29 July 2020 |archive-date=29 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729120536/https://www.globalpolicy.org/component/content/article/192/38782.html |url-status=live }}</ref> although not necessarily providing them with arms and funding.
In 1998, the Kosovo War began, following increased open combat with Yugoslav police and army units deployed by Milošević. The KLA found itself heavily outnumbered and outgunned in open combat, and had to use guerrilla tactics.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://balkaninsight.com/2010/12/14/the-kla-from-guerilla-wars-to-party-plenums1/ |title=KLA : From Guerilla Wars to Party Plenums |date=14 December 2010 |access-date=29 July 2020 |archive-date=26 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726191830/https://balkaninsight.com/2010/12/14/the-kla-from-guerilla-wars-to-party-plenums1/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Serbian police and VJ units attacked KLA outposts, attempting to destroy them, as KLA units attempted to avoid direct confrontation and use terrorist attacks, including bombings and ambushes, to weaken Yugoslav control.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bundesheer.at/pdf_pool/publikationen/01_kse1_02_tck.pdf |title=The Kosovo Conflict |last=Troebst |first=Stefan |website=bundesheer.at |access-date=22 June 2021 |archive-date=27 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227033819/https://www.bundesheer.at/pdf_pool/publikationen/01_kse1_02_tck.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Although unable to gain a strategic advantage, Yugoslav Army units found themselves in a tactical advantage against KLA units which lacked proper training. VJ units themselves lacked morale, and attacks were often directed against civilian targets rather than military targets.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B4YbP0fPcMYC&pg=PA332 |title=The Serbs: History, Myth, and the Destruction of Yugoslavia |first=Tim |last=Judah |date=27 July 2000 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=0300085079 |via=Google Books |access-date=27 December 2021 |archive-date=17 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417062019/https://books.google.com/books?id=B4YbP0fPcMYC&pg=PA332 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{NoteTag|The [[Kosovo Liberation Army]] had limited active members; as such, Yugoslav units could often not find any KLA units throughout their stay in Kosovo.}} 863,000 Albanian civilians were forcibly expelled between March and June 1999 from Kosovo.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.osce.org/files/f/documents/d/d/17772.pdf |title=KOSOVO / KOSOVA As Seen, As Told |publisher=OSCE Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights |year=1999 |location=Warsaw, Poland |pages=167 |access-date=13 October 2021 |archive-date=29 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029173415/https://www.osce.org/files/f/documents/d/d/17772.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> 169,824 Serb and Romani civilians were estimated by the UNHCR's Belgrade office to have fled from Kosovo-Metohija to either [[Serbia Proper|Serbia proper]], [[Vojvodina|the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina]], or [[Republic of Montenegro (1992–2006)|the constituent Republic of Montenegro]] by 20 June 1999.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 1999 |title=FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF YUGOSLAVIA ABUSES AGAINST SERBS AND ROMA IN THE NEW KOSOVO |url=http://www.hrw.org/reports/1999/kosov2/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929140659/http://www.hrw.org/reports/1999/kosov2/#N_3_ |archive-date=29 September 2007}}</ref> Out of 10,317 civilians, 8,676 Albanians, 1,196 Serbs and 445 Roma, Bosniaks, Montenegrins and others were killed or went missing in connection with the war between 1 January 1998 - 31 December 2000.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kosovomemorybook.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Expert_Evaluation_of_Kosovo_Memory_Book_Database_Prishtina_04_02_2015.pdf |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190111055051/http://www.kosovomemorybook.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Expert_Evaluation_of_Kosovo_Memory_Book_Database_Prishtina_04_02_2015.pdf |url-status=dead |title=Kosovo Memory Book Database |archive-date=11 January 2019 |date=11 January 2019}}</ref> The Serbian government attributed 1,953 Serbian, 361 Albanian and 266 other civilian deaths or disappearances from 1 January 1998 - 1 November 2001 to “Albanian terrorism in Kosovo-Metohija”.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.arhiva.serbia.gov.rs/news/2002-07/08/325076.html|title=Serbian Government >> News >> Missing persons in Kosovo >> Victims of the Albanian terrorism in Kosovo-Metohija (Killed, kidnapped, and missing persons, January 1998 - November 2001)|website=www.arhiva.serbia.gov.rs|access-date=13 October 2021|archive-date=23 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023192953/http://www.arhiva.serbia.gov.rs/news/2002-07/08/325076.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
The international community was quick to respond, issuing a [[Rambouillet Agreement|peace proposal]] to Yugoslavia in 1999. The agreement was seen as an essential ultimatum<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2009/mar/24/serbia-kosovo |title=Ian Bancroft: Nato's bombardment of Serbia was an important precursor to the invasion of Iraq |first=Ian |last=Bancroft |date=24 March 2009 |work=The Guardian |access-date=29 July 2020 |archive-date=1 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220501162102/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2009/mar/24/serbia-kosovo |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Clark |first=Christopher |year=2012 |title=The Sleepwalkers: How Europe Went To War in 1914 |edition=2012 |location=London |publisher=Allen Lane |pages=456–457 |isbn=978-0-713-99942-6}}.</ref> by [[NATO]] to Yugoslavia, and this rejected by the Yugoslav government. NATO responded in March 1999 by ordering airstrikes against Yugoslav military targets and infrastructure, including roads, railroads, administrative buildings and the headquarters of [[Radio Television Serbia]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://mondediplo.com/2000/07/03kosovo |title=Was the Serbian TV station really a legitimate target? |first=Claudio Cordone & Avner |last=Gidron |date=1 July 2000 |website=Le Monde diplomatique |access-date=29 July 2020 |archive-date=31 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210131185456/https://mondediplo.com/2000/07/03kosovo |url-status=live }}</ref> NATO's bombing campaign was not approved by the UN Security Council, for fear of a veto by Russia, which would cause controversy as to its [[Legitimacy of the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia|legality]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/06/08/world/rights-group-says-nato-bombing-in-yugoslavia-violated-law.html |title=Rights Group Says NATO Bombing in Yugoslavia Violated Law |first=Steven |last=Erlanger |date=8 June 2000 |work=The New York Times |access-date=29 July 2020 |archive-date=23 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170223162203/http://www.nytimes.com/2000/06/08/world/rights-group-says-nato-bombing-in-yugoslavia-violated-law.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.znetwork.org/sustainers/content/1999-06/june_15herman.htm |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20020916122240/http://www.znetwork.org/sustainers/content/1999-06/june_15herman.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2002-09-16 |title=Kosovo and Doublespeak |last=Herman |first=Edward S. |publisher=Library of Congress Archives |date=15 June 1999 |access-date=22 June 2021}}</ref> The UN Security Council adopted [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1160]], renewing arms and oil sanctions against FR Yugoslavia, and thus crippling its economy. The effects of continuous aerial bombardment and sanctions cost the Yugoslav economy hundreds of billions of USD<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/09/29/world/yugoslavia-gives-nato-100-billion-damage-bill.html |title=Yugoslavia Gives NATO $100 Billion Damage Bill |first=Christopher S. |last=Wren |date=29 September 1999 |work=The New York Times |access-date=29 July 2020 |archive-date=24 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220824152037/https://www.nytimes.com/1999/09/29/world/yugoslavia-gives-nato-100-billion-damage-bill.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and eventually forced Milošević's government to comply with an agreement put forward by an international delegation. [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1244]] led to substantial autonomy for Kosovo, and the establishment of a [[United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo|UN mission]] to Kosovo, as well as the complete withdrawal of units of the Yugoslav National Army.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/06/04/opinion/the-kosovo-peace-plan.html |title=Opinion | The Kosovo Peace Plan |date=4 June 1999 |work=The New York Times |access-date=29 July 2020 |archive-date=2 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802222119/https://www.nytimes.com/1999/06/04/opinion/the-kosovo-peace-plan.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/inatl/daily/june99/plantext03.htm |title=Text of Kosovo Peace Plan |newspaper=The Washington Post |agency=Associated Press |date=3 June 1999 |access-date=22 June 2021 |archive-date=4 July 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080704192317/http://washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/inatl/daily/june99/plantext03.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> As such, Kosovo remained an Autonomous Province of Serbia, but politically and economically independent. The damage to FR Yugoslavia was immense, with the government estimating $100 billion in infrastructure damage,<ref name="auto"/> as well as 1,200 Serbian and Albanian civilians or soldiers confirmed dead. Economists have estimated at least $29 billion in direct damages caused by the bombings.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.b92.net/eng/news/politics.php?yyyy=2006&mm=06&dd=09&nav_id=35250 |title=Seven years since end of NATO bombing |website=B92.net |date=9 June 2006 |access-date=22 June 2021 |archive-date=22 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322053522/https://www.b92.net/eng/news/politics.php?yyyy=2006&mm=06&dd=09&nav_id=35250 |url-status=live }}</ref>
In the aftermath of the Kosovo War, a low level [[Insurgency in the Preševo Valley|insurgency]] continued in parts of Southern Serbia ([[Preševo Valley|Presevo valley]]), which had Albanian minorities. However, this insurgencts ([[Liberation Army of Preševo, Medveđa and Bujanovac|UCPMB]]) lacked resources, and the Yugoslav Armed Forces and police were able to put down the insurgency.
=== Bulldozer Revolution ===
{{Main|Overthrow of Slobodan Milošević}}
The string of defeats, as well as a complete collapse of the Yugoslav economy, led to mass unpopularity of the essential dictatorship of Slobodan Milošević and his allies in the [[Socialist Party of Serbia]]. In September 2000, amongst accusations of electoral fraud, large scale protests struck the nation. Milošević was eventually removed from power, as his [[Socialist Party of Serbia]] lost in the federal elections to the [[Democratic Opposition of Serbia]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://balkaninsight.com/2010/10/05/timeline-the-bulldozer-revolution/ |title=The Bulldozer Revolution |last=Barlovac |first=Bojana |work=BalkanInsight |date=5 October 2010 |access-date=22 June 2021 |archive-date=29 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429030144/https://balkaninsight.com/2010/10/05/timeline-the-bulldozer-revolution/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In the aftermath, a new government in Yugoslavia negotiated with the United Nations, accepting that it was not the sole legal successor to the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, and was allowed to join the UN.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.euractiv.com/section/enlargement/news/yugoslavia-joins-un-as-new-member/ |title=Yugoslavia joins UN as new member |work=Euractiv |date=1 November 2000 |access-date=22 June 2021 |archive-date=18 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210618062530/https://www.euractiv.com/section/enlargement/news/yugoslavia-joins-un-as-new-member/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Milošević would later be put on trial for corruption and war crimes,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/mar/11/warcrimes.milosevictrial#:~:text=Slobodan%20Milosevic%20was%20the%20main,wars%20in%20the%20early%201990s |title=The charges against Milosevic |last=Kenny |first=Sean |work=The Guardian |date=11 March 2006 |access-date=22 June 2021 |archive-date=22 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210622184111/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/mar/11/warcrimes.milosevictrial#:~:text=Slobodan%20Milosevic%20was%20the%20main,wars%20in%20the%20early%201990s |url-status=live }}</ref> especially during the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.icty.org/en/case/slobodan_milosevic |title=ICTY file for Milosevic |work=International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia |access-date=23 November 2021 |archive-date=23 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123142344/https://www.icty.org/en/case/slobodan_milosevic |url-status=live }}</ref> although he died in prison before his trial could end in 2006.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/milosevic-war-crime-deniers-feed-receptive-audience/27910664.html |title=Milosevic 'Exonerated'? War-Crime Deniers Feed Receptive Audience |work=Radio Free Europe-Radio Liberty |last=Knezevic |first=Gordana |date=9 August 2016 |access-date=22 June 2021 |archive-date=15 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210615142016/https://www.rferl.org/a/milosevic-war-crime-deniers-feed-receptive-audience/27910664.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://balkaninsight.com/2016/08/16/milosevic-s-old-allies-celebrate-his-innocence-08-16-2016/ |title=Milosevic's Old Allies Celebrate His 'Innocence' |last=Dragojlo |first=Sasa |work=BalkanInsight |date=16 August 2016 |access-date=22 June 2021 |archive-date=12 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412163849/https://balkaninsight.com/2016/08/16/milosevic-s-old-allies-celebrate-his-innocence-08-16-2016/ |url-status=live }}</ref> His culpability, especially of the charges brought against him in the context of the ICTY, remains a subject of controversy within Serbia.
=== Gradual dissolution ===
{{unreferenced section|date=February 2021}}
In 2002, Serbia and Montenegro came to a new agreement regarding continued co-operation, which, among other changes, promised the end of the name Yugoslavia (since they were part of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia). On 4 February 2003, the [[Parliament of Serbia and Montenegro|Federal Assembly of Yugoslavia]] created a loose [[Political union|state union]] or [[Confederation|confederacy]]—the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro, although Yugoslavia was still commonly used. A new [[Constitutional Charter of Serbia and Montenegro|constitutional charter]] was agreed to provide a framework for the governance of the country.
On Sunday, 21 May 2006, [[Montenegrins (ethnic group)|Montenegrins]] voted in an [[2006 Montenegrin independence referendum|independence referendum]],<ref name="N1">[[Dieter Nohlen|Nohlen, D]] & Stöver, P (2010) ''Elections in Europe: A data handbook'', p1372 {{ISBN|978-3-8329-5609-7}}</ref> with 55.5% supporting independence. Fifty-five percent or more of affirmative votes were needed to dissolve the confederation and Yugoslavia. The turnout was 86.3% and 99.73% of the more than 477,000 votes cast were deemed valid.
The subsequent Montenegrin proclamation of independence on 3 June 2006<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/5043462.stm Montenegro declares independence] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911232150/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/5043462.stm |date=11 September 2017 }} BBC News, 4 June 2006</ref> and the Serbian proclamation of independence on 5 June ended the confederation of Serbia and Montenegro and thus the last remaining vestiges of the former [[Yugoslavia]].
== Politics ==
{{Main|Politics of Serbia and Montenegro}}
The Federal Assembly of Yugoslavia, representing FR Yugoslavia (1992–2003) was composed of two chambers: the Council of Citizens and the Council of Republics. Whereas the Council of Citizens served as an ordinary assembly, representing the people of FR Yugoslavia, the Council of Republics was made equally by representatives from the federation's constituent republics, to ensure federal equality between Serbia and Montenegro.
The first president from 1992 to 1993 was [[Dobrica Ćosić]], a former communist [[Yugoslav partisan]] during World War II and later one of the fringe contributors of the controversial [[Memorandum of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts]]. Despite being head of the country, Ćosić was forced out of office in 1993 due to his opposition to Serbian President [[Slobodan Milošević]]. Ćosić was replaced by [[Zoran Lilić]] who served from 1993 to 1997, and then followed by Milošević becoming Yugoslav President in 1997 after his last legal term as Serbian president ended in 1997. FR Yugoslavia was dominated by Milosevic and his allies, until the presidential election in 2000. There were accusations of vote fraud and Yugoslav citizens took to the streets and engaged in [[Overthrow of Slobodan Milošević|riots in Belgrade]] demanding that Milošević be removed from power. Shortly afterwards Milošević resigned and [[Vojislav Koštunica]] took over as Yugoslav president and remained president until the state's reconstitution as the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro.
Federal Prime Minister [[Milan Panić]] became frustrated with Milošević's domineering behaviour during diplomatic talks in 1992 and told Milošević to "shut up" because Milošević's position was officially subordinate to his position.<ref>James Gow. ''Triumph of the Lack of Will: International Diplomacy and the Yugoslav War'', Columbia University Press (1997). New York City. p. 228.</ref> Milošević later forced Panić to resign.<ref>Sabrina P. Ramet. ''Serbia Since 1989: Politics and Society Under Milošević and After''. University of Washington Press, 2005. p. 61.</ref> However, this situation changed after 1997 when Milošević's second and last legal term as Serbian President ended. He then had himself elected Federal President, thus entrenching the power that he already de facto held.<ref name="Sabrina P. Ramet 2005. Pp. 61">[[Sabrina P. Ramet]]. ''Serbia Since 1989: Politics and Society Under Milošević and After''. University of Washington Press, 2005. p. 61. (During Milošević's tenure as President of Serbia, the government of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was de facto subordinate to his government, with Milošević installing and forcing the removal of several Federal Presidents and Prime Ministers. However this changed after 1997 when Milošević's last legal term as Serbian President ended and he became Federal President that year, in which Milošević entrenched the power of the Federal Presidency.)</ref>
After the federation was reconstituted as a State Union, the new [[Parliament of Serbia and Montenegro|Assembly of the State Union]] was created. It was unicameral and was made up of 126 deputies, of which 91 were from Serbia and 35 were from Montenegro. The Assembly convened in the building of the old Federal Assembly of Yugoslavia, which now houses the [[National Assembly of Serbia]].
In 2003, after the constitutional changes and creation of the [[State Union of Serbia and Montenegro]], a new [[President of Serbia and Montenegro]] was elected. He was also president of the [[Council of Ministers of Serbia and Montenegro]].
[[Svetozar Marović]] was the first and last President of Serbia and Montenegro until its breakup in 2006.
On April 12, 1999, the Federal Assembly of the [[FR Yugoslavia]] passed the "Decision on the accession of the FRY to the [[Union State|Union State of Russia and Belarus]]".<ref>{{cite news |newspaper=Službeni list SRJ |url=https://www.pravno-informacioni-sistem.rs/SlGlasnikPortal/eli/rep/slsrj/skupstina/odluka/1999/25/1/reg |title=Одлука о приступању Савезне Републике Југославије Савезу Русије и Белорусије: 25/1999-1 |trans-title=Decision on the accession of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia to the Alliance of Russia and Belarus: 25/1999-1 |issue=25 |date=12 April 1999 |publisher=Pravno informacioni sistem RS |location=Belgrade |access-date=22 January 2023 |archive-date=23 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221223062432/https://www.pravno-informacioni-sistem.rs/SlGlasnikPortal/eli/rep/slsrj/skupstina/odluka/1999/25/1/reg |url-status=live }}</ref> The legal successor of that decision is the Republic of Serbia.{{citation needed|date=January 2023}}
== Military ==
The '''[[Armed Forces of Serbia and Montenegro|Armed Forces of Yugoslavia]]''' ([[Serbian language|Serbian]]: Војска Југославије/Vojska Jugoslavije, ВЈ/VJ) included [[ground forces]] with internal and [[Border guard|border troops]], [[Navy|naval forces]], [[Air force|air and air defense forces]], and [[civil defense]]. It was established from the remnants of the [[Yugoslav People's Army]] (JNA), the military of [[SFR Yugoslavia]]. Several Bosnian Serb units of the VJ were transferred over to the [[Republika Srpska (1992–1995)|Republika Srpska]], during the course of the [[Bosnian War]], leaving only units directly from Serbia and Montenegro in the armed forces. The VJ saw military action during the [[Yugoslav Wars]], including the [[Siege of Dubrovnik]] and the [[Battle of Vukovar]], as well as the [[Kosovo War]], and played combat roles during ethnic [[Insurgency in the Preševo Valley|insurgencies]]. Following the Kosovo War, the VJ was forced to evacuate Kosovo, and in 2003 it was renamed the <nowiki>''Armed Forces of Serbia and Montenegro.''</nowiki> Following the dissolution of the Union between Serbia and Montenegro, units from each army were assigned to the independent republics of Serbia and Montenegro, as recruitment in the army was on a local, rather than Federal, level. Montenegro inherited the small navy of FR Yugoslavia, due to Serbia being landlocked.
== Administrative divisions ==
{{Main|Administrative divisions of Serbia and Montenegro}}
[[File:Scg02.png|thumb|Map of the territorial subdivisions of FR Yugoslavia]]
FR Yugoslavia was composed of two political units, consisting of two Republics, and two subordinate Autonomous Provinces to Serbia, as following:
*The [[Republic of Serbia (1990–2006)|Republic of Serbia]] (capital: [[Belgrade]]), including [[Central Serbia]];
**[[Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija|Kosovo and Metohija]] – Autonomous province within Serbia (capital: [[Pristina]]). Under [[United Nations]] administration from June 1999 under the terms of the [[Kumanovo Agreement]].
**[[Autonomous Province of Vojvodina|Vojvodina]], Autonomous province within Serbia (capital: [[Novi Sad]]).
*The [[Republic of Montenegro (1992–2006)|Republic of Montenegro]] (capital: [[Podgorica]]).
{| class="wikitable"
|'''Name'''
|'''Capital'''
|'''Flag'''
|'''Coat of arms'''
|-
|[[Republic of Serbia (1992–2006)|Republic of Serbia]]<br>
|[[Belgrade]]
|[[File:Flag of Serbia (2004–2010).svg|88x88px]]
|[[File:Coat of Аrms of Serbia (2004-2010).svg|93x93px]]
|-
|[[Vojvodina|AP Vojvodina]]
|[[Novi Sad]]
|[[File:Flag of Vojvodina.svg|88x88px]]
|[[File:Coat of arms of Vojvodina.svg|93x93px]]
|-
|[[AP Kosovo and Metohija]]
|[[Priština]]
|[[File:Flag of the United Nations.svg|88x88px]]
|[[File:Coat of arms of the PISG of Kosovo.svg|93x93px]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Republic of Montenegro (1992–2006)|Republic of Montenegro]]
|[[Cetinje]]
|[[File:Flag of Montenegro (1993–2004).svg|123x123px]]
|[[File:Coat of arms of Montenegro (1992-2004).svg|75x75px]]
|-
|[[Podgorica]]
|[[File:Flag of Montenegro.svg|103x103px]]
|[[File:Coat of arms of Montenegro.svg|76x76px]]
|}
=== Serbia ===
{{Main|Subdivisions of Serbia}}
The territorial organisation of the Republic of Serbia was regulated by the Law on Territorial Organisation and Local Self-Government, adopted in the [[Assembly of Serbia]] on 24 July 1991. Under the Law, the municipalities, cities and settlements make the bases of the territorial organization.<ref name="zakon">[http://www.parlament.gov.rs/content/cir/akta/akta_detalji.asp?Id=466&t=Z# Law on Territorial Organization and Local Self-Government] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091211190546/http://www.parlament.gov.rs/content/cir/akta/akta_detalji.asp?Id=466&t=Z |date=11 December 2009 }}, Parliament of Serbia {{in lang|sr}}</ref>
Serbia was divided into 195 [[Municipalities and cities of Serbia|municipalities]] and 4 [[Municipalities and cities of Serbia|cities]], which were the basic units of local autonomy. It had two autonomous provinces: [[Kosovo and Metohija]] in the south (with 30 municipalities), which was under the administration of [[UNMIK]] after 1999, and [[Vojvodina]] in the north (with 46 municipalities and 1 city). The territory between Kosovo and Vojvodina was called [[Central Serbia]]. Central Serbia was not an administrative division on its own and had no regional government of its own.
In addition, there were four cities: Belgrade, [[Niš]], [[Novi Sad]] and [[Kragujevac]], each having an assembly and budget of its own. The cities comprised several municipalities, divided into "urban" (in the city proper) and "other" (suburban). Competences of cities and their municipalities were divided.
Municipalities were gathered into [[Districts of Serbia|districts]], which are regional centres of state authority, but have no assemblies of their own; they present purely administrative divisions, and host various state institutions such as funds, office branches and courts. The Republic of Serbia was then and is still today divided into 29 districts (17 in Central Serbia, 7 in Vojvodina and 5 in Kosovo, which are now defunct), while the city of Belgrade presents a district of its own.
=== Montenegro ===
{{Main|Municipalities of Montenegro}}
Montenegro was divided into [[Municipalities of Montenegro|21 municipalities]].
== Geography ==
{{see also|Geography of Serbia|Geography of Montenegro}}
Serbia and Montenegro had an area of 102,350 square kilometres (39,518 sq mi), with 199 kilometres (124 mi) of coastline. The terrain of the two republics is extremely varied, with much of Serbia comprising plains and low hills (except in the more mountainous region of Kosovo and Metohija) and much of Montenegro consisting of high mountains. Serbia is entirely landlocked, with the coastline belonging to Montenegro. The climate is similarly varied. The north has a [[continental climate]] (cold winters and hot summers); the central region has a combination of a continental and [[Mediterranean climate]]; the southern region had an [[Adriatic sea|Adriatic climate]] along the coast, with inland regions experiencing hot, dry summers and autumns and relatively cold winters with heavy snowfall inland.
[[Belgrade]], with its population of 1,574,050, is the largest city in the two nations: and the only one of significant size. The country's other principal cities were [[Novi Sad]], [[Niš]], [[Kragujevac]], [[Podgorica]], [[Subotica]], [[Pristina]], and [[Prizren]], each with populations of about 100,000–250,000 people.
== Demographics ==
{{Main|Demographics of Serbia and Montenegro|}}
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Demographics of FR Yugoslavia in 1992{{sfn|Kovačević|1993|p=55-56}}
|label1 = [[Serbs]]
|value1 = 62.6
|color1 = Red
|label2 = [[Albanians]]
|value2 = 16.5
|color2 = Green
|label3 = [[Montenegrins (ethnic group)|Montenegrins]]
|value3 = 5
|color3 = Blue
|label4 = Others
|value4 = 15.9
|color4 = Light
}}
FR Yugoslavia had more demographic variety than most other European countries. According to the 1992 census, the Federal Republic had 10,394,026 inhabitants.{{sfn|Kovačević|1993|p=55-56}} The three largest named nationalities were [[Serbs]] (6,504,048 inhabitants, or 62.6%), [[Albanians]] (1,714,768 inhabitants, or 16.5%), and [[Montenegrins (ethnic group)|Montenegrins]] (519,766 inhabitants, or 5%).{{sfn|Kovačević|1993|p=55-56}} The country also had significant populations of [[Hungarians]], [[ethnic Yugoslavs]], [[Muslims (South-Slavic ethnic group)|ethnic Muslims]], [[Romani people|Romani]], [[Croats]], [[Bulgarians]], [[Macedonians (ethnic group)|Macedonians]], [[Romanians]] and [[Vlachs of Serbia|Vlachs]], and others (under 1%). Most of the ethnic diversity was situated in the autonomous provinces of [[Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija|Kosovo]] and [[Autonomous Province of Vojvodina|Vojvodina]], where smaller numbers of other minority groups could be found. The large Albanian population was chiefly [[Kosovo Albanians|concentrated in Kosovo]], with smaller populations in the [[Preševo Valley]], and in the [[Ulcinj]] municipality in Montenegro. The ''Muslim'' ([[Muslims (South-Slavic ethnic group)|Slavic Muslims]], including [[Bosniaks]] and [[Gorani people|Gorani]]) population lived mostly in the [[Sandžak|federal border region]] (mainly [[Novi Pazar]] in Serbia, and [[Rožaje]] in Montenegro). It is important to note that the Montenegrin population at the time often considered themselves to be Serbs.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hedges |first=Chris |date=10 July 1999 |title=Montenegrins, Angry at Serbs, Talk of a Split |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/07/10/world/montenegrins-angry-at-serbs-talk-of-a-split.html |access-date=5 August 2020 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=31 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210131231558/https://www.nytimes.com/1999/07/10/world/montenegrins-angry-at-serbs-talk-of-a-split.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
;Total Population of FR Yugoslavia – 10,019,657
*[[Republic of Serbia (federal)|Serbia]] (total): 9,396,411
**Vojvodina: 2,116,725
**Central Serbia: 5,479,686
**Kosovo: 1,800,000
*[[Republic of Montenegro (federal)|Montenegro]]: 623,246
*Major cities (over 100,000 inhabitants) – 2002 data (2003 for Podgorica):
**[[Beograd]] (Belgrade): 1,280,639 (1,574,050 metro)
**[[Novi Sad]]: 215,600 (298,139 metro)
**[[Pristina]]: 200,000 (2002 estimate)
**[[Niš]]: 173,390 (234,863 metro)
**[[Kragujevac]]: 145,890 (175,182 metro)
**[[Podgorica]]: 139,500 (169,000 metro)
**[[Prizren]]: 121,000 (2002 estimate)
**[[Subotica]]: 99,471 (147,758 metro)
More than half of [[Kosovo Serbs|Kosovo's pre-1999 Serb population]] (226,000),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.srbija.gov.rs/kosovo-metohija/20031|title=Интерно расељена и прогнана лица са Косова и Метохије|access-date=19 December 2022|archive-date=19 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221219225709/https://www.srbija.gov.rs/kosovo-metohija/20031|url-status=live}}</ref> including 37,000 [[Romani people|Romani]], 15,000 [[Islam in Europe|Balkan Muslims]] (including [[Ashkali and Balkan Egyptians|Ashkali]], [[Bosniaks]], and [[Gorani people|Gorani]]), and 7,000 other non-Albanian civilians were expelled to central Serbia and Montenegro, following the [[Kosovo War]].<ref>{{•}} {{cite book |author-last=Vladisavljević |author-first=Nebojša |year=2012 |chapter=Kosovo and Two Dimensions of the Contemporary Serb-Albanian Conflict |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wkQ3I6GyClEC&pg=PA29 |editor1-last=Hudson |editor1-first=Robert |editor2-last=Bowman |editor2-first=Glenn |title=After Yugoslavia: Identities and Politics Within the Successor States |location=Cham, Switzerland |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |pages=29–30 |doi=10.1057/9780230305137_3 |isbn=9780230201316 |access-date=12 December 2022 }}<br />{{•}} {{cite book |author-last=Wills |author-first=Siobhán |year=2009 |title=Protecting Civilians: The Obligations of Peacekeepers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QoqQ7kBrlSAC&pg=PA219 |location=Oxford and New York |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |page=219 |isbn=978-0-19-953387-9 |access-date=12 December 2022 |archive-date=11 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111171634/https://books.google.com/books?id=QoqQ7kBrlSAC&pg=PA219 |url-status=live }}<br />{{•}} {{cite web |title=Abuses against Serbs and Roma in the new Kosovo |url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/1999/kosov2/ |date=August 1999 |url-status=live |publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113211702/http://www.hrw.org/reports/1999/kosov2/ |archive-date=13 November 2022 |access-date=12 December 2022 }}<br />{{•}} {{cite web |title=The Violence: Ethnic Albanian Attacks on Serbs and Roma |url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/2004/kosovo0704/7.htm |date=July 2004 |url-status=live |publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712101508/https://www.hrw.org/reports/2004/kosovo0704/7.htm |archive-date=12 July 2022 |access-date=12 December 2022 }}<br />{{•}} {{cite web |title=Kosovo Crisis Update |url=http://www.unhcr.org/3ae6b80f2c.html |date=August 4, 1999 |url-status=live |publisher=[[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees|UNHCR]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702170303/https://www.unhcr.org/3ae6b80f2c.html |archive-date=2 July 2022 |access-date=12 December 2022 }}<br />{{•}} {{cite web |title=Forced Expulsion of Kosovo Roma, Ashkali and Egyptians from OSCE Participated state to Kosovo |url=http://www.osce.org/odihr/21342 |date=October 6, 2006 |url-status=live |publisher=[[Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe|OSCE]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220528105950/https://www.osce.org/odihr/21342 |archive-date=28 May 2022 |access-date=12 December 2022 }}</ref>
According to a 2004 estimate, the State Union had 10,825,900 inhabitants. According to a July 2006 estimate, the State Union had 10,832,545 inhabitants.
== Economy ==
{{Main|Economy of Serbia and Montenegro}}
The state suffered significantly economically due to the breakup of Yugoslavia and mismanagement of the economy, and an extended period of economic sanctions. In the early 1990s, the FRY suffered from hyperinflation of the Yugoslav dinar. By the mid-1990s, the FRY had overcome the inflation. Further damage to Yugoslavia's infrastructure and industry caused by the [[Kosovo War]] left the economy only half the size it was in 1990. Since the ousting of former Federal Yugoslav President [[Slobodan Milošević]] in October 2000, the [[Democratic Opposition of Serbia]] (DOS) coalition government has implemented stabilization measures and embarked on an aggressive market reform program. After renewing its membership in the [[International Monetary Fund]] in December 2000, Yugoslavia continued to reintegrate with other world nations by rejoining the [[World Bank]] and the [[European Bank for Reconstruction and Development]].
<!--
PLEASE REWRITE AND UPDATE THIS PART SO THAT IT IS APPLICABLE TO THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF YUGOSLAVIA.
A World Bank-[[European Commission]] sponsored Donors' Conference held in June 2001 raised $1.3 billion for economic restructuring. An agreement rescheduling the country's $4.5 billion [[Paris Club]] government debts was concluded in November 2001; it will write off 66% of the debt; a similar debt relief agreement on its $2.8 billion [[London Club]] commercial debt has been reached in July 2004; 62% of the debt have been written off. -->
The smaller republic of [[Montenegro]] severed its economy from federal control and from Serbia during the Milošević era. Afterwards, the two republics had separate central banks whilst Montenegro began to use different currencies – it first adopted the [[Deutsche Mark]] and continued to use it until the Mark fell into disuse to be replaced by the [[Euro]]. Serbia continued to use the Yugoslav Dinar, renaming it the ''[[Serbian Dinar]]''.<!-- rewrite as part of history
The southern Serbian province of [[Kosovo]], while formally still part of Serbia (according to United Nations Security Council Resolution 1244), is moving toward local autonomy under the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo ([[UNMIK]]) and is dependent on the international community for financial and technical assistance. The euro is official currency, and UNMIK collects taxes and manages the budget. -->
The complexity of the FRY's political relationships, slow progress in privatisation, and stagnation in the European economy were detrimental to the economy. Arrangements with the IMF, especially requirements for fiscal discipline, were an important element in policy formation. Severe unemployment was a key political and economic problem. Corruption also presented a major problem, with a large [[black market]] and a high degree of criminal involvement in the formal economy.
== Transport ==
[[File:Passport of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.jpg|thumb|A [[Yugoslav passport]]|alt=|283x283px]]
Serbia, and in particular the valley of the [[Great Morava|Morava]] is often described as "the crossroads between the [[Eastern world|East]] and the [[Western world|West]]" – one of the primary reasons for its turbulent history. The valley is by far the easiest land route from continental Europe to Greece and [[Asia Minor]].
Major [[European route|international highways]] going through Serbia were [[European route E75|E75]] and [[European route E70|E70]]. [[European route E763|E763]]/[[European route E761|E761]] was the most important route connecting Serbia with Montenegro.
The [[Danube]], an important international waterway, flowed through Serbia.
The [[Port of Bar]] was the largest seaport located in Montenegro.
== Holidays ==
{|class="wikitable"
|+ Holidays
|-
! Date
! Name
! Notes
|-
| 1 January
| [[New Year's Day]]
| (non-working holiday)
|-
| 7 January
| [[Eastern Orthodox|Orthodox]] [[Christmas]]
| (non-working)
|-
| 27 January
| [[Saint Sava]]'s feast Day – Day of Spirituality
|
|-
| 27 April
| [[Constitution Day]]
|
|-
| 29 April
| Orthodox [[Good Friday]]
| Date for 2005 only
|-
| 1 May
| Orthodox [[Easter]]
| Date for 2005 only
|-
| 2 May
| Orthodox [[Easter Monday]]
| Date for 2005 only
|-
| 1 May
| [[Labour Day]]
| (non-working)
|-
| 9 May
| [[Victory Day]]
|
|-
| 28 June
| [[Vidovdan]] ([[Martyr]]'s Day)
| In memory of soldiers fallen at the [[Battle of Kosovo]]
|-
| 29 November
| [[Republic Day]]
|}
;Holidays celebrated only in Serbia
*15 February – Sretenje ([[National Day]], non-working)
;Holidays celebrated only in Montenegro
*13 July – Statehood Day (non-working)
== Proposed national flag and anthem for the State Union ==
[[File:Proposed flag of Serbia and Montenegro (2003).svg|thumb|Proposed flag for Serbia and Montenegro|alt=|250x250px]]
After the formation of the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro, the Yugoslav tricolour was to be replaced by a new compromise flag. Article 23 of the Law for the implementation of the Constitutional Charter<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ssinf.sv.gov.yu/default.php?id=87&je= |title=Zakon o sprovođenju Ustavne povelje |access-date=12 July 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929155125/http://www.ssinf.sv.gov.yu/default.php?id=87&je= |archive-date=29 September 2007}}</ref> stated that a law specifying the new flag was to be passed within 60 days of the first session of the new joint parliament. Among the flag proposals, the popular choice was a flag with a shade of blue in between the Serbian tricolor and the Montenegrin tricolor of 1993 through 2004. The color shade Pantone 300C was perceived as the best choice.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/3170416.stm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031009024659/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/3170416.stm |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 October 2003 |title=Belgrade flag flap reveals identity crisis |work=BBC News |location=United Kingdom |publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation |access-date=9 October 2003 |date=7 October 2003 |first=Matthew |last=Price}}</ref> However the parliament failed to vote on the proposal within the legal time-frame and the flag was not adopted. In 2004, Montenegro adopted a radically different flag, as its independence-leaning government sought to distance itself from Serbia. Proposals for a compromise flag were dropped after this and the Union of Serbia and Montenegro never adopted a flag.
A similar fate befell the country's state anthem and coat-of-arms to be; the above-mentioned Article 23 also stipulated that a law determining the State Union's flag and anthem was to be passed by the end of 2003. The official proposal for a state anthem was a combination piece consisting of one verse of the former (now current) Serbian national anthem "[[Bože pravde]]" followed by a verse of the Montenegrin folk song, "[[Oj, svijetla majska zoro]]". This proposal was dropped after some public opposition, notably by Serbian Patriarch [[Serbian Patriarch Pavle II|Pavle]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vreme.com/cms/view.php?id=387870 |title=Nova drzavna himna: Boze zore |date=12 August 2004 |publisher=Vreme |access-date=26 August 2010 |archive-date=6 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606004833/http://www.vreme.com/cms/view.php?id=387870 |url-status=live }}</ref> Another legal deadline passed and no state anthem was adopted. Serious proposals for the coat of arms were never put forward, probably because the coat of arms of the FRY, adopted in 1994 combining Serbian and Montenegrin heraldic elements, was considered adequate.
Thus, the State Union never officially adopted state symbols and continued to use the flag and national anthem of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia by inertia until its dissolution in 2006.
== Sports ==
=== Association football ===
{{Main|Football Association of Serbia and Montenegro}}
FR Yugoslavia, later Serbia and Montenegro, was considered by [[FIFA]] and [[UEFA]] to be the only successor-state of Yugoslavia.<ref>[http://www.fss.rs/sr/savez/istorijat.html History] {{webarchive |url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111227044239/http://www.fss.rs/sr/savez/istorijat.html |date=27 December 2011 }}, FSS, Retrieved 4 October 2012 {{in lang|sr}}</ref><ref name= "FIFA">[https://web.archive.org/web/20070603185848/http://www.fifa.com/associations/association=srb/ Serbia], [[FIFA]], 2007 Jun 3.</ref><ref>[http://www.uefa.com/under17/news/newsid=1610531.html News: Serbia] {{Webarchive|url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170925121412/http://www.uefa.com/under17/news/newsid=1610531.html |date=25 September 2017}} at [[UEFA]] official website, published 1 January 2011, Retrieved 4 October 2012</ref> Football was experiencing major success during the 1980s and early 1990s; however, due to the imposed economic sanctions, the country was excluded from all international competitions between 1992 and 1996. After the sanctions were lifted, the national team qualified for two [[FIFA World Cup]]s—in [[1998 FIFA World Cup|1998]] as FR Yugoslavia and in [[2006 FIFA World Cup|2006]] as Serbia and Montenegro. It also qualified for [[Euro 2000]], as FR Yugoslavia.
[[File:Fans of Montenegro and Serbia, 2006 WC.jpg|thumb|right|Supporters of the [[Serbia and Montenegro national football team|national football team]] during the [[2006 FIFA World Cup]]]]
The 1998 World Cup appearance in France was accompanied with plenty of expectation and quiet confidence as the team was considered{{By whom |date=July 2020}} to be one of the tournament's dark horses due to being stacked with proven world-class players such as 29-year-old [[Predrag Mijatović]], 33-year-old [[Dragan Stojković]], 29-year-old [[Siniša Mihajlović]], 28-year-old [[Vladimir Jugović]], and 31-year-old [[Dejan Savićević]], as well as emerging 19-year-old youngster [[Dejan Stanković]], and tall 24-year-old target forwards [[Savo Milošević]] and [[Darko Kovačević]]. Another reason for heightened expectations was that this was the country's first major international appearance following the UN-imposed exile. However, the squad never managed to hit top gear—although it did make it out of the group, it got eliminated by the [[Netherlands national football team|Netherlands]] via an injury-time goal in the round-of-16. Two years later at Euro 2000, nearly the same team again made it out of the group and was again eliminated from the tournament by the Netherlands, this time convincingly, 1–6, in the quarter finals.
Serbia and Montenegro were represented by [[Serbia and Montenegro national football team|a single national team]] in the [[2006 FIFA World Cup]] tournament, despite having formally split just weeks prior to its start. The final squad was made up of players born in both Serbia and Montenegro.
They played their last ever international on 21 June 2006, a 3–2 loss to [[Ivory Coast national football team|Ivory Coast]]. Following the World Cup, this team has been inherited by Serbia, while a [[Montenegro national football team|new one]] was to be organized to represent Montenegro in future international competitions.
=== Basketball ===
The [[Serbia and Montenegro national basketball team|senior men's basketball team]] dominated European and world basketball during the mid-to-late 1990s and early 2000s, with three [[EuroBasket]] titles ([[1995 EuroBasket|1995]], [[1997 EuroBasket|1997]], and [[2001 EuroBasket|2001]]), two [[FIBA World Cup]] titles ([[1998 FIBA World Championship|1998]] and [[2002 FIBA World Championship|2002]]), and a [[Basketball at the Summer Olympics|Summer Olympic Games]] silver medal ([[Basketball at the 1996 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament|1996]]).
The national team started competing internationally in 1995, after a three-year exile, due to a UN trade embargo. During that time, FR Yugoslavia was not allowed to compete at the [[Basketball at the 1992 Summer Olympics|1992 Summer Olympics]] in [[Barcelona]], the [[1993 EuroBasket]], and also the [[1994 FIBA World Championship]], which was originally supposed to be hosted by [[Belgrade]], before being taken away from the city and moved to [[Toronto|Toronto, Canada]].
[[File:Maskota 2003ep.JPG|thumb|right|Mascot of the [[EuroBasket 2005]], hosted by Serbia and Montenegro]]
At the [[1995 EuroBasket]] in [[Athens]], its first international competition, the hungry and highly motivated FR Yugoslav team, which was led by head coach [[Dušan Ivković]], featured a starting five full of world-class talent, with established European stars at positions [[point guard|one]] through [[power forward (basketball)|four]] — 27-year-old [[Saša Đorđević]], 25-year-old [[Predrag Danilović]], 29-year-old [[Žarko Paspalj]], 22-year-old [[Dejan Bodiroga]] — capped off with 27-year-old [[Vlade Divac]], the starting center for the [[LA Lakers]] at the [[center (basketball)|five]] position. With a bench that was just as capable — with experienced [[Zoran Sretenović]] (the only player over 30 in the team), [[Saša Obradović]], talisman power forward [[Zoran Savić]], and up-and-coming young center [[Željko Rebrača]] — the team rampaged through its preliminary group, which featured medal contenders [[Greek national basketball team|Greece]] and [[Lithuania men's national basketball team|Lithuania]], with a 6–0 record. At the first direct elimination stage, the quarterfinals, FR Yugoslavia scored 104 points to destroy [[French national basketball team|France]], thus setting up a semifinal clash with the tournament hosts Greece. In the highly charged atmosphere of the [[O.A.C.A. Olympic Indoor Hall|OAKA Indoor Arena]], the FR Yugoslav team demonstrated its versatility, using defensive prowess in that game to pull off a famous eight-point win, in a tense, low-scoring 60–52 game. In the final, FR Yugoslavia played against the experienced Lithuanian team, which was led by basketball legend [[Arvydas Sabonis]], in addition to other world class players like [[Šarūnas Marčiulionis]], [[Rimas Kurtinaitis]], and [[Valdemaras Chomičius]]. The final became a classic game of international basketball, with the crafty Yugoslavs prevailing, by a score of 96–90, behind Đorđević's 41 points.
They were represented by a single team at the [[2006 FIBA World Championship]] as well, even though the tournament was played in mid/late-August and early-September of that year, and the Serbia–Montenegro breakup had occurred in May. That team was also inherited by [[Serbia]] after the tournament, while [[Montenegro]] created a separate senior national basketball team afterwards, as well as their own national teams in all other team sports.
== Entertainment ==
Serbia and Montenegro was represented after its formal dissolution in the [[Miss Earth 2006]] pageant by a single delegate, Dubravka Skoric.
Serbia and Montenegro also participated in the [[Eurovision Song Contest]] on two occasions and in [[Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2005]] only on one occasion. The country debuted in the Eurovision Song Contest under the name Serbia and Montenegro in 2004, when [[Željko Joksimović]] got second place. The next to follow was the Montenegrin boyband No Name. In 2006, the year of Montenegrin independence, the country Serbia and Montenegro did not have a representative due to the scandal in [[Evropesma#2006 event and controversy|Evropesma 2006]], but was still able to vote in both the semi-final and the final.
== See also ==
{{Portal|Serbia}}
*[[List of national border changes since World War I]]
*[[Military of Serbia and Montenegro|Military of FR Yugoslavia]]
== Notes ==
{{NoteFoot}}
== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{notelist}}
{{Reflist}}
=== Sources ===
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book |last=Ćirković |first=Sima |author-link=Sima Ćirković |year=2004 |title=The Serbs |location=Malden |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |isbn=978-1-40514291-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Wc-DWRzoeIC }}
*{{cite book |last=Bataković |first=Dušan T. |author-link=Dušan T. Bataković |title=The Kosovo Chronicles |year=1992 |location=Belgrade |publisher=Plato |url=https://www.rastko.rs/kosovo/istorija/kosovo_chronicles/ |access-date=12 September 2020 |archive-date=25 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225163933/https://www.rastko.rs/kosovo/istorija/kosovo_chronicles/ |url-status=live }}
*{{cite book |last=Bataković |first=Dušan T. |author-link=Dušan T. Bataković |title=Kosovo, la spirale de la haine: Les faits, les acteurs, l'histoire |language=fr |year=1993 |edition=1st |location=Lausanne |publisher=L'Age d'Homme |isbn=978-282510389-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CI5pAAAAMAAJ |access-date=12 September 2020 |archive-date=17 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417062020/https://books.google.com/books?id=CI5pAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}
*{{cite book |editor-last=Bataković |editor-first=Dušan T. |editor-link=Dušan T. Bataković |title=Histoire du peuple serbe |trans-title=History of the Serbian People |language=fr |year=2005 |location=Lausanne |publisher=L’Age d’Homme |isbn=978-282511958-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a0jA_LdH6nsC |access-date=2 March 2018 |archive-date=23 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123132942/https://books.google.com/books?id=a0jA_LdH6nsC |url-status=live }}
*{{cite book |editor-last=Bataković |editor-first=Dušan T. |editor-link=Dušan T. Bataković |title=Kosovo and Metohija: Living in the Enclave |year=2007 |location=Belgrade |publisher=Institute for Balkan Studies |url=http://www.balkaninstitut.com/pdf/izdanja/posebno/Enklave.pdf |access-date=12 September 2020 |archive-date=31 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210131202827/http://www.balkaninstitut.com/pdf/izdanja/posebno/Enklave.pdf |url-status=live }}
*{{cite book |last=Bataković |first=Dušan T. |author-link=Dušan T. Bataković |title=A Turbulent Decade: The Serbs in Post-1999 Kosovo: Destruction of Cultural Heritage, Ethnic Cleansing, and Marginalization (1999—2009) |year=2014 |location=Paris |publisher=Dialogue |isbn=978-291152712-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wFTDrQEACAAJ |access-date=12 September 2020 |archive-date=17 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417062021/https://books.google.com/books?id=wFTDrQEACAAJ |url-status=live }}
*{{Cite book |last=Bataković |first=Dušan T. |author-link=Dušan T. Bataković |chapter=Kosovo and Metohija: History, Memory and Identity |title=The Christian Heritage of Kosovo and Metohija: the Historical and Spiritual Heartland of the Serbian People |year=2015 |location=Los Angeles |publisher=Sebastian Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8LK2DAEACAAJ |pages=569–608 |isbn=978-868268539-5 |access-date=12 September 2020 |archive-date=17 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417062020/https://books.google.com/books?id=8LK2DAEACAAJ |url-status=live }}
*{{Cite book |last=Bataković |first=Dušan T. |author-link=Dušan T. Bataković |chapter=The Serbs of Kosovo and Metohija 1999-2007: Surviving in Ghetto-like Enclaves |title=The Christian Heritage of Kosovo and Metohija: the Historical and Spiritual Heartland of the Serbian People |year=2015 |location=Los Angeles |publisher=Sebastian Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8LK2DAEACAAJ |pages=935–45 |isbn=978-868268539-5 |access-date=12 September 2020 |archive-date=17 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417062020/https://books.google.com/books?id=8LK2DAEACAAJ |url-status=live }}
*{{Cite book |last1=Goati |first1=Vladimir |last2=Slavujević |first2=Zoran |last3=Pribićević |first3=Ognjen |title=Izborne borbe u Jugoslaviji (1990-1992) |year=1993 |location=Beograd |publisher=Institut društvenih nauka |isbn=978-867093051-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eiZEAQAAIAAJ |access-date=12 September 2020 |archive-date=17 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417062021/https://books.google.com/books?id=eiZEAQAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}
*{{Cite book |last=Goati |first=Vladimir |title=Partije Srbije i Crne Gore u političkim borbama od 1990 do 2000 |year=2000 |location=Bar |publisher=Conteco |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qx2itAEACAAJ |access-date=12 September 2020 |archive-date=17 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417062023/https://books.google.com/books?id=Qx2itAEACAAJ |url-status=live }}
*{{Cite book |last=Goati |first=Vladimir |title=Izbori u SRJ od 1990 do 1998: Volja građana ili izborna manipulacija. Dodatak: Izbori 2000 |year=2001 |edition=2 |location=Beograd |publisher=Centar za slobodne izbore i demokratiju |url=http://www.cesid.rs/images/IZBORI%20U%20SRJ%20OD%201990_%20DO%201998.pdf |access-date=12 September 2020 |archive-date=29 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429223546/http://www.cesid.rs/images/IZBORI%20U%20SRJ%20OD%201990_%20DO%201998.pdf |url-status=live }}
*{{Cite book |last=Goati |first=Vladimir |title=Izbori u Srbiji i Crnoj Gori od 1990. do 2013. i u SRJ od 1992. do 2003. |year=2013 |location=Beograd |publisher=Centar za slobodne izbore i demokratiju |url=http://www.cesid.rs/images/1372054311_Vladimir%20Goati_knjiga.pdf |access-date=12 September 2020 |archive-date=4 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201004173815/http://www.cesid.rs/images/1372054311_Vladimir%20Goati_knjiga.pdf |url-status=live }}
*{{Cite book |last= Kovačević |first= Miladin and other |title= Statistical Yearbook of Yugoslavia 1993 |url= https://publikacije.stat.gov.rs/G1993/Pdf/G19932004.pdf |location= Beograd |year= 1993 |access-date= 1 April 2020 |archive-date= 7 August 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200807025405/https://publikacije.stat.gov.rs/G1993/Pdf/G19932004.pdf |url-status= live }}
*{{Cite book |last=Miller |first=Nicholas |chapter=Serbia and Montenegro |title=Eastern Europe: An Introduction to the People, Lands, and Culture |year=2005 |volume=3 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |location=Santa Barbara, [[California|CA]] |pages=529–81 |isbn=978-157607800-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lVBB1a0rC70C |access-date=7 March 2018 |archive-date=21 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230121122343/https://books.google.com/books?id=lVBB1a0rC70C |url-status=live }}
*{{Cite book |last=Morrison |first=Kenneth |title=Montenegro: A Modern History |year=2009 |location=London-New York |publisher=I.B. Tauris |url=https://epdf.pub/download/montenegro-a-modern-history.html }}
{{refend}}
==External links==
{{Commons category|Serbia and Montenegro}}
*{{Wikivoyage inline|Serbia and Montenegro}}
*{{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/*/http://www.gov.yu/|title=Official website, government of Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro)}}
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/1039269.stm Country Profile: Serbia and Montenegro], [[BBC]]
{{Serbia topics}}
{{Montenegro topics}}
{{Kosovo topics}}
{{Yugoslavia topics}}
{{Breakup of Yugoslavia}}
{{Yugoslavia timeline}}
{{Council of Europe}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Coord|44|49|N|20|28|E|source:kolossus-svwiki|display=title}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Serbia And Montenegro}}
[[Category:Serbia and Montenegro| ]]
[[Category:Former federations]]
[[Category:Former confederations]]
[[Category:Modern history of Serbia]]
[[Category:Former countries in the Balkans]]
[[Category:Former state unions]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1992]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 2006]]
[[Category:1992 establishments in Europe]]
[[Category:2006 disestablishments in Europe]]
[[Category:2000s in Kosovo]]
[[Category:2000s in Montenegro]]
[[Category:2000s in Serbia]]
[[Category:20th century rump states]]
[[Category:2006 disestablishments in Serbia and Montenegro]]
[[Category:Countries and territories where Serbian is an official language]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
-{{Short description|Federal republic (1992–2003) and political union (2003–2006) in the Balkans}}
+{{Short description|Federal republic (1992–2003) and political union (2003–2006) in the Balkans}} fr Yugoslavia was bombed that's cool
{{Redirect|FRY}}
{{for |the relations of the modern-day sovereign states of Serbia and Montenegro|Montenegro–Serbia relations}}
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Old page size (old_size) | 99652 |
Size change in edit (edit_delta) | 37 |
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0 => '{{Short description|Federal republic (1992–2003) and political union (2003–2006) in the Balkans}} fr Yugoslavia was bombed that's cool'
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Lines removed in edit (removed_lines) | [
0 => '{{Short description|Federal republic (1992–2003) and political union (2003–2006) in the Balkans}}'
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All external links added in the edit (added_links) | [] |
All external links removed in the edit (removed_links) | [] |
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6 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20200726181455/https://www.cato.org/publications/commentary/worlds-greatest-unreported-hyperinflation',
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39 => 'https://theconversation.com/au/topics/bosnian-war-37515',
40 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20200726142311/https://theconversation.com/au/topics/bosnian-war-37515',
41 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/1991/09/01/magazine/carving-out-a-greater-serbia.html',
42 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20200902023906/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/09/01/magazine/carving-out-a-greater-serbia.html',
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45 => 'https://www.aph.gov.au/binaries/library/pubs/rp/1995-96/96rp15.pdf',
46 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1321-1579',
47 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210403071057/https://www.aph.gov.au/binaries/library/pubs/rp/1995-96/96rp15.pdf',
48 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/1992/04/08/world/us-recognizes-3-yugoslav-republics-as-independent.html',
49 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20200726142309/https://www.nytimes.com/1992/04/08/world/us-recognizes-3-yugoslav-republics-as-independent.html',
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51 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20211114061646/https://www.britannica.com/event/Bosnian-War',
52 => 'https://iwpr.net/global-voices/greater-serbia-myth-or-plan',
53 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210622230810/https://iwpr.net/global-voices/greater-serbia-myth-or-plan',
54 => 'https://www.brookings.edu/articles/decision-to-intervene-how-the-war-in-bosnia-ended/',
55 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210609125409/https://www.brookings.edu/articles/decision-to-intervene-how-the-war-in-bosnia-ended/',
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60 => 'https://www.gmu.edu/programs/icar/ijps/vol3_1/Delvic.htm',
61 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20200715025823/http://www.gmu.edu/programs/icar/ijps/vol3_1/Delvic.htm',
62 => 'https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1992-09-20-mn-1984-story.html',
63 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20200726145747/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1992-09-20-mn-1984-story.html',
64 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/1999/05/25/world/crisis-in-the-balkans-fuel-oil-flowing-to-yugoslavia-despite-nato-s-exertions.html',
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67 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20200727040324/https://www.nytimes.com/1994/05/30/world/embargo-leaves-serbia-thriving.html',
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71 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20200726221329/https://www.nytimes.com/1992/05/31/world/un-votes-13-0-for-embargo-on-trade-with-yugoslavia-air-travel-and-oil-curbed.html',
72 => 'https://www.un.org/press/en/1995/19951122.sc6127.html',
73 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210731054956/https://www.un.org/press/en/1995/19951122.sc6127.html',
74 => 'https://www.cato.org/publications/commentary/worlds-greatest-unreported-hyperinflation#:~:text=Starting%20in%20January%201992,%20what,but%20well%20below%20Hungary's%20record.',
75 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210518230354/https://www.cato.org/publications/commentary/worlds-greatest-unreported-hyperinflation#:~:text=Starting%20in%20January%201992,%20what,but%20well%20below%20Hungary's%20record.',
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77 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210805014844/https://www.csmonitor.com/2000/0302/p8s1.html',
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174 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20230417062020/https://books.google.com/books?id=CI5pAAAAMAAJ',
175 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=a0jA_LdH6nsC',
176 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20230123132942/https://books.google.com/books?id=a0jA_LdH6nsC',
177 => 'http://www.balkaninstitut.com/pdf/izdanja/posebno/Enklave.pdf',
178 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210131202827/http://www.balkaninstitut.com/pdf/izdanja/posebno/Enklave.pdf',
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191 => 'https://publikacije.stat.gov.rs/G1993/Pdf/G19932004.pdf',
192 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20200807025405/https://publikacije.stat.gov.rs/G1993/Pdf/G19932004.pdf',
193 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=lVBB1a0rC70C',
194 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20230121122343/https://books.google.com/books?id=lVBB1a0rC70C',
195 => 'https://epdf.pub/download/montenegro-a-modern-history.html',
196 => 'https://web.archive.org/*/http://www.gov.yu/',
197 => 'http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/1039269.stm',
198 => 'http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1299831/',
199 => 'https://viaf.org/viaf/262105481',
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203 => 'https://d-nb.info/gnd/4692332-9',
204 => 'http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007482562105171',
205 => 'https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2003031300',
206 => 'https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00920620',
207 => 'https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge250499&CON_LNG=ENG',
208 => 'http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000349097&local_base=nsk10',
209 => 'https://musicbrainz.org/area/5ebb5384-b92a-3ada-8c8a-363d5075fd44',
210 => 'https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1458151',
211 => 'https://www.idref.fr/077718038'
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2 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/1992/10/29/world/yugoslavs-face-hard-winter-as-the-blockade-bites.html',
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9 => 'https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13533310308559337',
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12 => 'https://www.britannica.com/topic/Kosovo-Liberation-Army',
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18 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/1992/09/24/world/un-expulsion-of-yugoslavia-breeds-defiance-and-finger-pointing.html',
19 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20220408113225/https://www.nytimes.com/1992/09/24/world/un-expulsion-of-yugoslavia-breeds-defiance-and-finger-pointing.html',
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21 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20200726083550/https://www.nytimes.com/2000/11/02/world/a-different-yugoslavia-8-years-later-takes-its-seat-at-the-un.html',
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27 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20170911232150/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/5043462.stm',
28 => 'http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/5006380.stm',
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30 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20000816214535/http://www.cia.gov:80/cia/publications/factbook/sr.html',
31 => 'http://www.cia.gov:80/cia/publications/factbook/sr.html',
32 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20090226024403/http://www.mfa.gov.rs/Facts/const_scg.pdf',
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34 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=GkBmdCwHuDsC&q=anti-bureaucratic+revolution&pg=PA550',
35 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20230417062019/https://books.google.com/books?id=GkBmdCwHuDsC&q=anti-bureaucratic+revolution&pg=PA550',
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37 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20200726142309/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/un-suspends-former-yugoslavia-1553074.html',
38 => 'https://theconversation.com/au/topics/bosnian-war-37515',
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41 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20200902023906/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/09/01/magazine/carving-out-a-greater-serbia.html',
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45 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1321-1579',
46 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210403071057/https://www.aph.gov.au/binaries/library/pubs/rp/1995-96/96rp15.pdf',
47 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/1992/04/08/world/us-recognizes-3-yugoslav-republics-as-independent.html',
48 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20200726142309/https://www.nytimes.com/1992/04/08/world/us-recognizes-3-yugoslav-republics-as-independent.html',
49 => 'https://www.britannica.com/event/Bosnian-War',
50 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20211114061646/https://www.britannica.com/event/Bosnian-War',
51 => 'https://iwpr.net/global-voices/greater-serbia-myth-or-plan',
52 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210622230810/https://iwpr.net/global-voices/greater-serbia-myth-or-plan',
53 => 'https://www.brookings.edu/articles/decision-to-intervene-how-the-war-in-bosnia-ended/',
54 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210609125409/https://www.brookings.edu/articles/decision-to-intervene-how-the-war-in-bosnia-ended/',
55 => 'https://www.theguardian.com/global/2015/nov/10/bosnia-bitter-flawed-peace-deal-dayton-agreement-20-years-on',
56 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20211221210846/https://www.theguardian.com/global/2015/nov/10/bosnia-bitter-flawed-peace-deal-dayton-agreement-20-years-on',
57 => 'https://www.osce.org/bih/126173',
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62 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20200726145747/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1992-09-20-mn-1984-story.html',
63 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/1999/05/25/world/crisis-in-the-balkans-fuel-oil-flowing-to-yugoslavia-despite-nato-s-exertions.html',
64 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20200726221326/https://www.nytimes.com/1999/05/25/world/crisis-in-the-balkans-fuel-oil-flowing-to-yugoslavia-despite-nato-s-exertions.html',
65 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/1994/05/30/world/embargo-leaves-serbia-thriving.html',
66 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20200727040324/https://www.nytimes.com/1994/05/30/world/embargo-leaves-serbia-thriving.html',
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69 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/1992/05/31/world/un-votes-13-0-for-embargo-on-trade-with-yugoslavia-air-travel-and-oil-curbed.html',
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71 => 'https://www.un.org/press/en/1995/19951122.sc6127.html',
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73 => 'https://www.cato.org/publications/commentary/worlds-greatest-unreported-hyperinflation#:~:text=Starting%20in%20January%201992,%20what,but%20well%20below%20Hungary's%20record.',
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75 => 'https://www.csmonitor.com/2000/0302/p8s1.html',
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78 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210201051350/https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/inatl/longterm/balkans/stories/montenegro062599.htm',
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152 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20070929155125/http://www.ssinf.sv.gov.yu/default.php?id=87&je=',
153 => 'http://www.ssinf.sv.gov.yu/default.php?id=87&je=',
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155 => 'http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/3170416.stm',
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160 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20070603185848/http://www.fifa.com/associations/association=srb/',
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164 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=2Wc-DWRzoeIC',
165 => 'https://www.rastko.rs/kosovo/istorija/kosovo_chronicles/',
166 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210225163933/https://www.rastko.rs/kosovo/istorija/kosovo_chronicles/',
167 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=CI5pAAAAMAAJ',
168 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20230417062020/https://books.google.com/books?id=CI5pAAAAMAAJ',
169 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=a0jA_LdH6nsC',
170 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20230123132942/https://books.google.com/books?id=a0jA_LdH6nsC',
171 => 'http://www.balkaninstitut.com/pdf/izdanja/posebno/Enklave.pdf',
172 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210131202827/http://www.balkaninstitut.com/pdf/izdanja/posebno/Enklave.pdf',
173 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=wFTDrQEACAAJ',
174 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20230417062021/https://books.google.com/books?id=wFTDrQEACAAJ',
175 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=8LK2DAEACAAJ',
176 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20230417062020/https://books.google.com/books?id=8LK2DAEACAAJ',
177 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=eiZEAQAAIAAJ',
178 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20230417062021/https://books.google.com/books?id=eiZEAQAAIAAJ',
179 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=Qx2itAEACAAJ',
180 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20230417062023/https://books.google.com/books?id=Qx2itAEACAAJ',
181 => 'http://www.cesid.rs/images/IZBORI%20U%20SRJ%20OD%201990_%20DO%201998.pdf',
182 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210429223546/http://www.cesid.rs/images/IZBORI%20U%20SRJ%20OD%201990_%20DO%201998.pdf',
183 => 'http://www.cesid.rs/images/1372054311_Vladimir%20Goati_knjiga.pdf',
184 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20201004173815/http://www.cesid.rs/images/1372054311_Vladimir%20Goati_knjiga.pdf',
185 => 'https://publikacije.stat.gov.rs/G1993/Pdf/G19932004.pdf',
186 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20200807025405/https://publikacije.stat.gov.rs/G1993/Pdf/G19932004.pdf',
187 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=lVBB1a0rC70C',
188 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20230121122343/https://books.google.com/books?id=lVBB1a0rC70C',
189 => 'https://epdf.pub/download/montenegro-a-modern-history.html',
190 => 'https://web.archive.org/*/http://www.gov.yu/',
191 => 'http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/1039269.stm',
192 => 'https://viaf.org/viaf/262105481',
193 => 'https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15213434j',
194 => 'https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15213434j',
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196 => 'https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2003031300',
197 => 'https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00920620',
198 => 'https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge250499&CON_LNG=ENG',
199 => 'https://musicbrainz.org/area/5ebb5384-b92a-3ada-8c8a-363d5075fd44',
200 => 'https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1458151',
201 => 'https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJtMrPJtcWHkGhTpBQW4bd',
202 => 'https://www.pravno-informacioni-sistem.rs/SlGlasnikPortal/eli/rep/slsrj/skupstina/odluka/1999/25/1/reg',
203 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20221223062432/https://www.pravno-informacioni-sistem.rs/SlGlasnikPortal/eli/rep/slsrj/skupstina/odluka/1999/25/1/reg',
204 => 'http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20020916122240/http://www.znetwork.org/sustainers/content/1999-06/june_15herman.htm',
205 => 'http://www.znetwork.org/sustainers/content/1999-06/june_15herman.htm',
206 => 'https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Yugoslavia_(1992)',
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208 => 'http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000349097&local_base=nsk10',
209 => 'https://www.idref.fr/077718038',
210 => 'http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007482562105171',
211 => 'https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Serbia_and_Montenegro¶ms=44_49_N_20_28_E_source:kolossus-svwiki'
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Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Federal republic (1992–2003) and political union (2003–2006) in the Balkans</div><p> fr Yugoslavia was bombed that's cool
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033289096">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style></p><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"FRY" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/FRY_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="FRY (disambiguation)">FRY (disambiguation)</a>.</div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the relations of the modern-day sovereign states of Serbia and Montenegro, see <a href="/wiki/Montenegro%E2%80%93Serbia_relations" title="Montenegro–Serbia relations">Montenegro–Serbia relations</a>.</div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Federal Republic of Yugoslavia" redirects here. Not to be confused with the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia</a>.</div>
<p class="mw-empty-elt">
</p>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1218072481">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data div{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data div{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name"><span class="nowrap">Federal Republic of Yugoslavia<br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(1992–2003)</span></span><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div><span style="font-size:85%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold"><span title="Serbo-Croatian-language text"><span lang="sh-Cyrl">Савезна Република Југославија</span></span><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div><span title="Serbo-Croatian-language text"><i lang="sh-Latn">Savezna Republika Jugoslavija</i></span></span></span><hr /><span class="nowrap">Serbia and Montenegro<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(2003–2006)</span></span><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold"><span title="Serbo-Croatian-language text"><span lang="sh-Cyrl">Србија и Црна Гора</span></span><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div><span title="Serbo-Croatian-language text"><i lang="sh-Latn">Srbija i Crna Gora</i></span></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1992–2006</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;">
<div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;">
<div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_(1992%E2%80%932006).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Serbia and Montenegro"><img alt="Flag of Serbia and Montenegro" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg/150px-Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg/225px-Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg/300px-Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div>
<div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro" title="Flag of Serbia and Montenegro">Flag</a></div>
</div>
<div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;">
<div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Coat_of_arms_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro.svg/80px-Coat_of_arms_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Coat_of_arms_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro.svg/120px-Coat_of_arms_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Coat_of_arms_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro.svg/160px-Coat_of_arms_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="701" data-file-height="825" /></a></span></div>
<div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro" title="Coat of arms of Serbia and Montenegro">Coat of arms</a></div>
</div>
</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem"><b>Anthem:</b> "<a href="/wiki/Hej_Sloveni" class="mw-redirect" title="Hej Sloveni">Хеј, Словени</a>" / "<span title="Serbo-Croatian-language text"><span lang="sh" style="font-style: normal;">Hej, Sloveni</span></span>"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">"Hey, Slavs"</span><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"></div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="88" data-mwtitle="United_States_Navy_Band_-_Hey,_Slavs.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/75/United_States_Navy_Band_-_Hey%2C_Slavs.ogg/United_States_Navy_Band_-_Hey%2C_Slavs.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" 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data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Hey%2C_Slavs.ogg&lang=zh-cn&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hans-CN" label="中文（中国大陆） (zh-cn)" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Hey%2C_Slavs.ogg&lang=zh-hans&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hans" label="中文（简体） (zh-hans)" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Hey%2C_Slavs.ogg&lang=zh-hant&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hant" label="中文（繁體） (zh-hant)" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Hey%2C_Slavs.ogg&lang=zh-sg&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hans-SG" label="中文（新加坡） (zh-sg)" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Hey%2C_Slavs.ogg&lang=zh&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh" label="中文 (zh)" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Serbia_and_Montenegro.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of FR Yugoslavia (green) in 2003, while Kosovo in light green"><img alt="Map of FR Yugoslavia (green) in 2003, while Kosovo in light green" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Serbia_and_Montenegro.svg/315px-Serbia_and_Montenegro.svg.png" decoding="async" width="315" height="319" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Serbia_and_Montenegro.svg/473px-Serbia_and_Montenegro.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Serbia_and_Montenegro.svg/630px-Serbia_and_Montenegro.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="456" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Map of FR Yugoslavia (green) in 2003, while <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a> in light green</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign state</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Rump_state" title="Rump state">Rump state</a> of <a href="/wiki/SFR_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="SFR Yugoslavia">SFR Yugoslavia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Agreement_on_Succession_Issues_of_the_Former_Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Agreement on Succession Issues of the Former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">claimed until 2001</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital<div class="ib-country-largest">and largest city</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><sup class="citation" id="ref_a"><a href="#endnote_a">[a]</a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="ib-country-lang">Recognized languages</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavs" title="Yugoslavs">Yugoslav</a> (until 2003)<br />
<a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbian</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegrin</a> (from 2003)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro" title="Politics of Serbia and Montenegro">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Federal_republic" title="Federal republic">Federal</a> <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">parliamentary</a> <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional republic">constitutional republic</a> (1992–2003) under an <a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">authoritarian</a> dictatorship (1992-2000)<hr /><a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">Confederated</a> <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional republic">constitutional republic</a> with an <a href="/wiki/Executive_president" title="Executive president">executive presidency</a> (2003–2006)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/President_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro" title="President of Serbia and Montenegro">President</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1218072481"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1992–1993 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dobrica_%C4%86osi%C4%87" title="Dobrica Ćosić">Dobrica Ćosić</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1993–1997 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Zoran_Lili%C4%87" title="Zoran Lilić">Zoran Lilić</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1997–2000 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87" title="Slobodan Milošević">Slobodan Milošević</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 2000–2003 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vojislav_Ko%C5%A1tunica" title="Vojislav Koštunica">Vojislav Koštunica</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 2003–2006 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Svetozar_Marovi%C4%87" title="Svetozar Marović">Svetozar Marović</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">
</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro" title="Prime Minister of Serbia and Montenegro">Prime Minister</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1218072481"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1992–1993 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Milan_Pani%C4%87" title="Milan Panić">Milan Panić</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1993–1998 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Radoje_Konti%C4%87" title="Radoje Kontić">Radoje Kontić</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1998–2000 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Momir_Bulatovi%C4%87" title="Momir Bulatović">Momir Bulatović</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 2000–2001 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Zoran_%C5%BDi%C5%BEi%C4%87" title="Zoran Žižić">Zoran Žižić</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 2001–2003 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dragi%C5%A1a_Pe%C5%A1i%C4%87" title="Dragiša Pešić">Dragiša Pešić</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 2003–2006 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Svetozar_Marovi%C4%87" title="Svetozar Marović">Svetozar Marović</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">
</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro" title="Parliament of Serbia and Montenegro">Federal Assembly</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Wars" title="Yugoslav Wars">Yugoslav Wars</a> (1992–1999)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1218072481"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/1992_Yugoslav_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="1992 Yugoslav Constitution">Constitution</a> adopted </div></th><td class="infobox-data">27 April 1992</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Sanctions_against_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctions against Yugoslavia">Sanctions</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1992–1995</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_War" title="Kosovo War">Kosovo War</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1998–1999</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Overthrow_of_Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87" title="Overthrow of Slobodan Milošević">Bulldozer revolution</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">5 October 2000</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1326" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1326">Admitted</a> to the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation" id="ref_b"><a href="#endnote_b">[b]</a></sup> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1 November 2000</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Charter_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro" title="Constitutional Charter of Serbia and Montenegro">State Union</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">4 February 2003</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/2006_Montenegrin_independence_referendum" title="2006 Montenegrin independence referendum">Independence</a> of <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">3 June 2006</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/History_of_Serbia#Republic_of_Serbia_(2006–present)" title="History of Serbia">Independence of Serbia</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">5 June 2006</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">
</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Serbia and Montenegro">Area </a></th></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">102,173 km<sup>2</sup> (39,449 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro" title="Demographics of Serbia and Montenegro">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2006 estimate</div></th><td class="infobox-data">10,832,545</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">1995 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> $11.6 billion<sup id="cite_ref-HDI_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HDI-2">[2]</a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> $2,650<sup id="cite_ref-HDI_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HDI-2">[2]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(1996)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.725<sup id="cite_ref-HDI_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HDI-2">[2]</a></sup><br /><span class="nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1220487116">html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><span class="tmp-color" style="color:forestgreen">high</span></span> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">87th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data">Serbia:
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_dinar" title="Yugoslav dinar">Yugoslav dinar</a><br />(1992–2003)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_dinar" title="Serbian dinar">Serbian dinar</a><br />(2003–2006)</li></ul>
<p>Montenegro:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation" id="ref_c"><a href="#endnote_c">[c]</a></sup>
</p>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_dinar" title="Yugoslav dinar">Yugoslav dinar</a><br />(1992–2000)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Mark" title="Deutsche Mark">Deutsche Mark</a><br />(1999–2002)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">Euro</a><br />(2003–2006)</li></ul>
</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B1" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+1">+1</a></span> (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Time" title="Central European Time">CET</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B2" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+2">+2</a></span> (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Summer_Time" title="Central European Summer Time">CEST</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">Driving side</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Right-_and_left-hand_traffic" class="mw-redirect" title="Right- and left-hand traffic">Right</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Calling code</th><td class="infobox-data">+381</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/.yu" title=".yu">.yu</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">
<table style="width:95%; background: transparent; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;">
<tbody><tr>
<td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td>
<td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;">
<table style="width:100%; background: transparent; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;">
<tbody><tr>
<td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span>
</td>
<td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">SFR Yugoslavia</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281946%E2%80%931993%29%2C_Flag_of_Serbia_%281947%E2%80%931992%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281946%E2%80%931993%29%2C_Flag_of_Serbia_%281947%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281946%E2%80%931993%29%2C_Flag_of_Serbia_%281947%E2%80%931992%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281946%E2%80%931993%29%2C_Flag_of_Serbia_%281947%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281946%E2%80%931993%29%2C_Flag_of_Serbia_%281947%E2%80%931992%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281946%E2%80%931993%29%2C_Flag_of_Serbia_%281947%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span>
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<td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Serbia" title="Socialist Republic of Serbia">SR Serbia</a>
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<td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281946%E2%80%931993%29%2C_Flag_of_Serbia_%281947%E2%80%931992%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281946%E2%80%931993%29%2C_Flag_of_Serbia_%281947%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281946%E2%80%931993%29%2C_Flag_of_Serbia_%281947%E2%80%931992%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281946%E2%80%931993%29%2C_Flag_of_Serbia_%281947%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281946%E2%80%931993%29%2C_Flag_of_Serbia_%281947%E2%80%931992%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281946%E2%80%931993%29%2C_Flag_of_Serbia_%281947%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span>
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<td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Montenegro" title="Socialist Republic of Montenegro">SR Montenegro</a>
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<td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>
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<td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Serbia_%282004%E2%80%932010%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Serbia_%282004%E2%80%932010%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Serbia_%282004%E2%80%932010%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Serbia_%282004%E2%80%932010%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Serbia_%282004%E2%80%932010%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Serbia_%282004%E2%80%932010%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>
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<td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a>
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<td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/20px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/30px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/40px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>
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</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="ib-country-fn"><ol class="ib-country-fn-alpha">
<li value="1"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_a"><b><a href="#ref_a">^</a></b></span> After 2003, no city was the official capital, but legislative and executive institutions remained located in <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a>. <a href="/wiki/Podgorica" title="Podgorica">Podgorica</a> served as the seat of the Supreme Court.</li><li value="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_b"><b><a href="#ref_b">^</a></b></span> Membership as the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.</li><li value="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_c"><b><a href="#ref_c">^</a></b></span> The dinar and German mark had joint legal tender status in Montenegro in 1999 and 2000. N.B. Albanian parts of Kosovo have <i>de facto</i> used the mark since 1999 and the euro since 2002.</li>
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<p><b>Serbia and Montenegro</b> (<a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a>: <span lang="sr">Cрбија и Црна Гора</span>, <span title="Serbian-language text"><i lang="sr">Srbija i Crna Gora</i></span>), known until 2003 as the <b>Federal Republic of Yugoslavia</b> (<a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a>: <span lang="sr">Савезна Република Југославија</span>, <span title="Serbian-language text"><i lang="sr">Savezna Republika Jugoslavija</i></span>), <b>FR Yugoslavia</b> (<b>FRY</b>) or simply <b>Yugoslavia</b> (<a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a>: <span lang="sr">Југославија</span>, <span title="Serbian-language text"><i lang="sr">Jugoslavija</i></span>), was a country in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">Southeast Europe</a> located in the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a> that existed from 1992 to 2006, following the <a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">breakup</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia</a> (SFR Yugoslavia). The country bordered <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a> to the north, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> to the northeast, <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> to the southeast, <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a> to the south, <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> to the west, and <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a> to the southwest. The state was founded on 27 April 1992 as a federation comprising the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Serbia_(1992%E2%80%932006)" title="Republic of Serbia (1992–2006)">Republic of Serbia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Montenegro_(1992%E2%80%932006)" title="Republic of Montenegro (1992–2006)">Republic of Montenegro</a>. In February 2003, it was transformed from a <a href="/wiki/Federal_republic" title="Federal republic">federal republic</a> to a <a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">political union</a> until <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a> seceded from the union in June 2006, leading to the full independence of both <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a>.
</p><p>Its aspirations to be the sole legal <a href="/wiki/Successor_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Successor state">successor state</a> to SFR Yugoslavia were not recognized by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, following the passing of <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_777" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 777">United Nations Security Council Resolution 777</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup> which affirmed that the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia had ceased to exist, and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was a new state. All former republics were entitled to state succession while none of them continued SFR Yugoslavia's international legal personality. However, the government of <a href="/wiki/Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87" title="Slobodan Milošević">Slobodan Milošević</a> opposed any such claims, and as such, FR Yugoslavia was not allowed to join the United Nations.
</p><p>Throughout its existence, FR Yugoslavia had a tense relationship with the international community<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Which countries? (February 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, as <a href="/wiki/Sanctions_against_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctions against Yugoslavia">economic sanctions</a><sup id="cite_ref-auto2_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-4">[4]</a></sup> were issued against the state during the course of the <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Wars" title="Yugoslav Wars">Yugoslav Wars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_War" title="Kosovo War">Kosovo War</a>. This also resulted in <a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation_in_the_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Hyperinflation in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">hyperinflation between 1992 and 1994</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup> FR Yugoslavia's involvement in the Yugoslav Wars ended with the <a href="/wiki/Dayton_Agreement" title="Dayton Agreement">Dayton Agreement</a>, which recognized the independence of the Republics of Croatia, Slovenia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina, as well as establishing diplomatic relationships between the states, and a guaranteed role of the Serbian population within Bosnian politics.<sup id="cite_ref-auto4_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto4-6">[6]</a></sup> Later on, growing separatism within the <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Province_of_Kosovo_and_Metohija" title="Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija">Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija</a>, a region of Serbia heavily populated by ethnic <a href="/wiki/Albanians" title="Albanians">Albanians</a>, resulted in an insurrection by the <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Liberation_Army" title="Kosovo Liberation Army">Kosovo Liberation Army</a>, an Albanian separatist group.<sup id="cite_ref-auto5_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto5-7">[7]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup> The outbreak of the Kosovo War reintroduced <a href="/wiki/International_sanctions_against_the_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="International sanctions against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">international sanctions</a>, as well as eventual <a href="/wiki/NATO_bombing_of_Yugoslavia" title="NATO bombing of Yugoslavia">NATO involvement in the conflict</a>. The conflict ended with the adoption of <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1244" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1244">United Nations Security Council Resolution 1244</a>, which guaranteed economic and political separation of Kosovo from FR Yugoslavia, to be placed under UN <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Interim_Administration_Mission_in_Kosovo" title="United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo">Administration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup>
</p><p>Economic hardship and war resulted in growing discontent with the government of Slobodan Milošević and his allies, who ran both Serbia and Montenegro as an effective dictatorship.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup> This would eventually cumulate in the <a href="/wiki/Overthrow_of_Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87" title="Overthrow of Slobodan Milošević">Bulldozer revolution</a>, which saw his government overthrown, and replaced by one led by the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Opposition_of_Serbia" title="Democratic Opposition of Serbia">Democratic Opposition of Serbia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vojislav_Ko%C5%A1tunica" title="Vojislav Koštunica">Vojislav Koštunica</a>, which also joined the UN.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto1_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-12">[12]</a></sup>
</p><p>The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ended in 2003 after the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro" title="Parliament of Serbia and Montenegro">Federal Assembly of Yugoslavia</a> voted to enact the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Charter_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro" title="Constitutional Charter of Serbia and Montenegro">Constitutional Charter of Serbia and Montenegro</a>, which established the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro. As such, the name Yugoslavia was consigned to history.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup> A growing independence movement in Montenegro, led by <a href="/wiki/Milo_%C4%90ukanovi%C4%87" title="Milo Đukanović">Milo Đukanović</a><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup> meant that the new constitution of Serbia and Montenegro included a clause allowing for a referendum on the question of Montenegrin independence, after a period of three years had passed. In 2006, the <a href="/wiki/2006_Montenegrin_independence_referendum" title="2006 Montenegrin independence referendum">referendum</a> was called, and passed,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup> by a narrow margin. This led to the dissolution of the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro, and the establishment of the independent republics of Serbia and Montenegro, turning Serbia into a <a href="/wiki/Landlocked_country" title="Landlocked country">landlocked country</a>. This can be considered the last act which finalized the dissolution of Yugoslavia.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup>
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Name"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Name</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Foundation"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Foundation</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Yugoslav_Wars"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Yugoslav Wars</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Economic_collapse_during_Yugoslav_Wars"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Economic collapse during Yugoslav Wars</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Kosovo_War"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Kosovo War</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Bulldozer_Revolution"><span class="tocnumber">2.5</span> <span class="toctext">Bulldozer Revolution</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Gradual_dissolution"><span class="tocnumber">2.6</span> <span class="toctext">Gradual dissolution</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Politics"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Politics</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Military"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Military</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Administrative_divisions"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Administrative divisions</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Serbia"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Serbia</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Montenegro"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Montenegro</span></a></li>
</ul>
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<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Geography"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Geography</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Demographics"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Demographics</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#Economy"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Economy</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#Transport"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Transport</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#Holidays"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Holidays</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#Proposed_national_flag_and_anthem_for_the_State_Union"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">Proposed national flag and anthem for the State Union</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#Sports"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">Sports</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Association_football"><span class="tocnumber">12.1</span> <span class="toctext">Association football</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Basketball"><span class="tocnumber">12.2</span> <span class="toctext">Basketball</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#Entertainment"><span class="tocnumber">13</span> <span class="toctext">Entertainment</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">14</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">15</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">16</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="#Citations"><span class="tocnumber">16.1</span> <span class="toctext">Citations</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="#Sources"><span class="tocnumber">16.2</span> <span class="toctext">Sources</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-29"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">17</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Name">Name</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>At the country's founding in 1992 following the <a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">breakup of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFR Yugoslavia)</a>, the country's official name was the <i>Federal Republic of Yugoslavia</i> (FR Yugoslavia), as it claimed to be the sole legal <a href="/wiki/Successor_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Successor state">successor state</a> of the <a href="/wiki/SFR_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="SFR Yugoslavia">SFR Yugoslavia</a>. The United States government however viewed this claim as illegitimate and thus, as early as 1993, referred to the country as <i>Serbia and Montenegro</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup> The 2003 constitution changed the state name to "Serbia and Montenegro".<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>During the collapse of SFR Yugoslavia in the 1990s, the two Serb majority republics, Serbia and Montenegro, agreed to remain as Yugoslavia, and established a new constitution in 1992, which established the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia essentially as a <a href="/wiki/Rump_state" title="Rump state">rump state</a>, with a population consisting of a majority of Serbs. The new state abandoned the Communist legacy: the red star was removed from the national flag, and the communist coat of arms was replaced by a new coat of arms representing Serbia and Montenegro. The new state also established the office of the president, held by a single person, initially appointed with the consent of the republics of Serbia and Montenegro until 1997 after which the president was democratically elected. The President of Yugoslavia acted alongside the Presidents of the republics of Serbia and Montenegro. Initially, all three offices were dominated by allies of Slobodan Milosevic<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></sup> and his <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Serbia" title="Socialist Party of Serbia">Socialist Party of Serbia</a>.
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Foundation">Foundation</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>On 26 December 1991, Serbia, Montenegro, and the Serb rebel-held territories in Croatia agreed that they would form a new "third Yugoslavia".<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></sup> Efforts were also made in 1991 to include the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> within the federation, with negotiations between Miloševic, Bosnia's <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Democratic_Party_(Bosnia_and_Herzegovina)" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbian Democratic Party (Bosnia and Herzegovina)">Serbian Democratic Party</a>, and the Bosniak proponent of union – Bosnia's Vice-president <a href="/wiki/Adil_Zulfikarpa%C5%A1i%C4%87" title="Adil Zulfikarpašić">Adil Zulfikarpašić</a> taking place on this matter.<sup id="cite_ref-Steven_L._Burg_2000._p._72_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steven_L._Burg_2000._p._72-21">[21]</a></sup> Zulfikarpašić believed that Bosnia could benefit from a union with Serbia, Montenegro, and Krajina, thus he supported a union which would secure the unity of Serbs and Bosniaks.<sup id="cite_ref-Steven_L._Burg_2000._p._72_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steven_L._Burg_2000._p._72-21">[21]</a></sup> Milošević continued negotiations with Zulfikarpašić to include Bosnia and Herzegovina within a new Yugoslavia, however efforts to include entire Bosnia and Herzegovina within a new Yugoslavia effectively terminated by late 1991 as Izetbegović planned to hold a referendum on independence while the Bosnian Serbs and Bosnian Croats formed autonomous territories.<sup id="cite_ref-Steven_L._Burg_2000._p._72_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steven_L._Burg_2000._p._72-21">[21]</a></sup> Violence between ethnic Serbs and Bosniaks soon broke out. Thus, FR Yugoslavia was restricted to the republics of Serbia and Montenegro, and became closely associated with breakaway Serb republics during the Yugoslav Wars.
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Yugoslav_Wars">Yugoslav Wars</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Wars" title="Yugoslav Wars">Yugoslav Wars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_War" title="Bosnian War">Bosnian War</a></div>
<figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_war_in_Yugoslavia,_1993.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Map_of_war_in_Yugoslavia%2C_1993.png/324px-Map_of_war_in_Yugoslavia%2C_1993.png" decoding="async" width="324" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Map_of_war_in_Yugoslavia%2C_1993.png/486px-Map_of_war_in_Yugoslavia%2C_1993.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Map_of_war_in_Yugoslavia%2C_1993.png/648px-Map_of_war_in_Yugoslavia%2C_1993.png 2x" data-file-width="1887" data-file-height="1242" /></a><figcaption>Map of the Yugoslav Wars in 1993</figcaption></figure>
<p>The FRY was suspended from a number of international institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></sup> This was due to the ongoing <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Wars" title="Yugoslav Wars">Yugoslav Wars</a> during the 1990s, which had prevented agreement being reached on the disposition of federal assets and liabilities, particularly the national debt. The Government of Yugoslavia supported Croatian and Bosnian Serbs in the wars from 1992 to 1995. Because of that, the country was under economic and political sanctions. War and sanctions resulted in economic disaster, which forced thousands of its young citizens to emigrate from the country.
</p><p>FR Yugoslavia acted to support Serbian separatist movements in breakaway states, including the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Serbian_Krajina" title="Republic of Serbian Krajina">Republic of Serbian Krajina</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Republika_Srpska_(1992%E2%80%931995)" title="Republika Srpska (1992–1995)">Republika Srpska</a>, and sought to establish them as independent Serbian republics, with potential eventual reintegration with FR Yugoslavia.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></sup> However, the Government of FR Yugoslavia would treat these republics as separate entities, and gave unofficial, rather than active, aid by transferring control of units from the now-defunct <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_National_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Yugoslav National Army">JNA</a> to the secessionist movements.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></sup> In this way, FR Yugoslavia avoided potential accusations of committing acts of aggression against the breakaway republics recognised by the international community.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87" title="Slobodan Milošević">Slobodan Milošević</a>, the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Serbia" title="President of Serbia">President of Serbia</a>, did not consider himself to be at war with the breakaway republics of Yugoslavia.
</p><p>Following the transfer of Yugoslav Army units, the state of FR Yugoslavia ceased to play an important military role in the Yugoslav Wars, barring conflicts on the border with Croatia, such as the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Dubrovnik" title="Siege of Dubrovnik">Siege of Dubrovnik</a>. It instead provided economic and political aid,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></sup> to avoid provoking the international community further, and to preserve FR Yugoslavia as the republics of Serbia and Montenegro, rather than 'Greater Serbia.'<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 1995, following <a href="/wiki/Operation_Storm" title="Operation Storm">Operation Storm</a>, a military offensive by the <a href="/wiki/Croatian_Army" title="Croatian Army">Croatian Army</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Deliberate_Force" title="Operation Deliberate Force">NATO involvement</a> in the Bosnian War, President Slobodan Milošević agreed to negotiate, as the Serbian position within Bosnia had become substantially worse. Under threat of economically crippling the Republika Srpska, he took over negotiating powers for all Serbian secessionist movements, as well as FR Yugoslavia.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></sup> The ensuing <a href="/wiki/Dayton_Agreements" class="mw-redirect" title="Dayton Agreements">Dayton Agreements</a>, signed between representatives from the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Republic of Croatia</a>, resulted in each state being recognised as sovereign states. It also provided recognition for Serbian <a href="/wiki/Republika_Srpska" title="Republika Srpska">institutions</a> and a rotating presidency within Bosnia and Herzegovina, and the Serbian populated areas of the former <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Bosnia" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist Republic of Bosnia">Socialist Republic of Bosnia</a> were absorbed into Bosnia and Herzegovina.<sup id="cite_ref-auto4_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto4-6">[6]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a></sup> Thus the Yugoslav Wars ended, and international sanctions on FR Yugoslavia were lifted.<sup id="cite_ref-auto3_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto3-33">[33]</a></sup> However, Slobodan Milošević would not achieve his dreams of admitting FR Yugoslavia to the United Nations as the successor state of SFR Yugoslavia, as an 'outer wall' of international sanctions prohibited this.<sup id="cite_ref-auto3_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto3-33">[33]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Economic_collapse_during_Yugoslav_Wars">Economic collapse during Yugoslav Wars</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation_in_the_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Hyperinflation in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Hyperinflation in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia</a> and <a href="/wiki/International_sanctions_against_the_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="International sanctions against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">International sanctions against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia</a></div>
<p>Following the adoption of economic sanctions by the international community against FR Yugoslavia, its economy experienced a collapse. Sanctions on fuel meant that fuel stations across the country ran out of petrol,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a></sup> and foreign assets were seized. The average income of inhabitants of FR Yugoslavia was halved from $3,000 to $1,500.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-4">[4]</a></sup> An estimated 3 million Yugoslavs (Serbs and Montenegrins) lived below the poverty line,<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-4">[4]</a></sup> suicide rates increased by 22%<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a></sup> and hospitals lacked basic equipment. Along with this, supply links were cut, which meant that the Yugoslav economy could not grow, and imports or exports needed for industries could not be obtained, forcing them to close.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a></sup> The crippled state of the Yugoslav economy also affected its ability to wage war, and after 1992, Yugoslavia had an extremely limited military role within the Yugoslav Wars, due to Yugoslav Army (VJ) units being unable to operate without oil or munitions.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a></sup>
</p><p>On top of this, starting in 1992 and until 1994, the Yugoslav dinar <a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation_in_the_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Hyperinflation in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">experienced a major hyperinflation</a>, leading to inflation reaching 313 million percent,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a></sup> the second worst hyperinflation in history. Many parts of FR Yugoslavia, including all of Montenegro, adopted the <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Mark" title="Deutsche Mark">Deutsche Mark</a> and <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">Euro</a> currencies instead of the Yugoslav dinar.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a></sup> International sanctions crippled the Yugoslav economy, and prevented it from playing an active role in aiding Serb breakaway republics. Following the Dayton Agreement, the UN Security Council voted to lift most sanctions, but they were reissued following the outbreak of an Albanian insurgency in Kosovo. The lasting economic impact can be attributed to the eventual downfall of FR Yugoslavia and Slobodan Milošević's government, as well as a deeper desire in Montenegro to leave Yugoslavia.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Kosovo_War">Kosovo War</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_War" title="Kosovo War">Kosovo War</a></div>
<p>In the <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Province_of_Kosovo_and_Metohija" title="Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija">Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija</a>, a growing desire for independence emerged among the Albanian majority population. Already, an unrecognised <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Kosova" title="Republic of Kosova">Republic of Kosova</a> had emerged with underground institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a></sup> In 1996, the <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Liberation_Army" title="Kosovo Liberation Army">Kosovo Liberation Army</a>, an Albanian militia promoting Kosovar independence, launched attacks against Serbian police stations, killing at least ten Serbian policemen in direct attacks between 1996 and 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a></sup> The low level <a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Kosovo_(1995%E2%80%9398)" class="mw-redirect" title="Insurgency in Kosovo (1995–98)">insurgency</a> eventually escalated. After Slobodan Milošević was elected President of Yugoslavia in 1997, having served his maximum two terms as President of Serbia, he ordered Yugoslav Army (VJ) units to move into Kosovo to aid in the suppression of the insurrection. The governments of FR Yugoslavia and the US declared the Kosovo Liberation Army a terrorist organisation, following repeated deadly attacks against Yugoslav law enforcement agencies.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a></sup> US intelligence also mentioned illegal arms sources of the Kosovo Liberation Army, including conducting raids during the course of the <a href="/wiki/1997_Albanian_civil_unrest" title="1997 Albanian civil unrest">1997 Albanian civil unrest</a>, and drug dealing.<sup id="cite_ref-auto5_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto5-7">[7]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a></sup> Despite this, substantial evidence now shows that the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a> had aided in training units of the KLA,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a></sup> although not necessarily providing them with arms and funding.
</p><p>In 1998, the Kosovo War began, following increased open combat with Yugoslav police and army units deployed by Milošević. The KLA found itself heavily outnumbered and outgunned in open combat, and had to use guerrilla tactics.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a></sup> Serbian police and VJ units attacked KLA outposts, attempting to destroy them, as KLA units attempted to avoid direct confrontation and use terrorist attacks, including bombings and ambushes, to weaken Yugoslav control.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a></sup> Although unable to gain a strategic advantage, Yugoslav Army units found themselves in a tactical advantage against KLA units which lacked proper training. VJ units themselves lacked morale, and attacks were often directed against civilian targets rather than military targets.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54">[note 1]</a></sup> 863,000 Albanian civilians were forcibly expelled between March and June 1999 from Kosovo.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a></sup> 169,824 Serb and Romani civilians were estimated by the UNHCR's Belgrade office to have fled from Kosovo-Metohija to either <a href="/wiki/Serbia_Proper" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbia Proper">Serbia proper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vojvodina" title="Vojvodina">the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Montenegro_(1992%E2%80%932006)" title="Republic of Montenegro (1992–2006)">the constituent Republic of Montenegro</a> by 20 June 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a></sup> Out of 10,317 civilians, 8,676 Albanians, 1,196 Serbs and 445 Roma, Bosniaks, Montenegrins and others were killed or went missing in connection with the war between 1 January 1998 - 31 December 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a></sup> The Serbian government attributed 1,953 Serbian, 361 Albanian and 266 other civilian deaths or disappearances from 1 January 1998 - 1 November 2001 to “Albanian terrorism in Kosovo-Metohija”.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a></sup>
</p><p>The international community was quick to respond, issuing a <a href="/wiki/Rambouillet_Agreement" title="Rambouillet Agreement">peace proposal</a> to Yugoslavia in 1999. The agreement was seen as an essential ultimatum<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a></sup> by <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> to Yugoslavia, and this rejected by the Yugoslav government. NATO responded in March 1999 by ordering airstrikes against Yugoslav military targets and infrastructure, including roads, railroads, administrative buildings and the headquarters of <a href="/wiki/Radio_Television_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio Television Serbia">Radio Television Serbia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a></sup> NATO's bombing campaign was not approved by the UN Security Council, for fear of a veto by Russia, which would cause controversy as to its <a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_of_the_NATO_bombing_of_Yugoslavia" title="Legitimacy of the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia">legality</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a></sup> The UN Security Council adopted <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1160" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1160">United Nations Security Council Resolution 1160</a>, renewing arms and oil sanctions against FR Yugoslavia, and thus crippling its economy. The effects of continuous aerial bombardment and sanctions cost the Yugoslav economy hundreds of billions of USD<sup id="cite_ref-auto_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-64">[63]</a></sup> and eventually forced Milošević's government to comply with an agreement put forward by an international delegation. <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1244" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1244">United Nations Security Council Resolution 1244</a> led to substantial autonomy for Kosovo, and the establishment of a <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Interim_Administration_Mission_in_Kosovo" title="United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo">UN mission</a> to Kosovo, as well as the complete withdrawal of units of the Yugoslav National Army.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a></sup> As such, Kosovo remained an Autonomous Province of Serbia, but politically and economically independent. The damage to FR Yugoslavia was immense, with the government estimating $100 billion in infrastructure damage,<sup id="cite_ref-auto_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-64">[63]</a></sup> as well as 1,200 Serbian and Albanian civilians or soldiers confirmed dead. Economists have estimated at least $29 billion in direct damages caused by the bombings.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a></sup>
</p><p>In the aftermath of the Kosovo War, a low level <a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_the_Pre%C5%A1evo_Valley" title="Insurgency in the Preševo Valley">insurgency</a> continued in parts of Southern Serbia (<a href="/wiki/Pre%C5%A1evo_Valley" title="Preševo Valley">Presevo valley</a>), which had Albanian minorities. However, this insurgencts (<a href="/wiki/Liberation_Army_of_Pre%C5%A1evo,_Medve%C4%91a_and_Bujanovac" title="Liberation Army of Preševo, Medveđa and Bujanovac">UCPMB</a>) lacked resources, and the Yugoslav Armed Forces and police were able to put down the insurgency.
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Bulldozer_Revolution">Bulldozer Revolution</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Overthrow_of_Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87" title="Overthrow of Slobodan Milošević">Overthrow of Slobodan Milošević</a></div>
<p>The string of defeats, as well as a complete collapse of the Yugoslav economy, led to mass unpopularity of the essential dictatorship of Slobodan Milošević and his allies in the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Serbia" title="Socialist Party of Serbia">Socialist Party of Serbia</a>. In September 2000, amongst accusations of electoral fraud, large scale protests struck the nation. Milošević was eventually removed from power, as his <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Serbia" title="Socialist Party of Serbia">Socialist Party of Serbia</a> lost in the federal elections to the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Opposition_of_Serbia" title="Democratic Opposition of Serbia">Democratic Opposition of Serbia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a></sup> In the aftermath, a new government in Yugoslavia negotiated with the United Nations, accepting that it was not the sole legal successor to the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, and was allowed to join the UN.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a></sup> Milošević would later be put on trial for corruption and war crimes,<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a></sup> especially during the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia,<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a></sup> although he died in prison before his trial could end in 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a></sup> His culpability, especially of the charges brought against him in the context of the ICTY, remains a subject of controversy within Serbia.
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Gradual_dissolution">Gradual dissolution</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1097763485">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .mbox-text-span{margin-left:23px!important}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Serbia_and_Montenegro" title="Special:EditPage/Serbia and Montenegro">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>In 2002, Serbia and Montenegro came to a new agreement regarding continued co-operation, which, among other changes, promised the end of the name Yugoslavia (since they were part of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia). On 4 February 2003, the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro" title="Parliament of Serbia and Montenegro">Federal Assembly of Yugoslavia</a> created a loose <a href="/wiki/Political_union" title="Political union">state union</a> or <a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">confederacy</a>—the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro, although Yugoslavia was still commonly used. A new <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Charter_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro" title="Constitutional Charter of Serbia and Montenegro">constitutional charter</a> was agreed to provide a framework for the governance of the country.
</p><p>On Sunday, 21 May 2006, <a href="/wiki/Montenegrins_(ethnic_group)" class="mw-redirect" title="Montenegrins (ethnic group)">Montenegrins</a> voted in an <a href="/wiki/2006_Montenegrin_independence_referendum" title="2006 Montenegrin independence referendum">independence referendum</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-N1_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-N1-74">[73]</a></sup> with 55.5% supporting independence. Fifty-five percent or more of affirmative votes were needed to dissolve the confederation and Yugoslavia. The turnout was 86.3% and 99.73% of the more than 477,000 votes cast were deemed valid.
</p><p>The subsequent Montenegrin proclamation of independence on 3 June 2006<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a></sup> and the Serbian proclamation of independence on 5 June ended the confederation of Serbia and Montenegro and thus the last remaining vestiges of the former <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Politics">Politics</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro" title="Politics of Serbia and Montenegro">Politics of Serbia and Montenegro</a></div>
<p>The Federal Assembly of Yugoslavia, representing FR Yugoslavia (1992–2003) was composed of two chambers: the Council of Citizens and the Council of Republics. Whereas the Council of Citizens served as an ordinary assembly, representing the people of FR Yugoslavia, the Council of Republics was made equally by representatives from the federation's constituent republics, to ensure federal equality between Serbia and Montenegro.
</p><p>The first president from 1992 to 1993 was <a href="/wiki/Dobrica_%C4%86osi%C4%87" title="Dobrica Ćosić">Dobrica Ćosić</a>, a former communist <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_partisan" class="mw-redirect" title="Yugoslav partisan">Yugoslav partisan</a> during World War II and later one of the fringe contributors of the controversial <a href="/wiki/Memorandum_of_the_Serbian_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Memorandum of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts">Memorandum of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts</a>. Despite being head of the country, Ćosić was forced out of office in 1993 due to his opposition to Serbian President <a href="/wiki/Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87" title="Slobodan Milošević">Slobodan Milošević</a>. Ćosić was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Zoran_Lili%C4%87" title="Zoran Lilić">Zoran Lilić</a> who served from 1993 to 1997, and then followed by Milošević becoming Yugoslav President in 1997 after his last legal term as Serbian president ended in 1997. FR Yugoslavia was dominated by Milosevic and his allies, until the presidential election in 2000. There were accusations of vote fraud and Yugoslav citizens took to the streets and engaged in <a href="/wiki/Overthrow_of_Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87" title="Overthrow of Slobodan Milošević">riots in Belgrade</a> demanding that Milošević be removed from power. Shortly afterwards Milošević resigned and <a href="/wiki/Vojislav_Ko%C5%A1tunica" title="Vojislav Koštunica">Vojislav Koštunica</a> took over as Yugoslav president and remained president until the state's reconstitution as the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro.
</p><p>Federal Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Milan_Pani%C4%87" title="Milan Panić">Milan Panić</a> became frustrated with Milošević's domineering behaviour during diplomatic talks in 1992 and told Milošević to "shut up" because Milošević's position was officially subordinate to his position.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a></sup> Milošević later forced Panić to resign.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a></sup> However, this situation changed after 1997 when Milošević's second and last legal term as Serbian President ended. He then had himself elected Federal President, thus entrenching the power that he already de facto held.<sup id="cite_ref-Sabrina_P._Ramet_2005._Pp._61_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sabrina_P._Ramet_2005._Pp._61-78">[77]</a></sup>
</p><p>After the federation was reconstituted as a State Union, the new <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro" title="Parliament of Serbia and Montenegro">Assembly of the State Union</a> was created. It was unicameral and was made up of 126 deputies, of which 91 were from Serbia and 35 were from Montenegro. The Assembly convened in the building of the old Federal Assembly of Yugoslavia, which now houses the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly of Serbia">National Assembly of Serbia</a>.
</p><p>In 2003, after the constitutional changes and creation of the <a href="/wiki/State_Union_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="State Union of Serbia and Montenegro">State Union of Serbia and Montenegro</a>, a new <a href="/wiki/President_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro" title="President of Serbia and Montenegro">President of Serbia and Montenegro</a> was elected. He was also president of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro" title="Council of Ministers of Serbia and Montenegro">Council of Ministers of Serbia and Montenegro</a>.
<a href="/wiki/Svetozar_Marovi%C4%87" title="Svetozar Marović">Svetozar Marović</a> was the first and last President of Serbia and Montenegro until its breakup in 2006.
</p><p>On April 12, 1999, the Federal Assembly of the <a href="/wiki/FR_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="FR Yugoslavia">FR Yugoslavia</a> passed the "Decision on the accession of the FRY to the <a href="/wiki/Union_State" title="Union State">Union State of Russia and Belarus</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a></sup> The legal successor of that decision is the Republic of Serbia.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Military">Military</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>The <b><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro" title="Armed Forces of Serbia and Montenegro">Armed Forces of Yugoslavia</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a>: Војска Југославије/Vojska Jugoslavije, ВЈ/VJ) included <a href="/wiki/Ground_forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Ground forces">ground forces</a> with internal and <a href="/wiki/Border_guard" title="Border guard">border troops</a>, <a href="/wiki/Navy" title="Navy">naval forces</a>, <a href="/wiki/Air_force" title="Air force">air and air defense forces</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Civil_defense" title="Civil defense">civil defense</a>. It was established from the remnants of the <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_People%27s_Army" title="Yugoslav People's Army">Yugoslav People's Army</a> (JNA), the military of <a href="/wiki/SFR_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="SFR Yugoslavia">SFR Yugoslavia</a>. Several Bosnian Serb units of the VJ were transferred over to the <a href="/wiki/Republika_Srpska_(1992%E2%80%931995)" title="Republika Srpska (1992–1995)">Republika Srpska</a>, during the course of the <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_War" title="Bosnian War">Bosnian War</a>, leaving only units directly from Serbia and Montenegro in the armed forces. The VJ saw military action during the <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Wars" title="Yugoslav Wars">Yugoslav Wars</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Dubrovnik" title="Siege of Dubrovnik">Siege of Dubrovnik</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vukovar" title="Battle of Vukovar">Battle of Vukovar</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_War" title="Kosovo War">Kosovo War</a>, and played combat roles during ethnic <a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_the_Pre%C5%A1evo_Valley" title="Insurgency in the Preševo Valley">insurgencies</a>. Following the Kosovo War, the VJ was forced to evacuate Kosovo, and in 2003 it was renamed the ''Armed Forces of Serbia and Montenegro.'' Following the dissolution of the Union between Serbia and Montenegro, units from each army were assigned to the independent republics of Serbia and Montenegro, as recruitment in the army was on a local, rather than Federal, level. Montenegro inherited the small navy of FR Yugoslavia, due to Serbia being landlocked.
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro" title="Administrative divisions of Serbia and Montenegro">Administrative divisions of Serbia and Montenegro</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scg02.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Scg02.png/220px-Scg02.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="346" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Scg02.png/330px-Scg02.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Scg02.png/440px-Scg02.png 2x" data-file-width="818" data-file-height="1287" /></a><figcaption>Map of the territorial subdivisions of FR Yugoslavia</figcaption></figure>
<p>FR Yugoslavia was composed of two political units, consisting of two Republics, and two subordinate Autonomous Provinces to Serbia, as following:
</p>
<ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Serbia_(1990%E2%80%932006)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Serbia (1990–2006)">Republic of Serbia</a> (capital: <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a>), including <a href="/wiki/Central_Serbia" title="Central Serbia">Central Serbia</a>;
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Province_of_Kosovo_and_Metohija" title="Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija">Kosovo and Metohija</a> – Autonomous province within Serbia (capital: <a href="/wiki/Pristina" title="Pristina">Pristina</a>). Under <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> administration from June 1999 under the terms of the <a href="/wiki/Kumanovo_Agreement" title="Kumanovo Agreement">Kumanovo Agreement</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Province_of_Vojvodina" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous Province of Vojvodina">Vojvodina</a>, Autonomous province within Serbia (capital: <a href="/wiki/Novi_Sad" title="Novi Sad">Novi Sad</a>).</li></ul></li>
<li>The <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Montenegro_(1992%E2%80%932006)" title="Republic of Montenegro (1992–2006)">Republic of Montenegro</a> (capital: <a href="/wiki/Podgorica" title="Podgorica">Podgorica</a>).</li></ul>
<table class="wikitable">
<tbody><tr>
<td><b>Name</b>
</td>
<td><b>Capital</b>
</td>
<td><b>Flag</b>
</td>
<td><b>Coat of arms</b>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Serbia_(1992%E2%80%932006)" title="Republic of Serbia (1992–2006)">Republic of Serbia</a><br />
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a>
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Serbia_(2004%E2%80%932010).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Serbia_%282004%E2%80%932010%29.svg/88px-Flag_of_Serbia_%282004%E2%80%932010%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="88" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Serbia_%282004%E2%80%932010%29.svg/132px-Flag_of_Serbia_%282004%E2%80%932010%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Serbia_%282004%E2%80%932010%29.svg/176px-Flag_of_Serbia_%282004%E2%80%932010%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span>
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_%D0%90rms_of_Serbia_(2004-2010).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Coat_of_%D0%90rms_of_Serbia_%282004-2010%29.svg/74px-Coat_of_%D0%90rms_of_Serbia_%282004-2010%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="74" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Coat_of_%D0%90rms_of_Serbia_%282004-2010%29.svg/111px-Coat_of_%D0%90rms_of_Serbia_%282004-2010%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Coat_of_%D0%90rms_of_Serbia_%282004-2010%29.svg/148px-Coat_of_%D0%90rms_of_Serbia_%282004-2010%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="709" data-file-height="891" /></a></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/Vojvodina" title="Vojvodina">AP Vojvodina</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Novi_Sad" title="Novi Sad">Novi Sad</a>
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Vojvodina.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Flag_of_Vojvodina.svg/88px-Flag_of_Vojvodina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="88" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Flag_of_Vojvodina.svg/132px-Flag_of_Vojvodina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Flag_of_Vojvodina.svg/176px-Flag_of_Vojvodina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span>
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Vojvodina.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Coat_of_arms_of_Vojvodina.svg/75px-Coat_of_arms_of_Vojvodina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Coat_of_arms_of_Vojvodina.svg/113px-Coat_of_arms_of_Vojvodina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Coat_of_arms_of_Vojvodina.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_Vojvodina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="344" data-file-height="425" /></a></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/AP_Kosovo_and_Metohija" class="mw-redirect" title="AP Kosovo and Metohija">AP Kosovo and Metohija</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Pri%C5%A1tina" class="mw-redirect" title="Priština">Priština</a>
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/88px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png" decoding="async" width="88" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/132px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/176px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span>
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_PISG_of_Kosovo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Coat_of_arms_of_the_PISG_of_Kosovo.svg/72px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_PISG_of_Kosovo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="72" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Coat_of_arms_of_the_PISG_of_Kosovo.svg/109px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_PISG_of_Kosovo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Coat_of_arms_of_the_PISG_of_Kosovo.svg/145px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_PISG_of_Kosovo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="182" data-file-height="234" /></a></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Montenegro_(1992%E2%80%932006)" title="Republic of Montenegro (1992–2006)">Republic of Montenegro</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Cetinje" title="Cetinje">Cetinje</a>
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Montenegro_(1993%E2%80%932004).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281993%E2%80%932004%29.svg/123px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281993%E2%80%932004%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="123" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281993%E2%80%932004%29.svg/185px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281993%E2%80%932004%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281993%E2%80%932004%29.svg/246px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281993%E2%80%932004%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span>
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Montenegro_(1992-2004).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Coat_of_arms_of_Montenegro_%281992-2004%29.svg/62px-Coat_of_arms_of_Montenegro_%281992-2004%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="62" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Coat_of_arms_of_Montenegro_%281992-2004%29.svg/93px-Coat_of_arms_of_Montenegro_%281992-2004%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Coat_of_arms_of_Montenegro_%281992-2004%29.svg/123px-Coat_of_arms_of_Montenegro_%281992-2004%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="724" data-file-height="879" /></a></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/Podgorica" title="Podgorica">Podgorica</a>
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Montenegro.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/103px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png" decoding="async" width="103" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/155px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/206px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span>
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<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Montenegro.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Coat_of_arms_of_Montenegro.svg/66px-Coat_of_arms_of_Montenegro.svg.png" decoding="async" width="66" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Coat_of_arms_of_Montenegro.svg/99px-Coat_of_arms_of_Montenegro.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Coat_of_arms_of_Montenegro.svg/132px-Coat_of_arms_of_Montenegro.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="539" data-file-height="622" /></a></span>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Serbia">Serbia</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Subdivisions of Serbia">Subdivisions of Serbia</a></div>
<p>The territorial organisation of the Republic of Serbia was regulated by the Law on Territorial Organisation and Local Self-Government, adopted in the <a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Assembly of Serbia">Assembly of Serbia</a> on 24 July 1991. Under the Law, the municipalities, cities and settlements make the bases of the territorial organization.<sup id="cite_ref-zakon_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zakon-80">[79]</a></sup>
</p><p>Serbia was divided into 195 <a href="/wiki/Municipalities_and_cities_of_Serbia" title="Municipalities and cities of Serbia">municipalities</a> and 4 <a href="/wiki/Municipalities_and_cities_of_Serbia" title="Municipalities and cities of Serbia">cities</a>, which were the basic units of local autonomy. It had two autonomous provinces: <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_and_Metohija" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosovo and Metohija">Kosovo and Metohija</a> in the south (with 30 municipalities), which was under the administration of <a href="/wiki/UNMIK" class="mw-redirect" title="UNMIK">UNMIK</a> after 1999, and <a href="/wiki/Vojvodina" title="Vojvodina">Vojvodina</a> in the north (with 46 municipalities and 1 city). The territory between Kosovo and Vojvodina was called <a href="/wiki/Central_Serbia" title="Central Serbia">Central Serbia</a>. Central Serbia was not an administrative division on its own and had no regional government of its own.
</p><p>In addition, there were four cities: Belgrade, <a href="/wiki/Ni%C5%A1" title="Niš">Niš</a>, <a href="/wiki/Novi_Sad" title="Novi Sad">Novi Sad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kragujevac" title="Kragujevac">Kragujevac</a>, each having an assembly and budget of its own. The cities comprised several municipalities, divided into "urban" (in the city proper) and "other" (suburban). Competences of cities and their municipalities were divided.
</p><p>Municipalities were gathered into <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Districts of Serbia">districts</a>, which are regional centres of state authority, but have no assemblies of their own; they present purely administrative divisions, and host various state institutions such as funds, office branches and courts. The Republic of Serbia was then and is still today divided into 29 districts (17 in Central Serbia, 7 in Vojvodina and 5 in Kosovo, which are now defunct), while the city of Belgrade presents a district of its own.
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Montenegro">Montenegro</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Montenegro" title="Municipalities of Montenegro">Municipalities of Montenegro</a></div>
<p>Montenegro was divided into <a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Montenegro" title="Municipalities of Montenegro">21 municipalities</a>.
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Geography">Geography</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Serbia" title="Geography of Serbia">Geography of Serbia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Montenegro" title="Geography of Montenegro">Geography of Montenegro</a></div>
<p>Serbia and Montenegro had an area of 102,350 square kilometres (39,518 sq mi), with 199 kilometres (124 mi) of coastline. The terrain of the two republics is extremely varied, with much of Serbia comprising plains and low hills (except in the more mountainous region of Kosovo and Metohija) and much of Montenegro consisting of high mountains. Serbia is entirely landlocked, with the coastline belonging to Montenegro. The climate is similarly varied. The north has a <a href="/wiki/Continental_climate" title="Continental climate">continental climate</a> (cold winters and hot summers); the central region has a combination of a continental and <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_climate" title="Mediterranean climate">Mediterranean climate</a>; the southern region had an <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_sea" class="mw-redirect" title="Adriatic sea">Adriatic climate</a> along the coast, with inland regions experiencing hot, dry summers and autumns and relatively cold winters with heavy snowfall inland.
</p><p><a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a>, with its population of 1,574,050, is the largest city in the two nations: and the only one of significant size. The country's other principal cities were <a href="/wiki/Novi_Sad" title="Novi Sad">Novi Sad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ni%C5%A1" title="Niš">Niš</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kragujevac" title="Kragujevac">Kragujevac</a>, <a href="/wiki/Podgorica" title="Podgorica">Podgorica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Subotica" title="Subotica">Subotica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pristina" title="Pristina">Pristina</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Prizren" title="Prizren">Prizren</a>, each with populations of about 100,000–250,000 people.
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Demographics">Demographics</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro" title="Demographics of Serbia and Montenegro">Demographics of Serbia and Montenegro</a></div>
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<div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)">
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<p>Demographics of FR Yugoslavia in 1992<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKovačević199355-56_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKovačević199355-56-81">[80]</a></sup>
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<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Red; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Serbs" title="Serbs">Serbs</a> (62.6%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Green; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Albanians" title="Albanians">Albanians</a> (16.5%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Blue; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Montenegrins_(ethnic_group)" class="mw-redirect" title="Montenegrins (ethnic group)">Montenegrins</a> (5%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Light; color:;"> </span> Others (15.9%)</div>
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<p>FR Yugoslavia had more demographic variety than most other European countries. According to the 1992 census, the Federal Republic had 10,394,026 inhabitants.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKovačević199355-56_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKovačević199355-56-81">[80]</a></sup> The three largest named nationalities were <a href="/wiki/Serbs" title="Serbs">Serbs</a> (6,504,048 inhabitants, or 62.6%), <a href="/wiki/Albanians" title="Albanians">Albanians</a> (1,714,768 inhabitants, or 16.5%), and <a href="/wiki/Montenegrins_(ethnic_group)" class="mw-redirect" title="Montenegrins (ethnic group)">Montenegrins</a> (519,766 inhabitants, or 5%).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKovačević199355-56_81-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKovačević199355-56-81">[80]</a></sup> The country also had significant populations of <a href="/wiki/Hungarians" title="Hungarians">Hungarians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Yugoslavs" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic Yugoslavs">ethnic Yugoslavs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muslims_(South-Slavic_ethnic_group)" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslims (South-Slavic ethnic group)">ethnic Muslims</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croats" title="Croats">Croats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgarians" title="Bulgarians">Bulgarians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macedonians_(ethnic_group)" title="Macedonians (ethnic group)">Macedonians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romanians" title="Romanians">Romanians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vlachs_of_Serbia" title="Vlachs of Serbia">Vlachs</a>, and others (under 1%). Most of the ethnic diversity was situated in the autonomous provinces of <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Province_of_Kosovo_and_Metohija" title="Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija">Kosovo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Province_of_Vojvodina" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous Province of Vojvodina">Vojvodina</a>, where smaller numbers of other minority groups could be found. The large Albanian population was chiefly <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Albanians" title="Kosovo Albanians">concentrated in Kosovo</a>, with smaller populations in the <a href="/wiki/Pre%C5%A1evo_Valley" title="Preševo Valley">Preševo Valley</a>, and in the <a href="/wiki/Ulcinj" title="Ulcinj">Ulcinj</a> municipality in Montenegro. The <i>Muslim</i> (<a href="/wiki/Muslims_(South-Slavic_ethnic_group)" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslims (South-Slavic ethnic group)">Slavic Muslims</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Bosniaks" title="Bosniaks">Bosniaks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gorani_people" title="Gorani people">Gorani</a>) population lived mostly in the <a href="/wiki/Sand%C5%BEak" title="Sandžak">federal border region</a> (mainly <a href="/wiki/Novi_Pazar" title="Novi Pazar">Novi Pazar</a> in Serbia, and <a href="/wiki/Ro%C5%BEaje" title="Rožaje">Rožaje</a> in Montenegro). It is important to note that the Montenegrin population at the time often considered themselves to be Serbs.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a></sup>
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<dl><dt>Total Population of FR Yugoslavia – 10,019,657</dt></dl>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Serbia_(federal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Serbia (federal)">Serbia</a> (total): 9,396,411
<ul><li>Vojvodina: 2,116,725</li>
<li>Central Serbia: 5,479,686</li>
<li>Kosovo: 1,800,000</li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Montenegro_(federal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Montenegro (federal)">Montenegro</a>: 623,246</li>
<li>Major cities (over 100,000 inhabitants) – 2002 data (2003 for Podgorica):
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beograd" class="mw-redirect" title="Beograd">Beograd</a> (Belgrade): 1,280,639 (1,574,050 metro)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Novi_Sad" title="Novi Sad">Novi Sad</a>: 215,600 (298,139 metro)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pristina" title="Pristina">Pristina</a>: 200,000 (2002 estimate)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C5%A1" title="Niš">Niš</a>: 173,390 (234,863 metro)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kragujevac" title="Kragujevac">Kragujevac</a>: 145,890 (175,182 metro)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Podgorica" title="Podgorica">Podgorica</a>: 139,500 (169,000 metro)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prizren" title="Prizren">Prizren</a>: 121,000 (2002 estimate)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Subotica" title="Subotica">Subotica</a>: 99,471 (147,758 metro)</li></ul></li></ul>
<p>More than half of <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Serbs" title="Kosovo Serbs">Kosovo's pre-1999 Serb population</a> (226,000),<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a></sup> including 37,000 <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani</a>, 15,000 <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Europe" title="Islam in Europe">Balkan Muslims</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Ashkali_and_Balkan_Egyptians" title="Ashkali and Balkan Egyptians">Ashkali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bosniaks" title="Bosniaks">Bosniaks</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gorani_people" title="Gorani people">Gorani</a>), and 7,000 other non-Albanian civilians were expelled to central Serbia and Montenegro, following the <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_War" title="Kosovo War">Kosovo War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a></sup>
</p><p>According to a 2004 estimate, the State Union had 10,825,900 inhabitants. According to a July 2006 estimate, the State Union had 10,832,545 inhabitants.
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Economy">Economy</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro" title="Economy of Serbia and Montenegro">Economy of Serbia and Montenegro</a></div>
<p>The state suffered significantly economically due to the breakup of Yugoslavia and mismanagement of the economy, and an extended period of economic sanctions. In the early 1990s, the FRY suffered from hyperinflation of the Yugoslav dinar. By the mid-1990s, the FRY had overcome the inflation. Further damage to Yugoslavia's infrastructure and industry caused by the <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_War" title="Kosovo War">Kosovo War</a> left the economy only half the size it was in 1990. Since the ousting of former Federal Yugoslav President <a href="/wiki/Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87" title="Slobodan Milošević">Slobodan Milošević</a> in October 2000, the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Opposition_of_Serbia" title="Democratic Opposition of Serbia">Democratic Opposition of Serbia</a> (DOS) coalition government has implemented stabilization measures and embarked on an aggressive market reform program. After renewing its membership in the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a> in December 2000, Yugoslavia continued to reintegrate with other world nations by rejoining the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> and the <a href="/wiki/European_Bank_for_Reconstruction_and_Development" title="European Bank for Reconstruction and Development">European Bank for Reconstruction and Development</a>.
</p><p>The smaller republic of <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a> severed its economy from federal control and from Serbia during the Milošević era. Afterwards, the two republics had separate central banks whilst Montenegro began to use different currencies – it first adopted the <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Mark" title="Deutsche Mark">Deutsche Mark</a> and continued to use it until the Mark fell into disuse to be replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">Euro</a>. Serbia continued to use the Yugoslav Dinar, renaming it the <i><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Dinar" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbian Dinar">Serbian Dinar</a></i>.
</p><p>The complexity of the FRY's political relationships, slow progress in privatisation, and stagnation in the European economy were detrimental to the economy. Arrangements with the IMF, especially requirements for fiscal discipline, were an important element in policy formation. Severe unemployment was a key political and economic problem. Corruption also presented a major problem, with a large <a href="/wiki/Black_market" title="Black market">black market</a> and a high degree of criminal involvement in the formal economy.
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Transport">Transport</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Passport_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Passport_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia.jpg/200px-Passport_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Passport_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia.jpg/301px-Passport_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Passport_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia.jpg/400px-Passport_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="554" data-file-height="783" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_passport" title="Yugoslav passport">Yugoslav passport</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>Serbia, and in particular the valley of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Morava" title="Great Morava">Morava</a> is often described as "the crossroads between the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_world" title="Eastern world">East</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">West</a>" – one of the primary reasons for its turbulent history. The valley is by far the easiest land route from continental Europe to Greece and <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a>.
</p><p>Major <a href="/wiki/European_route" class="mw-redirect" title="European route">international highways</a> going through Serbia were <a href="/wiki/European_route_E75" title="European route E75">E75</a> and <a href="/wiki/European_route_E70" title="European route E70">E70</a>. <a href="/wiki/European_route_E763" title="European route E763">E763</a>/<a href="/wiki/European_route_E761" title="European route E761">E761</a> was the most important route connecting Serbia with Montenegro.
</p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a>, an important international waterway, flowed through Serbia.
</p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Bar" title="Port of Bar">Port of Bar</a> was the largest seaport located in Montenegro.
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Holidays">Holidays</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<table class="wikitable">
<caption>Holidays
</caption>
<tbody><tr>
<th>Date
</th>
<th>Name
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<th>Notes
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<td>1 January
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/New_Year%27s_Day" title="New Year's Day">New Year's Day</a>
</td>
<td>(non-working holiday)
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>7 January
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Orthodox</a> <a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a>
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<td>(non-working)
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<td>27 January
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Saint_Sava" title="Saint Sava">Saint Sava</a>'s feast Day – Day of Spirituality
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>27 April
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Day" title="Constitution Day">Constitution Day</a>
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<td>
</td></tr>
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<td>29 April
</td>
<td>Orthodox <a href="/wiki/Good_Friday" title="Good Friday">Good Friday</a>
</td>
<td>Date for 2005 only
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>1 May
</td>
<td>Orthodox <a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a>
</td>
<td>Date for 2005 only
</td></tr>
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<td>2 May
</td>
<td>Orthodox <a href="/wiki/Easter_Monday" title="Easter Monday">Easter Monday</a>
</td>
<td>Date for 2005 only
</td></tr>
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<td>1 May
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Labour_Day" title="Labour Day">Labour Day</a>
</td>
<td>(non-working)
</td></tr>
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<td>9 May
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Victory_Day" title="Victory Day">Victory Day</a>
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
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<td>28 June
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Vidovdan" title="Vidovdan">Vidovdan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Martyr" title="Martyr">Martyr</a>'s Day)
</td>
<td>In memory of soldiers fallen at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kosovo" title="Battle of Kosovo">Battle of Kosovo</a>
</td></tr>
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<td>29 November
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<td><a href="/wiki/Republic_Day" title="Republic Day">Republic Day</a>
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<dl><dt>Holidays celebrated only in Serbia</dt></dl>
<ul><li>15 February – Sretenje (<a href="/wiki/National_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="National Day">National Day</a>, non-working)</li></ul>
<dl><dt>Holidays celebrated only in Montenegro</dt></dl>
<ul><li>13 July – Statehood Day (non-working)</li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Proposed_national_flag_and_anthem_for_the_State_Union">Proposed national flag and anthem for the State Union</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Proposed_flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_(2003).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Proposed_flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%282003%29.svg/250px-Proposed_flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%282003%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Proposed_flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%282003%29.svg/375px-Proposed_flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%282003%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Proposed_flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%282003%29.svg/500px-Proposed_flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%282003%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Proposed flag for Serbia and Montenegro</figcaption></figure>
<p>After the formation of the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro, the Yugoslav tricolour was to be replaced by a new compromise flag. Article 23 of the Law for the implementation of the Constitutional Charter<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a></sup> stated that a law specifying the new flag was to be passed within 60 days of the first session of the new joint parliament. Among the flag proposals, the popular choice was a flag with a shade of blue in between the Serbian tricolor and the Montenegrin tricolor of 1993 through 2004. The color shade Pantone 300C was perceived as the best choice.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a></sup> However the parliament failed to vote on the proposal within the legal time-frame and the flag was not adopted. In 2004, Montenegro adopted a radically different flag, as its independence-leaning government sought to distance itself from Serbia. Proposals for a compromise flag were dropped after this and the Union of Serbia and Montenegro never adopted a flag.
</p><p>A similar fate befell the country's state anthem and coat-of-arms to be; the above-mentioned Article 23 also stipulated that a law determining the State Union's flag and anthem was to be passed by the end of 2003. The official proposal for a state anthem was a combination piece consisting of one verse of the former (now current) Serbian national anthem "<a href="/wiki/Bo%C5%BEe_pravde" title="Bože pravde">Bože pravde</a>" followed by a verse of the Montenegrin folk song, "<a href="/wiki/Oj,_svijetla_majska_zoro" title="Oj, svijetla majska zoro">Oj, svijetla majska zoro</a>". This proposal was dropped after some public opposition, notably by Serbian Patriarch <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Patriarch_Pavle_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbian Patriarch Pavle II">Pavle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a></sup> Another legal deadline passed and no state anthem was adopted. Serious proposals for the coat of arms were never put forward, probably because the coat of arms of the FRY, adopted in 1994 combining Serbian and Montenegrin heraldic elements, was considered adequate.
</p><p>Thus, the State Union never officially adopted state symbols and continued to use the flag and national anthem of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia by inertia until its dissolution in 2006.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Sports">Sports</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Association_football">Association football</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Football_Association_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro" title="Football Association of Serbia and Montenegro">Football Association of Serbia and Montenegro</a></div>
<p>FR Yugoslavia, later Serbia and Montenegro, was considered by <a href="/wiki/FIFA" title="FIFA">FIFA</a> and <a href="/wiki/UEFA" title="UEFA">UEFA</a> to be the only successor-state of Yugoslavia.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FIFA_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FIFA-89">[88]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a></sup> Football was experiencing major success during the 1980s and early 1990s; however, due to the imposed economic sanctions, the country was excluded from all international competitions between 1992 and 1996. After the sanctions were lifted, the national team qualified for two <a href="/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup" title="FIFA World Cup">FIFA World Cups</a>—in <a href="/wiki/1998_FIFA_World_Cup" title="1998 FIFA World Cup">1998</a> as FR Yugoslavia and in <a href="/wiki/2006_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2006 FIFA World Cup">2006</a> as Serbia and Montenegro. It also qualified for <a href="/wiki/Euro_2000" class="mw-redirect" title="Euro 2000">Euro 2000</a>, as FR Yugoslavia.
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fans_of_Montenegro_and_Serbia,_2006_WC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Fans_of_Montenegro_and_Serbia%2C_2006_WC.jpg/220px-Fans_of_Montenegro_and_Serbia%2C_2006_WC.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Fans_of_Montenegro_and_Serbia%2C_2006_WC.jpg/330px-Fans_of_Montenegro_and_Serbia%2C_2006_WC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Fans_of_Montenegro_and_Serbia%2C_2006_WC.jpg/440px-Fans_of_Montenegro_and_Serbia%2C_2006_WC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Supporters of the <a href="/wiki/Serbia_and_Montenegro_national_football_team" title="Serbia and Montenegro national football team">national football team</a> during the <a href="/wiki/2006_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2006 FIFA World Cup">2006 FIFA World Cup</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>The 1998 World Cup appearance in France was accompanied with plenty of expectation and quiet confidence as the team was considered<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (July 2020)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> to be one of the tournament's dark horses due to being stacked with proven world-class players such as 29-year-old <a href="/wiki/Predrag_Mijatovi%C4%87" title="Predrag Mijatović">Predrag Mijatović</a>, 33-year-old <a href="/wiki/Dragan_Stojkovi%C4%87" title="Dragan Stojković">Dragan Stojković</a>, 29-year-old <a href="/wiki/Sini%C5%A1a_Mihajlovi%C4%87" title="Siniša Mihajlović">Siniša Mihajlović</a>, 28-year-old <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Jugovi%C4%87" title="Vladimir Jugović">Vladimir Jugović</a>, and 31-year-old <a href="/wiki/Dejan_Savi%C4%87evi%C4%87" title="Dejan Savićević">Dejan Savićević</a>, as well as emerging 19-year-old youngster <a href="/wiki/Dejan_Stankovi%C4%87" title="Dejan Stanković">Dejan Stanković</a>, and tall 24-year-old target forwards <a href="/wiki/Savo_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87" title="Savo Milošević">Savo Milošević</a> and <a href="/wiki/Darko_Kova%C4%8Devi%C4%87" title="Darko Kovačević">Darko Kovačević</a>. Another reason for heightened expectations was that this was the country's first major international appearance following the UN-imposed exile. However, the squad never managed to hit top gear—although it did make it out of the group, it got eliminated by the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands_national_football_team" title="Netherlands national football team">Netherlands</a> via an injury-time goal in the round-of-16. Two years later at Euro 2000, nearly the same team again made it out of the group and was again eliminated from the tournament by the Netherlands, this time convincingly, 1–6, in the quarter finals.
</p><p>Serbia and Montenegro were represented by <a href="/wiki/Serbia_and_Montenegro_national_football_team" title="Serbia and Montenegro national football team">a single national team</a> in the <a href="/wiki/2006_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2006 FIFA World Cup">2006 FIFA World Cup</a> tournament, despite having formally split just weeks prior to its start. The final squad was made up of players born in both Serbia and Montenegro.
</p><p>They played their last ever international on 21 June 2006, a 3–2 loss to <a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast_national_football_team" title="Ivory Coast national football team">Ivory Coast</a>. Following the World Cup, this team has been inherited by Serbia, while a <a href="/wiki/Montenegro_national_football_team" title="Montenegro national football team">new one</a> was to be organized to represent Montenegro in future international competitions.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Basketball">Basketball</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>The <a href="/wiki/Serbia_and_Montenegro_national_basketball_team" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbia and Montenegro national basketball team">senior men's basketball team</a> dominated European and world basketball during the mid-to-late 1990s and early 2000s, with three <a href="/wiki/EuroBasket" title="EuroBasket">EuroBasket</a> titles (<a href="/wiki/1995_EuroBasket" class="mw-redirect" title="1995 EuroBasket">1995</a>, <a href="/wiki/1997_EuroBasket" class="mw-redirect" title="1997 EuroBasket">1997</a>, and <a href="/wiki/2001_EuroBasket" class="mw-redirect" title="2001 EuroBasket">2001</a>), two <a href="/wiki/FIBA_World_Cup" class="mw-redirect" title="FIBA World Cup">FIBA World Cup</a> titles (<a href="/wiki/1998_FIBA_World_Championship" title="1998 FIBA World Championship">1998</a> and <a href="/wiki/2002_FIBA_World_Championship" title="2002 FIBA World Championship">2002</a>), and a <a href="/wiki/Basketball_at_the_Summer_Olympics" title="Basketball at the Summer Olympics">Summer Olympic Games</a> silver medal (<a href="/wiki/Basketball_at_the_1996_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_tournament" title="Basketball at the 1996 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament">1996</a>).
</p><p>The national team started competing internationally in 1995, after a three-year exile, due to a UN trade embargo. During that time, FR Yugoslavia was not allowed to compete at the <a href="/wiki/Basketball_at_the_1992_Summer_Olympics" title="Basketball at the 1992 Summer Olympics">1992 Summer Olympics</a> in <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a>, the <a href="/wiki/1993_EuroBasket" class="mw-redirect" title="1993 EuroBasket">1993 EuroBasket</a>, and also the <a href="/wiki/1994_FIBA_World_Championship" title="1994 FIBA World Championship">1994 FIBA World Championship</a>, which was originally supposed to be hosted by <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a>, before being taken away from the city and moved to <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto, Canada</a>.
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maskota_2003ep.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Maskota_2003ep.JPG/220px-Maskota_2003ep.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Maskota_2003ep.JPG/330px-Maskota_2003ep.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Maskota_2003ep.JPG/440px-Maskota_2003ep.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1224" data-file-height="1632" /></a><figcaption>Mascot of the <a href="/wiki/EuroBasket_2005" title="EuroBasket 2005">EuroBasket 2005</a>, hosted by Serbia and Montenegro</figcaption></figure>
<p>At the <a href="/wiki/1995_EuroBasket" class="mw-redirect" title="1995 EuroBasket">1995 EuroBasket</a> in <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>, its first international competition, the hungry and highly motivated FR Yugoslav team, which was led by head coach <a href="/wiki/Du%C5%A1an_Ivkovi%C4%87" title="Dušan Ivković">Dušan Ivković</a>, featured a starting five full of world-class talent, with established European stars at positions <a href="/wiki/Point_guard" title="Point guard">one</a> through <a href="/wiki/Power_forward_(basketball)" class="mw-redirect" title="Power forward (basketball)">four</a> — 27-year-old <a href="/wiki/Sa%C5%A1a_%C4%90or%C4%91evi%C4%87" class="mw-redirect" title="Saša Đorđević">Saša Đorđević</a>, 25-year-old <a href="/wiki/Predrag_Danilovi%C4%87" title="Predrag Danilović">Predrag Danilović</a>, 29-year-old <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDarko_Paspalj" title="Žarko Paspalj">Žarko Paspalj</a>, 22-year-old <a href="/wiki/Dejan_Bodiroga" title="Dejan Bodiroga">Dejan Bodiroga</a> — capped off with 27-year-old <a href="/wiki/Vlade_Divac" title="Vlade Divac">Vlade Divac</a>, the starting center for the <a href="/wiki/LA_Lakers" class="mw-redirect" title="LA Lakers">LA Lakers</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Center_(basketball)" title="Center (basketball)">five</a> position. With a bench that was just as capable — with experienced <a href="/wiki/Zoran_Sretenovi%C4%87" title="Zoran Sretenović">Zoran Sretenović</a> (the only player over 30 in the team), <a href="/wiki/Sa%C5%A1a_Obradovi%C4%87" title="Saša Obradović">Saša Obradović</a>, talisman power forward <a href="/wiki/Zoran_Savi%C4%87" title="Zoran Savić">Zoran Savić</a>, and up-and-coming young center <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDeljko_Rebra%C4%8Da" title="Željko Rebrača">Željko Rebrača</a> — the team rampaged through its preliminary group, which featured medal contenders <a href="/wiki/Greek_national_basketball_team" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek national basketball team">Greece</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lithuania_men%27s_national_basketball_team" title="Lithuania men's national basketball team">Lithuania</a>, with a 6–0 record. At the first direct elimination stage, the quarterfinals, FR Yugoslavia scored 104 points to destroy <a href="/wiki/French_national_basketball_team" class="mw-redirect" title="French national basketball team">France</a>, thus setting up a semifinal clash with the tournament hosts Greece. In the highly charged atmosphere of the <a href="/wiki/O.A.C.A._Olympic_Indoor_Hall" title="O.A.C.A. Olympic Indoor Hall">OAKA Indoor Arena</a>, the FR Yugoslav team demonstrated its versatility, using defensive prowess in that game to pull off a famous eight-point win, in a tense, low-scoring 60–52 game. In the final, FR Yugoslavia played against the experienced Lithuanian team, which was led by basketball legend <a href="/wiki/Arvydas_Sabonis" title="Arvydas Sabonis">Arvydas Sabonis</a>, in addition to other world class players like <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ar%C5%ABnas_Mar%C4%8Diulionis" title="Šarūnas Marčiulionis">Šarūnas Marčiulionis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rimas_Kurtinaitis" title="Rimas Kurtinaitis">Rimas Kurtinaitis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Valdemaras_Chomi%C4%8Dius" title="Valdemaras Chomičius">Valdemaras Chomičius</a>. The final became a classic game of international basketball, with the crafty Yugoslavs prevailing, by a score of 96–90, behind Đorđević's 41 points.
</p><p>They were represented by a single team at the <a href="/wiki/2006_FIBA_World_Championship" title="2006 FIBA World Championship">2006 FIBA World Championship</a> as well, even though the tournament was played in mid/late-August and early-September of that year, and the Serbia–Montenegro breakup had occurred in May. That team was also inherited by <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> after the tournament, while <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a> created a separate senior national basketball team afterwards, as well as their own national teams in all other team sports.
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Entertainment">Entertainment</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>Serbia and Montenegro was represented after its formal dissolution in the <a href="/wiki/Miss_Earth_2006" title="Miss Earth 2006">Miss Earth 2006</a> pageant by a single delegate, Dubravka Skoric.
</p><p>Serbia and Montenegro also participated in the <a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest" title="Eurovision Song Contest">Eurovision Song Contest</a> on two occasions and in <a href="/wiki/Junior_Eurovision_Song_Contest_2005" title="Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2005">Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2005</a> only on one occasion. The country debuted in the Eurovision Song Contest under the name Serbia and Montenegro in 2004, when <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDeljko_Joksimovi%C4%87" title="Željko Joksimović">Željko Joksimović</a> got second place. The next to follow was the Montenegrin boyband No Name. In 2006, the year of Montenegrin independence, the country Serbia and Montenegro did not have a representative due to the scandal in <a href="/wiki/Evropesma#2006_event_and_controversy" title="Evropesma">Evropesma 2006</a>, but was still able to vote in both the semi-final and the final.
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Liberation_Army" title="Kosovo Liberation Army">Kosovo Liberation Army</a> had limited active members; as such, Yugoslav units could often not find any KLA units throughout their stay in Kosovo.</span>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Citations">Citations</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1217336898"><div class="reflist">
<div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1215172403">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#2C882D;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}}</style><cite class="citation cs1">"Article 15". <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Constitution of Yugoslavia (1992)"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Yugoslavia_(1992)"><i>Constitution of Yugoslavia (1992)</i> </a></span> – via <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>. <q>In the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, the Serbian language […] shall be official.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Article+15&rft.btitle=Constitution+of+Yugoslavia+%281992%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbia+and+Montenegro" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-HDI-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HDI_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HDI_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HDI_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200801203605/http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/yugoslavia_nhdr1996.pdf">"Human Development Report Yugoslavia 1996"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. UNDP. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/yugoslavia_nhdr1996.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 1 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Human+Development+Report+Yugoslavia+1996&rft.pub=UNDP&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fyugoslavia_nhdr1996.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbia+and+Montenegro" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMurphy2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sean_D._Murphy" title="Sean D. Murphy">Murphy, Sean D.</a> (2002). <i>United States Practice in International Law: 1999–2001</i>. Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press. p. 130. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-75070-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-75070-7"><bdi>978-0-521-75070-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=United+States+Practice+in+International+Law%3A+1999%E2%80%932001&rft.pages=130&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-521-75070-7&rft.aulast=Murphy&rft.aufirst=Sean+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbia+and+Montenegro" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-auto2-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFLewis1992" class="citation web cs1">Lewis, Paul (29 October 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1992/10/29/world/yugoslavs-face-hard-winter-as-the-blockade-bites.html">"Yugoslavs Face Hard Winter as the Blockade Bites"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210205230653/https://www.nytimes.com/1992/10/29/world/yugoslavs-face-hard-winter-as-the-blockade-bites.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Yugoslavs+Face+Hard+Winter+as+the+Blockade+Bites&rft.date=1992-10-29&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1992%2F10%2F29%2Fworld%2Fyugoslavs-face-hard-winter-as-the-blockade-bites.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbia+and+Montenegro" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cato.org/publications/commentary/worlds-greatest-unreported-hyperinflation">"The World's Greatest Unreported Hyperinflation"</a>. Cato Institute. 7 May 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200726181455/https://www.cato.org/publications/commentary/worlds-greatest-unreported-hyperinflation">Archived</a> from the original on 26 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+World%27s+Greatest+Unreported+Hyperinflation&rft.pub=Cato+Institute&rft.date=2007-05-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cato.org%2Fpublications%2Fcommentary%2Fworlds-greatest-unreported-hyperinflation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbia+and+Montenegro" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-auto4-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto4_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto4_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hrlibrary.umn.edu/icty/dayton/daytonsum.html">"Summary of the Dayton Peace Agreement on Bosnia-Herzegovina"</a>. <i>HR library</i>. UMN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180817225957/http://hrlibrary.umn.edu/icty/dayton/daytonsum.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HR+library&rft.atitle=Summary+of+the+Dayton+Peace+Agreement+on+Bosnia-Herzegovina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhrlibrary.umn.edu%2Ficty%2Fdayton%2Fdaytonsum.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbia+and+Montenegro" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-auto5-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto5_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto5_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFOzerdem2003" class="citation journal cs1">Ozerdem, Alpaslan (27 July 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pureportal.coventry.ac.uk/en/publications/from-a-terrorist-group-to-a-civil-defence-corps-the-transformatio">"From a 'terrorist' group to a 'civil defence' corps: The 'transformation' of the Kosovo Liberation Army"</a>. <i>International Peacekeeping</i>. <b>10</b> (3). UK: 79–101. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13533310308559337">10.1080/13533310308559337</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144017700">144017700</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200726082755/https://pureportal.coventry.ac.uk/en/publications/from-a-terrorist-group-to-a-civil-defence-corps-the-transformatio">Archived</a> from the original on 26 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2020</span> – via Coventry.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Peacekeeping&rft.atitle=From+a+%27terrorist%27+group+to+a+%27civil+defence%27+corps%3A+The+%27transformation%27+of+the+Kosovo+Liberation+Army&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=79-101&rft.date=2003-07-27&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13533310308559337&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144017700%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Ozerdem&rft.aufirst=Alpaslan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpureportal.coventry.ac.uk%2Fen%2Fpublications%2Ffrom-a-terrorist-group-to-a-civil-defence-corps-the-transformatio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbia+and+Montenegro" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Kosovo-Liberation-Army">"Kosovo Liberation Army History & Facts"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190924065434/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Kosovo-Liberation-Army">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Kosovo+Liberation+Army+History+%26+Facts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FKosovo-Liberation-Army&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbia+and+Montenegro" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://undocs.org/S/RES/1244(1999)">"S/RES/1244(1999) - E - S/RES/1244(1999)"</a>. <i>UN docs</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308040644/https://undocs.org/S/RES/1244(1999)">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UN+docs&rft.atitle=S%2FRES%2F1244%281999%29+-+E+-+S%2FRES%2F1244%281999%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fundocs.org%2FS%2FRES%2F1244%281999%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbia+and+Montenegro" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://balkaninsight.com/2010/10/05/slobodan-milosevic-twisted-firestarter/">"Slobodan Milosevic – The Dictator"</a>. <i>Balkan Insight</i>. 5 October 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210429010220/https://balkaninsight.com/2010/10/05/slobodan-milosevic-twisted-firestarter/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Balkan+Insight&rft.atitle=Slobodan+Milosevic+%E2%80%93+The+Dictator&rft.date=2010-10-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbalkaninsight.com%2F2010%2F10%2F05%2Fslobodan-milosevic-twisted-firestarter%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbia+and+Montenegro" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFSudetic1992" class="citation web cs1">Sudetic, Chuck (24 September 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1992/09/24/world/un-expulsion-of-yugoslavia-breeds-defiance-and-finger-pointing.html">"U.N. Expulsion of Yugoslavia Breeds Defiance and Finger-Pointing"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220408113225/https://www.nytimes.com/1992/09/24/world/un-expulsion-of-yugoslavia-breeds-defiance-and-finger-pointing.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=U.N.+Expulsion+of+Yugoslavia+Breeds+Defiance+and+Finger-Pointing&rft.date=1992-09-24&rft.aulast=Sudetic&rft.aufirst=Chuck&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1992%2F09%2F24%2Fworld%2Fun-expulsion-of-yugoslavia-breeds-defiance-and-finger-pointing.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbia+and+Montenegro" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-auto1-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto1_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2000/11/02/world/a-different-yugoslavia-8-years-later-takes-its-seat-at-the-un.html">"A Different Yugoslavia, 8 Years Later, Takes Its Seat at the UN"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. Associated Press. 2 November 2000. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200726083550/https://www.nytimes.com/2000/11/02/world/a-different-yugoslavia-8-years-later-takes-its-seat-at-the-un.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+Different+Yugoslavia%2C+8+Years+Later%2C+Takes+Its+Seat+at+the+UN&rft.date=2000-11-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2000%2F11%2F02%2Fworld%2Fa-different-yugoslavia-8-years-later-takes-its-seat-at-the-un.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbia+and+Montenegro" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/2724047.stm">"Yugoslavia consigned to history"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 4 February 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221108060047/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/2724047.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Yugoslavia+consigned+to+history&rft.date=2003-02-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F2724047.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbia+and+Montenegro" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vreme.com/cms/view.php?id=1061276">"Priželjkivao sam da na čelu Srbije bude – Srbijanac"</a>. <i>Vreme</i> (in Bosnian). 5 July 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210917004219/https://www.vreme.com/cms/view.php?id=1061276">Archived</a> from the original on 17 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vreme&rft.atitle=Pri%C5%BEeljkivao+sam+da+na+%C4%8Delu+Srbije+bude+%E2%80%93+Srbijanac&rft.date=2012-07-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vreme.com%2Fcms%2Fview.php%3Fid%3D1061276&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbia+and+Montenegro" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/5043462.stm">"Montenegro declares independence"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 4 June 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170911232150/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/5043462.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 11 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Montenegro+declares+independence&rft.date=2006-06-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F5043462.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbia+and+Montenegro" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/5006380.stm">"Recount call in Montenegro vote"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 22 May 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110728085307/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/5006380.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 28 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Recount+call+in+Montenegro+vote&rft.date=2006-05-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F5006380.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbia+and+Montenegro" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000816214535/http://www.cia.gov:80/cia/publications/factbook/sr.html">"Serbia and Montenegro"</a>. <i>The World Factbook 1999</i>. Virginia: Central Intelligence Agency. 16 August 2000. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov:80/cia/publications/factbook/sr.html">the original</a> on 16 August 2000.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook+1999&rft.atitle=Serbia+and+Montenegro&rft.date=2000-08-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%3A80%2Fcia%2Fpublications%2Ffactbook%2Fsr.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbia+and+Montenegro" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090226024403/http://www.mfa.gov.rs/Facts/const_scg.pdf">"Constitutional Charter of the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mfa.gov.rs/Facts/const_scg.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 26 February 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2009</span>. <q>The name of the state union shall be Serbia and Montenegro.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Constitutional+Charter+of+the+State+Union+of+Serbia+and+Montenegro&rft.date=2003&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mfa.gov.rs%2FFacts%2Fconst_scg.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbia+and+Montenegro" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GkBmdCwHuDsC&q=anti-bureaucratic+revolution&pg=PA550"><i>The Road to War in Serbia: Trauma and Catharsis</i></a>. Central European University Press. 1 January 2000. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789639116566" title="Special:BookSources/9789639116566"><bdi>9789639116566</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230417062019/https://books.google.com/books?id=GkBmdCwHuDsC&q=anti-bureaucratic+revolution&pg=PA550">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2020</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Road+to+War+in+Serbia%3A+Trauma+and+Catharsis&rft.pub=Central+European+University+Press&rft.date=2000-01-01&rft.isbn=9789639116566&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGkBmdCwHuDsC%26q%3Danti-bureaucratic%2Brevolution%26pg%3DPA550&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbia+and+Montenegro" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sabrina P. Ramet. <i>Serbia Since 1989: Politics and Society Under Milošević and After</i>. University of Washington Press, 2005. pp. 55–56</span>
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<li id="cite_note-Steven_L._Burg_2000._p._72-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Steven_L._Burg_2000._p._72_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Steven_L._Burg_2000._p._72_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Steven_L._Burg_2000._p._72_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Steven L. Burg, Paul S. Shoup. <i>The War in Bosnia-Herzegovina: Ethnic Conflict and International Intervention</i>. Armonk, New York, US: M.E. Sharpe, 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781563243097" title="Special:BookSources/9781563243097">9781563243097</a> pp. 72–73.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/un-suspends-former-yugoslavia-1553074.html">"UN suspends former Yugoslavia"</a>. <i>The Independent</i>. 23 September 1992. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200726142309/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/un-suspends-former-yugoslavia-1553074.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=UN+suspends+former+Yugoslavia&rft.date=1992-09-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fun-suspends-former-yugoslavia-1553074.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbia+and+Montenegro" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/au/topics/bosnian-war-37515">"Bosnian war News, Research and Analysis"</a>. <i>The Conversation</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200726142311/https://theconversation.com/au/topics/bosnian-war-37515">Archived</a> from the original on 26 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Conversation&rft.atitle=Bosnian+war+News%2C+Research+and+Analysis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fau%2Ftopics%2Fbosnian-war-37515&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbia+and+Montenegro" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFEngelberg1991" class="citation web cs1">Engelberg, Stephen (1 September 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1991/09/01/magazine/carving-out-a-greater-serbia.html">"Carving Out a Greater Serbia"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200902023906/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/09/01/magazine/carving-out-a-greater-serbia.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Carving+Out+a+Greater+Serbia&rft.date=1991-09-01&rft.aulast=Engelberg&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1991%2F09%2F01%2Fmagazine%2Fcarving-out-a-greater-serbia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbia+and+Montenegro" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFKifner1994" class="citation web cs1">Kifner, John (27 January 1994). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1994/01/27/world/yugoslav-army-reported-fighting-in-bosnia-to-help-serbian-forces.html#:~:text=Soon%20after%20fighting%20broke%20out,army%20of%20the%20Bosnian%20Serbs">"Yugoslav Army Reported Fighting In Bosnia to Help Serbian Forces"</a></span>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210430034027/https://www.nytimes.com/1994/01/27/world/yugoslav-army-reported-fighting-in-bosnia-to-help-serbian-forces.html#:~:text=Soon%20after%20fighting%20broke%20out,army%20of%20the%20Bosnian%20Serbs">Archived</a> from the original on 30 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Yugoslav+Army+Reported+Fighting+In+Bosnia+to+Help+Serbian+Forces&rft.date=1994-01-27&rft.aulast=Kifner&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1994%2F01%2F27%2Fworld%2Fyugoslav-army-reported-fighting-in-bosnia-to-help-serbian-forces.html%23%3A~%3Atext%3DSoon%2520after%2520fighting%2520broke%2520out%2Carmy%2520of%2520the%2520Bosnian%2520Serbs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbia+and+Montenegro" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFParliamentary_Research_Service1995" class="citation journal cs1">Parliamentary Research Service (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aph.gov.au/binaries/library/pubs/rp/1995-96/96rp15.pdf">"The UN's Role in the Former Yugoslavia: the Failure of the Middle Way"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Research Paper</i>. Department of the Parliamentary Library (Australia). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1321-1579">1321-1579</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210403071057/https://www.aph.gov.au/binaries/library/pubs/rp/1995-96/96rp15.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 3 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Research+Paper&rft.atitle=The+UN%27s+Role+in+the+Former+Yugoslavia%3A+the+Failure+of+the+Middle+Way&rft.date=1995&rft.issn=1321-1579&rft.au=Parliamentary+Research+Service&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aph.gov.au%2Fbinaries%2Flibrary%2Fpubs%2Frp%2F1995-96%2F96rp15.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbia+and+Montenegro" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBinder1992" class="citation web cs1">Binder, David (8 April 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1992/04/08/world/us-recognizes-3-yugoslav-republics-as-independent.html">"U.S. Recognizes 3 Yugoslav Republics as Independent"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200726142309/https://www.nytimes.com/1992/04/08/world/us-recognizes-3-yugoslav-republics-as-independent.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=U.S.+Recognizes+3+Yugoslav+Republics+as+Independent&rft.date=1992-04-08&rft.aulast=Binder&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1992%2F04%2F08%2Fworld%2Fus-recognizes-3-yugoslav-republics-as-independent.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbia+and+Montenegro" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFShay2017" class="citation book cs1">Shay, Shaul (12 July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=myEuDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT103"><i>Islamic Terror and the Balkans</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781351511384" title="Special:BookSources/9781351511384"><bdi>9781351511384</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230111165731/https://books.google.com/books?id=myEuDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT103">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2020</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Terror+and+the+Balkans&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017-07-12&rft.isbn=9781351511384&rft.aulast=Shay&rft.aufirst=Shaul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmyEuDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbia+and+Montenegro" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFAbrahamsAndersen1998" class="citation book cs1">Abrahams, Fred; Andersen, Elizabeth (27 July 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vELQpx1U9EcC"><i>Humanitarian Law Violations in Kosovo</i></a>. Human Rights Watch. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781564321947" title="Special:BookSources/9781564321947"><bdi>9781564321947</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230111165737/https://books.google.com/books?id=vELQpx1U9EcC">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2020</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Humanitarian+Law+Violations+in+Kosovo&rft.pub=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.date=1998-07-27&rft.isbn=9781564321947&rft.aulast=Abrahams&rft.aufirst=Fred&rft.au=Andersen%2C+Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvELQpx1U9EcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbia+and+Montenegro" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFPerritt2010" class="citation book cs1">Perritt, Henry H. (1 October 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SlHqkxGk4Q8C"><i>Kosovo Liberation Army: The Inside Story of an Insurgency</i></a>. University of Illinois Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780252092138" title="Special:BookSources/9780252092138"><bdi>9780252092138</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kosovo+Liberation+Army%3A+The+Inside+Story+of+an+Insurgency&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=2010-10-01&rft.isbn=9780252092138&rft.aulast=Perritt&rft.aufirst=Henry+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSlHqkxGk4Q8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbia+and+Montenegro" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050226123208/http://judiciary.house.gov/legacy/muts1213.htm">"12/13/00 Committee on the Judiciary - Mutschke Testimony"</a>. 26 February 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://judiciary.house.gov/legacy/muts1213.htm">the original</a> on 26 February 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=12%2F13%2F00+Committee+on+the+Judiciary+-+Mutschke+Testimony&rft.date=2005-02-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjudiciary.house.gov%2Flegacy%2Fmuts1213.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbia+and+Montenegro" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kosovo.net/kla3.html">"Articles on KLA-Kosovo-Drugs-Mafia and Fundraising"</a>. <i>kosovo.net</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200720005552/http://kosovo.net/kla3.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=kosovo.net&rft.atitle=Articles+on+KLA-Kosovo-Drugs-Mafia+and+Fundraising&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kosovo.net%2Fkla3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbia+and+Montenegro" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.globalpolicy.org/component/content/article/192/38782.html">"CIA Aided Kosovo Guerrilla Army All Along"</a>. <i>www.globalpolicy.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200729120536/https://www.globalpolicy.org/component/content/article/192/38782.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.globalpolicy.org&rft.atitle=CIA+Aided+Kosovo+Guerrilla+Army+All+Along&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalpolicy.org%2Fcomponent%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F192%2F38782.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbia+and+Montenegro" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://balkaninsight.com/2010/12/14/the-kla-from-guerilla-wars-to-party-plenums1/">"KLA : From Guerilla Wars to Party Plenums"</a>. 14 December 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200726191830/https://balkaninsight.com/2010/12/14/the-kla-from-guerilla-wars-to-party-plenums1/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=KLA+%3A+From+Guerilla+Wars+to+Party+Plenums&rft.date=2010-12-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbalkaninsight.com%2F2010%2F12%2F14%2Fthe-kla-from-guerilla-wars-to-party-plenums1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbia+and+Montenegro" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFTroebst" class="citation web cs1">Troebst, Stefan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bundesheer.at/pdf_pool/publikationen/01_kse1_02_tck.pdf">"The Kosovo Conflict"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>bundesheer.at</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210227033819/https://www.bundesheer.at/pdf_pool/publikationen/01_kse1_02_tck.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 27 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bundesheer.at&rft.atitle=The+Kosovo+Conflict&rft.aulast=Troebst&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bundesheer.at%2Fpdf_pool%2Fpublikationen%2F01_kse1_02_tck.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbia+and+Montenegro" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFJudah2000" class="citation book cs1">Judah, Tim (27 July 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B4YbP0fPcMYC&pg=PA332"><i>The Serbs: History, Myth, and the Destruction of Yugoslavia</i></a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0300085079" title="Special:BookSources/0300085079"><bdi>0300085079</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230417062019/https://books.google.com/books?id=B4YbP0fPcMYC&pg=PA332">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2021</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Serbs%3A+History%2C+Myth%2C+and+the+Destruction+of+Yugoslavia&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2000-07-27&rft.isbn=0300085079&rft.aulast=Judah&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB4YbP0fPcMYC%26pg%3DPA332&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbia+and+Montenegro" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osce.org/files/f/documents/d/d/17772.pdf"><i>KOSOVO / KOSOVA As Seen, As Told</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Warsaw, Poland: OSCE Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights. 1999. p. 167. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211029173415/https://www.osce.org/files/f/documents/d/d/17772.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 29 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=KOSOVO+%2F+KOSOVA+As+Seen%2C+As+Told&rft.place=Warsaw%2C+Poland&rft.pages=167&rft.pub=OSCE+Office+for+Democratic+Institutions+and+Human+Rights&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.osce.org%2Ffiles%2Ff%2Fdocuments%2Fd%2Fd%2F17772.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbia+and+Montenegro" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hrw.org/reports/1999/kosov2/">"FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF YUGOSLAVIA ABUSES AGAINST SERBS AND ROMA IN THE NEW KOSOVO"</a>. August 1999. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929140659/http://www.hrw.org/reports/1999/kosov2/#N_3_">Archived</a> from the original on 29 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FEDERAL+REPUBLIC+OF+YUGOSLAVIA+ABUSES+AGAINST+SERBS+AND+ROMA+IN+THE+NEW+KOSOVO&rft.date=1999-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Freports%2F1999%2Fkosov2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbia+and+Montenegro" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190111055051/http://www.kosovomemorybook.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Expert_Evaluation_of_Kosovo_Memory_Book_Database_Prishtina_04_02_2015.pdf">"Kosovo Memory Book Database"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 11 January 2019. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kosovomemorybook.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Expert_Evaluation_of_Kosovo_Memory_Book_Database_Prishtina_04_02_2015.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 11 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kosovo+Memory+Book+Database&rft.date=2019-01-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kosovomemorybook.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2015%2F02%2FExpert_Evaluation_of_Kosovo_Memory_Book_Database_Prishtina_04_02_2015.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbia+and+Montenegro" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arhiva.serbia.gov.rs/news/2002-07/08/325076.html">"Serbian Government >> News >> Missing persons in Kosovo >> Victims of the Albanian terrorism in Kosovo-Metohija (Killed, kidnapped, and missing persons, January 1998 - November 2001)"</a>. <i>www.arhiva.serbia.gov.rs</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211023192953/http://www.arhiva.serbia.gov.rs/news/2002-07/08/325076.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.arhiva.serbia.gov.rs&rft.atitle=Serbian+Government+%3E%3E+News+%3E%3E+Missing+persons+in+Kosovo+%3E%3E+Victims+of+the+Albanian+terrorism+in+Kosovo-Metohija+%28Killed%2C+kidnapped%2C+and+missing+persons%2C+January+1998+-+November+2001%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arhiva.serbia.gov.rs%2Fnews%2F2002-07%2F08%2F325076.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbia+and+Montenegro" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBancroft2009" class="citation web cs1">Bancroft, Ian (24 March 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2009/mar/24/serbia-kosovo">"Ian Bancroft: Nato's bombardment of Serbia was an important precursor to the invasion of Iraq"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220501162102/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2009/mar/24/serbia-kosovo">Archived</a> from the original on 1 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Ian+Bancroft%3A+Nato%27s+bombardment+of+Serbia+was+an+important+precursor+to+the+invasion+of+Iraq&rft.date=2009-03-24&rft.aulast=Bancroft&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2009%2Fmar%2F24%2Fserbia-kosovo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbia+and+Montenegro" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFClark2012" class="citation book cs1">Clark, Christopher (2012). <i>The Sleepwalkers: How Europe Went To War in 1914</i> (2012 ed.). London: Allen Lane. pp. 456–457. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-713-99942-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-713-99942-6"><bdi>978-0-713-99942-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sleepwalkers%3A+How+Europe+Went+To+War+in+1914&rft.place=London&rft.pages=456-457&rft.edition=2012&rft.pub=Allen+Lane&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-713-99942-6&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbia+and+Montenegro" class="Z3988"></span>.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFGidron2000" class="citation web cs1">Gidron, Claudio Cordone & Avner (1 July 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mondediplo.com/2000/07/03kosovo">"Was the Serbian TV station really a legitimate target?"</a>. <i>Le Monde diplomatique</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210131185456/https://mondediplo.com/2000/07/03kosovo">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Le+Monde+diplomatique&rft.atitle=Was+the+Serbian+TV+station+really+a+legitimate+target%3F&rft.date=2000-07-01&rft.aulast=Gidron&rft.aufirst=Claudio+Cordone+%26+Avner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmondediplo.com%2F2000%2F07%2F03kosovo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbia+and+Montenegro" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFErlanger2000" class="citation web cs1">Erlanger, Steven (8 June 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2000/06/08/world/rights-group-says-nato-bombing-in-yugoslavia-violated-law.html">"Rights Group Says NATO Bombing in Yugoslavia Violated Law"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170223162203/http://www.nytimes.com/2000/06/08/world/rights-group-says-nato-bombing-in-yugoslavia-violated-law.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Rights+Group+Says+NATO+Bombing+in+Yugoslavia+Violated+Law&rft.date=2000-06-08&rft.aulast=Erlanger&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2000%2F06%2F08%2Fworld%2Frights-group-says-nato-bombing-in-yugoslavia-violated-law.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbia+and+Montenegro" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFHerman1999" class="citation web cs1">Herman, Edward S. (15 June 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20020916122240/http://www.znetwork.org/sustainers/content/1999-06/june_15herman.htm">"Kosovo and Doublespeak"</a>. Library of Congress Archives. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.znetwork.org/sustainers/content/1999-06/june_15herman.htm">the original</a> on 16 September 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kosovo+and+Doublespeak&rft.pub=Library+of+Congress+Archives&rft.date=1999-06-15&rft.aulast=Herman&rft.aufirst=Edward+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.znetwork.org%2Fsustainers%2Fcontent%2F1999-06%2Fjune_15herman.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbia+and+Montenegro" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-auto-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFWren1999" class="citation web cs1">Wren, Christopher S. (29 September 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1999/09/29/world/yugoslavia-gives-nato-100-billion-damage-bill.html">"Yugoslavia Gives NATO $100 Billion Damage Bill"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220824152037/https://www.nytimes.com/1999/09/29/world/yugoslavia-gives-nato-100-billion-damage-bill.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Yugoslavia+Gives+NATO+%24100+Billion+Damage+Bill&rft.date=1999-09-29&rft.aulast=Wren&rft.aufirst=Christopher+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1999%2F09%2F29%2Fworld%2Fyugoslavia-gives-nato-100-billion-damage-bill.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbia+and+Montenegro" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1999/06/04/opinion/the-kosovo-peace-plan.html">"Opinion | The Kosovo Peace Plan"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 4 June 1999. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200802222119/https://www.nytimes.com/1999/06/04/opinion/the-kosovo-peace-plan.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Opinion+%26%23124%3B+The+Kosovo+Peace+Plan&rft.date=1999-06-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1999%2F06%2F04%2Fopinion%2Fthe-kosovo-peace-plan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbia+and+Montenegro" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/inatl/daily/june99/plantext03.htm">"Text of Kosovo Peace Plan"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. Associated Press. 3 June 1999. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080704192317/http://washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/inatl/daily/june99/plantext03.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 4 July 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Text+of+Kosovo+Peace+Plan&rft.date=1999-06-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-srv%2Finatl%2Fdaily%2Fjune99%2Fplantext03.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbia+and+Montenegro" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.b92.net/eng/news/politics.php?yyyy=2006&mm=06&dd=09&nav_id=35250">"Seven years since end of NATO bombing"</a>. <i>B92.net</i>. 9 June 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220322053522/https://www.b92.net/eng/news/politics.php?yyyy=2006&mm=06&dd=09&nav_id=35250">Archived</a> from the original on 22 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=B92.net&rft.atitle=Seven+years+since+end+of+NATO+bombing&rft.date=2006-06-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.b92.net%2Feng%2Fnews%2Fpolitics.php%3Fyyyy%3D2006%26mm%3D06%26dd%3D09%26nav_id%3D35250&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbia+and+Montenegro" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.euractiv.com/section/enlargement/news/yugoslavia-joins-un-as-new-member/">"Yugoslavia joins UN as new member"</a>. <i>Euractiv</i>. 1 November 2000. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210618062530/https://www.euractiv.com/section/enlargement/news/yugoslavia-joins-un-as-new-member/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Euractiv&rft.atitle=Yugoslavia+joins+UN+as+new+member&rft.date=2000-11-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.euractiv.com%2Fsection%2Fenlargement%2Fnews%2Fyugoslavia-joins-un-as-new-member%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbia+and+Montenegro" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFKenny2006" class="citation web cs1">Kenny, Sean (11 March 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/mar/11/warcrimes.milosevictrial#:~:text=Slobodan%20Milosevic%20was%20the%20main,wars%20in%20the%20early%201990s">"The charges against Milosevic"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210622184111/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/mar/11/warcrimes.milosevictrial#:~:text=Slobodan%20Milosevic%20was%20the%20main,wars%20in%20the%20early%201990s">Archived</a> from the original on 22 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+charges+against+Milosevic&rft.date=2006-03-11&rft.aulast=Kenny&rft.aufirst=Sean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2006%2Fmar%2F11%2Fwarcrimes.milosevictrial%23%3A~%3Atext%3DSlobodan%2520Milosevic%2520was%2520the%2520main%2Cwars%2520in%2520the%2520early%25201990s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbia+and+Montenegro" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.icty.org/en/case/slobodan_milosevic">"ICTY file for Milosevic"</a>. <i>International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211123142344/https://www.icty.org/en/case/slobodan_milosevic">Archived</a> from the original on 23 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Criminal+Tribunal+for+the+former+Yugoslavia&rft.atitle=ICTY+file+for+Milosevic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.icty.org%2Fen%2Fcase%2Fslobodan_milosevic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbia+and+Montenegro" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFKnezevic2016" class="citation web cs1">Knezevic, Gordana (9 August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rferl.org/a/milosevic-war-crime-deniers-feed-receptive-audience/27910664.html">"Milosevic 'Exonerated'? War-Crime Deniers Feed Receptive Audience"</a>. <i>Radio Free Europe-Radio Liberty</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210615142016/https://www.rferl.org/a/milosevic-war-crime-deniers-feed-receptive-audience/27910664.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Radio+Free+Europe-Radio+Liberty&rft.atitle=Milosevic+%27Exonerated%27%3F+War-Crime+Deniers+Feed+Receptive+Audience&rft.date=2016-08-09&rft.aulast=Knezevic&rft.aufirst=Gordana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rferl.org%2Fa%2Fmilosevic-war-crime-deniers-feed-receptive-audience%2F27910664.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbia+and+Montenegro" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFDragojlo2016" class="citation web cs1">Dragojlo, Sasa (16 August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://balkaninsight.com/2016/08/16/milosevic-s-old-allies-celebrate-his-innocence-08-16-2016/">"Milosevic's Old Allies Celebrate His 'Innocence'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>BalkanInsight</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210412163849/https://balkaninsight.com/2016/08/16/milosevic-s-old-allies-celebrate-his-innocence-08-16-2016/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BalkanInsight&rft.atitle=Milosevic%27s+Old+Allies+Celebrate+His+%27Innocence%27&rft.date=2016-08-16&rft.aulast=Dragojlo&rft.aufirst=Sasa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbalkaninsight.com%2F2016%2F08%2F16%2Fmilosevic-s-old-allies-celebrate-his-innocence-08-16-2016%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbia+and+Montenegro" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-N1-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-N1_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Dieter_Nohlen" title="Dieter Nohlen">Nohlen, D</a> & Stöver, P (2010) <i>Elections in Europe: A data handbook</i>, p1372 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8329-5609-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8329-5609-7">978-3-8329-5609-7</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/5043462.stm">Montenegro declares independence</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170911232150/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/5043462.stm">Archived</a> 11 September 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> BBC News, 4 June 2006</span>
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<li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James Gow. <i>Triumph of the Lack of Will: International Diplomacy and the Yugoslav War</i>, Columbia University Press (1997). New York City. p. 228.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sabrina P. Ramet. <i>Serbia Since 1989: Politics and Society Under Milošević and After</i>. University of Washington Press, 2005. p. 61.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-Sabrina_P._Ramet_2005._Pp._61-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sabrina_P._Ramet_2005._Pp._61_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Sabrina_P._Ramet" title="Sabrina P. Ramet">Sabrina P. Ramet</a>. <i>Serbia Since 1989: Politics and Society Under Milošević and After</i>. University of Washington Press, 2005. p. 61. (During Milošević's tenure as President of Serbia, the government of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was de facto subordinate to his government, with Milošević installing and forcing the removal of several Federal Presidents and Prime Ministers. However this changed after 1997 when Milošević's last legal term as Serbian President ended and he became Federal President that year, in which Milošević entrenched the power of the Federal Presidency.)</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pravno-informacioni-sistem.rs/SlGlasnikPortal/eli/rep/slsrj/skupstina/odluka/1999/25/1/reg">"Одлука о приступању Савезне Републике Југославије Савезу Русије и Белорусије: 25/1999-1"</a> [Decision on the accession of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia to the Alliance of Russia and Belarus: 25/1999-1]. <i>Službeni list SRJ</i>. No. 25. Belgrade: Pravno informacioni sistem RS. 12 April 1999. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221223062432/https://www.pravno-informacioni-sistem.rs/SlGlasnikPortal/eli/rep/slsrj/skupstina/odluka/1999/25/1/reg">Archived</a> from the original on 23 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slu%C5%BEbeni+list+SRJ&rft.atitle=%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D0%BE+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%9A%D1%83+%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B5+%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5+%D0%88%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5+%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B7%D1%83+%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5+%D0%B8+%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5%3A+25%2F1999-1&rft.issue=25&rft.date=1999-04-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pravno-informacioni-sistem.rs%2FSlGlasnikPortal%2Feli%2Frep%2Fslsrj%2Fskupstina%2Fodluka%2F1999%2F25%2F1%2Freg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbia+and+Montenegro" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-zakon-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-zakon_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parlament.gov.rs/content/cir/akta/akta_detalji.asp?Id=466&t=Z#">Law on Territorial Organization and Local Self-Government</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091211190546/http://www.parlament.gov.rs/content/cir/akta/akta_detalji.asp?Id=466&t=Z">Archived</a> 11 December 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Parliament of Serbia <span class="languageicon">(in Serbian)</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKovačević199355-56-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKovačević199355-56_81-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKovačević199355-56_81-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKovačević199355-56_81-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKovačević1993">Kovačević 1993</a>, p. 55-56.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFHedges1999" class="citation news cs1">Hedges, Chris (10 July 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1999/07/10/world/montenegrins-angry-at-serbs-talk-of-a-split.html">"Montenegrins, Angry at Serbs, Talk of a Split"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210131231558/https://www.nytimes.com/1999/07/10/world/montenegrins-angry-at-serbs-talk-of-a-split.html">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Montenegrins%2C+Angry+at+Serbs%2C+Talk+of+a+Split&rft.date=1999-07-10&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Hedges&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1999%2F07%2F10%2Fworld%2Fmontenegrins-angry-at-serbs-talk-of-a-split.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbia+and+Montenegro" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.srbija.gov.rs/kosovo-metohija/20031">"Интерно расељена и прогнана лица са Косова и Метохије"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221219225709/https://www.srbija.gov.rs/kosovo-metohija/20031">Archived</a> from the original on 19 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE+%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%99%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0+%D1%81%D0%B0+%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0+%D0%B8+%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.srbija.gov.rs%2Fkosovo-metohija%2F20031&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbia+and+Montenegro" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> •  <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFVladisavljević2012" class="citation book cs1">Vladisavljević, Nebojša (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wkQ3I6GyClEC&pg=PA29">"Kosovo and Two Dimensions of the Contemporary Serb-Albanian Conflict"</a>. In Hudson, Robert; Bowman, Glenn (eds.). <i>After Yugoslavia: Identities and Politics Within the Successor States</i>. Cham, Switzerland: <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. pp. 29–30. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2F9780230305137_3">10.1057/9780230305137_3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780230201316" title="Special:BookSources/9780230201316"><bdi>9780230201316</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kosovo+and+Two+Dimensions+of+the+Contemporary+Serb-Albanian+Conflict&rft.btitle=After+Yugoslavia%3A+Identities+and+Politics+Within+the+Successor+States&rft.place=Cham%2C+Switzerland&rft.pages=29-30&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2F9780230305137_3&rft.isbn=9780230201316&rft.aulast=Vladisavljevi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Neboj%C5%A1a&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwkQ3I6GyClEC%26pg%3DPA29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbia+and+Montenegro" class="Z3988"></span><br /> •  <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFWills2009" class="citation book cs1">Wills, Siobhán (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QoqQ7kBrlSAC&pg=PA219"><i>Protecting Civilians: The Obligations of Peacekeepers</i></a>. Oxford and New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 219. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-953387-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-953387-9"><bdi>978-0-19-953387-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230111171634/https://books.google.com/books?id=QoqQ7kBrlSAC&pg=PA219">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Protecting+Civilians%3A+The+Obligations+of+Peacekeepers&rft.place=Oxford+and+New+York&rft.pages=219&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-19-953387-9&rft.aulast=Wills&rft.aufirst=Siobh%C3%A1n&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQoqQ7kBrlSAC%26pg%3DPA219&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbia+and+Montenegro" class="Z3988"></span><br /> •  <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/reports/1999/kosov2/">"Abuses against Serbs and Roma in the new Kosovo"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a>. August 1999. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221113211702/http://www.hrw.org/reports/1999/kosov2/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Abuses+against+Serbs+and+Roma+in+the+new+Kosovo&rft.pub=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.date=1999-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Freports%2F1999%2Fkosov2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbia+and+Montenegro" class="Z3988"></span><br /> •  <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/reports/2004/kosovo0704/7.htm">"The Violence: Ethnic Albanian Attacks on Serbs and Roma"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a>. July 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220712101508/https://www.hrw.org/reports/2004/kosovo0704/7.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 12 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Violence%3A+Ethnic+Albanian+Attacks+on+Serbs+and+Roma&rft.pub=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.date=2004-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Freports%2F2004%2Fkosovo0704%2F7.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbia+and+Montenegro" class="Z3988"></span><br /> •  <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unhcr.org/3ae6b80f2c.html">"Kosovo Crisis Update"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees" title="United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees">UNHCR</a>. 4 August 1999. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220702170303/https://www.unhcr.org/3ae6b80f2c.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kosovo+Crisis+Update&rft.pub=UNHCR&rft.date=1999-08-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unhcr.org%2F3ae6b80f2c.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbia+and+Montenegro" class="Z3988"></span><br /> •  <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.osce.org/odihr/21342">"Forced Expulsion of Kosovo Roma, Ashkali and Egyptians from OSCE Participated state to Kosovo"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">OSCE</a>. 6 October 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220528105950/https://www.osce.org/odihr/21342">Archived</a> from the original on 28 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Forced+Expulsion+of+Kosovo+Roma%2C+Ashkali+and+Egyptians+from+OSCE+Participated+state+to+Kosovo&rft.pub=OSCE&rft.date=2006-10-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.osce.org%2Fodihr%2F21342&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbia+and+Montenegro" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929155125/http://www.ssinf.sv.gov.yu/default.php?id=87&je=">"Zakon o sprovođenju Ustavne povelje"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ssinf.sv.gov.yu/default.php?id=87&je=">the original</a> on 29 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Zakon+o+sprovo%C4%91enju+Ustavne+povelje&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ssinf.sv.gov.yu%2Fdefault.php%3Fid%3D87%26je%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbia+and+Montenegro" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFPrice2003" class="citation news cs1">Price, Matthew (7 October 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20031009024659/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/3170416.stm">"Belgrade flag flap reveals identity crisis"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. United Kingdom: British Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/3170416.stm">the original</a> on 9 October 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2003</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Belgrade+flag+flap+reveals+identity+crisis&rft.date=2003-10-07&rft.aulast=Price&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Feurope%2F3170416.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbia+and+Montenegro" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vreme.com/cms/view.php?id=387870">"Nova drzavna himna: Boze zore"</a>. Vreme. 12 August 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110606004833/http://www.vreme.com/cms/view.php?id=387870">Archived</a> from the original on 6 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nova+drzavna+himna%3A+Boze+zore&rft.pub=Vreme&rft.date=2004-08-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vreme.com%2Fcms%2Fview.php%3Fid%3D387870&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbia+and+Montenegro" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fss.rs/sr/savez/istorijat.html">History</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111227044239/http://www.fss.rs/sr/savez/istorijat.html">Archived</a> 27 December 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, FSS, Retrieved 4 October 2012 <span class="languageicon">(in Serbian)</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FIFA-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FIFA_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070603185848/http://www.fifa.com/associations/association=srb/">Serbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/FIFA" title="FIFA">FIFA</a>, 2007 Jun 3.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uefa.com/under17/news/newsid=1610531.html">News: Serbia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170925121412/http://www.uefa.com/under17/news/newsid=1610531.html">Archived</a> 25 September 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at <a href="/wiki/UEFA" title="UEFA">UEFA</a> official website, published 1 January 2011, Retrieved 4 October 2012</span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Sources">Sources</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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</h3>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1054258005">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="refbegin" style="">
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFĆirković2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sima_%C4%86irkovi%C4%87" title="Sima Ćirković">Ćirković, Sima</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2Wc-DWRzoeIC"><i>The Serbs</i></a>. Malden: Blackwell Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-40514291-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-40514291-5"><bdi>978-1-40514291-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Serbs&rft.place=Malden&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-40514291-5&rft.aulast=%C4%86irkovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Sima&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2Wc-DWRzoeIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbia+and+Montenegro" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBataković1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Du%C5%A1an_T._Batakovi%C4%87" title="Dušan T. Bataković">Bataković, Dušan T.</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rastko.rs/kosovo/istorija/kosovo_chronicles/"><i>The Kosovo Chronicles</i></a>. Belgrade: Plato. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225163933/https://www.rastko.rs/kosovo/istorija/kosovo_chronicles/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kosovo+Chronicles&rft.place=Belgrade&rft.pub=Plato&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Batakovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Du%C5%A1an+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rastko.rs%2Fkosovo%2Fistorija%2Fkosovo_chronicles%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbia+and+Montenegro" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBataković1993" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Du%C5%A1an_T._Batakovi%C4%87" title="Dušan T. Bataković">Bataković, Dušan T.</a> (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CI5pAAAAMAAJ"><i>Kosovo, la spirale de la haine: Les faits, les acteurs, l'histoire</i></a> (in French) (1st ed.). Lausanne: L'Age d'Homme. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-282510389-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-282510389-0"><bdi>978-282510389-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230417062020/https://books.google.com/books?id=CI5pAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kosovo%2C+la+spirale+de+la+haine%3A+Les+faits%2C+les+acteurs%2C+l%27histoire&rft.place=Lausanne&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=L%27Age+d%27Homme&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-282510389-0&rft.aulast=Batakovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Du%C5%A1an+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCI5pAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbia+and+Montenegro" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBataković2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Du%C5%A1an_T._Batakovi%C4%87" title="Dušan T. Bataković">Bataković, Dušan T.</a>, ed. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a0jA_LdH6nsC"><i>Histoire du peuple serbe</i></a> [<i>History of the Serbian People</i>] (in French). Lausanne: L’Age d’Homme. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-282511958-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-282511958-7"><bdi>978-282511958-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230123132942/https://books.google.com/books?id=a0jA_LdH6nsC">Archived</a> from the original on 23 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+du+peuple+serbe&rft.place=Lausanne&rft.pub=L%E2%80%99Age+d%E2%80%99Homme&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-282511958-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Da0jA_LdH6nsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbia+and+Montenegro" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBataković2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Du%C5%A1an_T._Batakovi%C4%87" title="Dušan T. Bataković">Bataković, Dušan T.</a>, ed. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.balkaninstitut.com/pdf/izdanja/posebno/Enklave.pdf"><i>Kosovo and Metohija: Living in the Enclave</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Belgrade: Institute for Balkan Studies. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210131202827/http://www.balkaninstitut.com/pdf/izdanja/posebno/Enklave.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 31 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kosovo+and+Metohija%3A+Living+in+the+Enclave&rft.place=Belgrade&rft.pub=Institute+for+Balkan+Studies&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.balkaninstitut.com%2Fpdf%2Fizdanja%2Fposebno%2FEnklave.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbia+and+Montenegro" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBataković2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Du%C5%A1an_T._Batakovi%C4%87" title="Dušan T. Bataković">Bataković, Dušan T.</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wFTDrQEACAAJ"><i>A Turbulent Decade: The Serbs in Post-1999 Kosovo: Destruction of Cultural Heritage, Ethnic Cleansing, and Marginalization (1999—2009)</i></a>. Paris: Dialogue. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-291152712-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-291152712-8"><bdi>978-291152712-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230417062021/https://books.google.com/books?id=wFTDrQEACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Turbulent+Decade%3A+The+Serbs+in+Post-1999+Kosovo%3A+Destruction+of+Cultural+Heritage%2C+Ethnic+Cleansing%2C+and+Marginalization+%281999%E2%80%942009%29&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Dialogue&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-291152712-8&rft.aulast=Batakovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Du%C5%A1an+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwFTDrQEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbia+and+Montenegro" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBataković2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Du%C5%A1an_T._Batakovi%C4%87" title="Dušan T. Bataković">Bataković, Dušan T.</a> (2015). "Kosovo and Metohija: History, Memory and Identity". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8LK2DAEACAAJ"><i>The Christian Heritage of Kosovo and Metohija: the Historical and Spiritual Heartland of the Serbian People</i></a>. Los Angeles: Sebastian Press. pp. 569–608. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-868268539-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-868268539-5"><bdi>978-868268539-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230417062020/https://books.google.com/books?id=8LK2DAEACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kosovo+and+Metohija%3A+History%2C+Memory+and+Identity&rft.btitle=The+Christian+Heritage+of+Kosovo+and+Metohija%3A+the+Historical+and+Spiritual+Heartland+of+the+Serbian+People&rft.place=Los+Angeles&rft.pages=569-608&rft.pub=Sebastian+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-868268539-5&rft.aulast=Batakovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Du%C5%A1an+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8LK2DAEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbia+and+Montenegro" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBataković2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Du%C5%A1an_T._Batakovi%C4%87" title="Dušan T. Bataković">Bataković, Dušan T.</a> (2015). "The Serbs of Kosovo and Metohija 1999-2007: Surviving in Ghetto-like Enclaves". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8LK2DAEACAAJ"><i>The Christian Heritage of Kosovo and Metohija: the Historical and Spiritual Heartland of the Serbian People</i></a>. Los Angeles: Sebastian Press. pp. 935–45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-868268539-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-868268539-5"><bdi>978-868268539-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230417062020/https://books.google.com/books?id=8LK2DAEACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Serbs+of+Kosovo+and+Metohija+1999-2007%3A+Surviving+in+Ghetto-like+Enclaves&rft.btitle=The+Christian+Heritage+of+Kosovo+and+Metohija%3A+the+Historical+and+Spiritual+Heartland+of+the+Serbian+People&rft.place=Los+Angeles&rft.pages=935-45&rft.pub=Sebastian+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-868268539-5&rft.aulast=Batakovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Du%C5%A1an+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8LK2DAEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbia+and+Montenegro" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFGoatiSlavujevićPribićević1993" class="citation book cs1">Goati, Vladimir; Slavujević, Zoran; Pribićević, Ognjen (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eiZEAQAAIAAJ"><i>Izborne borbe u Jugoslaviji (1990-1992)</i></a>. Beograd: Institut društvenih nauka. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-867093051-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-867093051-3"><bdi>978-867093051-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230417062021/https://books.google.com/books?id=eiZEAQAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Izborne+borbe+u+Jugoslaviji+%281990-1992%29&rft.place=Beograd&rft.pub=Institut+dru%C5%A1tvenih+nauka&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-867093051-3&rft.aulast=Goati&rft.aufirst=Vladimir&rft.au=Slavujevi%C4%87%2C+Zoran&rft.au=Pribi%C4%87evi%C4%87%2C+Ognjen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeiZEAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbia+and+Montenegro" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFGoati2000" class="citation book cs1">Goati, Vladimir (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Qx2itAEACAAJ"><i>Partije Srbije i Crne Gore u političkim borbama od 1990 do 2000</i></a>. Bar: Conteco. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230417062023/https://books.google.com/books?id=Qx2itAEACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Partije+Srbije+i+Crne+Gore+u+politi%C4%8Dkim+borbama+od+1990+do+2000&rft.place=Bar&rft.pub=Conteco&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Goati&rft.aufirst=Vladimir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQx2itAEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbia+and+Montenegro" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFGoati2001" class="citation book cs1">Goati, Vladimir (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cesid.rs/images/IZBORI%20U%20SRJ%20OD%201990_%20DO%201998.pdf"><i>Izbori u SRJ od 1990 do 1998: Volja građana ili izborna manipulacija. Dodatak: Izbori 2000</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (2 ed.). Beograd: Centar za slobodne izbore i demokratiju. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210429223546/http://www.cesid.rs/images/IZBORI%20U%20SRJ%20OD%201990_%20DO%201998.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 29 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Izbori+u+SRJ+od+1990+do+1998%3A+Volja+gra%C4%91ana+ili+izborna+manipulacija.+Dodatak%3A+Izbori+2000&rft.place=Beograd&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Centar+za+slobodne+izbore+i+demokratiju&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Goati&rft.aufirst=Vladimir&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cesid.rs%2Fimages%2FIZBORI%2520U%2520SRJ%2520OD%25201990_%2520DO%25201998.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbia+and+Montenegro" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFGoati2013" class="citation book cs1">Goati, Vladimir (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cesid.rs/images/1372054311_Vladimir%20Goati_knjiga.pdf"><i>Izbori u Srbiji i Crnoj Gori od 1990. do 2013. i u SRJ od 1992. do 2003</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Beograd: Centar za slobodne izbore i demokratiju. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201004173815/http://www.cesid.rs/images/1372054311_Vladimir%20Goati_knjiga.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 4 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Izbori+u+Srbiji+i+Crnoj+Gori+od+1990.+do+2013.+i+u+SRJ+od+1992.+do+2003.&rft.place=Beograd&rft.pub=Centar+za+slobodne+izbore+i+demokratiju&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Goati&rft.aufirst=Vladimir&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cesid.rs%2Fimages%2F1372054311_Vladimir%2520Goati_knjiga.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbia+and+Montenegro" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFKovačević1993" class="citation book cs1">Kovačević, Miladin and other (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publikacije.stat.gov.rs/G1993/Pdf/G19932004.pdf"><i>Statistical Yearbook of Yugoslavia 1993</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Beograd. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200807025405/https://publikacije.stat.gov.rs/G1993/Pdf/G19932004.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 7 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Statistical+Yearbook+of+Yugoslavia+1993&rft.place=Beograd&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Kova%C4%8Devi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Miladin+and+other&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublikacije.stat.gov.rs%2FG1993%2FPdf%2FG19932004.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbia+and+Montenegro" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2005" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Nicholas (2005). "Serbia and Montenegro". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lVBB1a0rC70C"><i>Eastern Europe: An Introduction to the People, Lands, and Culture</i></a>. Vol. 3. Santa Barbara, <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">CA</a>: ABC-CLIO. pp. 529–81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-157607800-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-157607800-6"><bdi>978-157607800-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230121122343/https://books.google.com/books?id=lVBB1a0rC70C">Archived</a> from the original on 21 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Serbia+and+Montenegro&rft.btitle=Eastern+Europe%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+People%2C+Lands%2C+and+Culture&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+CA&rft.pages=529-81&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-157607800-6&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlVBB1a0rC70C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbia+and+Montenegro" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMorrison2009" class="citation book cs1">Morrison, Kenneth (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://epdf.pub/download/montenegro-a-modern-history.html"><i>Montenegro: A Modern History</i></a>. London-New York: I.B. Tauris.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Montenegro%3A+A+Modern+History&rft.place=London-New+York&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Morrison&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fepdf.pub%2Fdownload%2Fmontenegro-a-modern-history.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerbia+and+Montenegro" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Serbia_and_Montenegro" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Serbia and Montenegro">Serbia and Montenegro</a></span>.</div></div>
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<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/16px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/24px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/32px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Serbia_and_Montenegro#Q37024" class="extiw" title="voy:Serbia and Montenegro">Serbia and Montenegro</a> travel guide from Wikivoyage</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/*/http://www.gov.yu/">Official website, government of Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro)</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archive index)</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/1039269.stm">Country Profile: Serbia and Montenegro</a>, <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a></li></ul>
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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1063604349">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Serbia_topics" title="Template:Serbia topics"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Serbia_topics" title="Template talk:Serbia topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Serbia_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Serbia topics"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Serbia_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Serbia" title="Outline of Serbia">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Serbia" title="History of Serbia">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Serbian_history" title="Timeline of Serbian history">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistoric Serbia">Prehistoric</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Roman_heritage_in_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman heritage in Serbia">Roman times</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Serbia_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Serbia in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Serbia_(early_medieval)" title="Principality of Serbia (early medieval)">Principality</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Principality_of_Serbia" title="Grand Principality of Serbia">Grand Principality</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia_(medieval)" title="Kingdom of Serbia (medieval)">Kingdom</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Empire" title="Serbian Empire">Empire</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Moravian_Serbia" title="Moravian Serbia">Moravian Serbia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Despotate" title="Serbian Despotate">Despotate</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Serbia" title="Ottoman Serbia">Ottoman period</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia_(1718%E2%80%931739)" title="Kingdom of Serbia (1718–1739)">Habsburg Kingdom of Serbia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_modern_Serbia" title="History of modern Serbia">History of modern Serbia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Revolution" title="Serbian Revolution">Serbian Revolution</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Serbia" title="Revolutionary Serbia">Revolutionary Serbia</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Serbia" title="Principality of Serbia">Principality</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia">Kingdom</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Serbia_after_1918" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Serbia after 1918">Since 1918</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Kingdom of Yugoslavia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_the_Military_Commander_in_Serbia" title="Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia">German occupation</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_National_Salvation" title="Government of National Salvation">Nedić's regime</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Socialist Yugoslavia</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Serbia" title="Socialist Republic of Serbia">Socialist Republic</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Serbia and Montenegro</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Serbia_(1992%E2%80%932006)" title="Republic of Serbia (1992–2006)">Federal Republic (1992–2006)</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capitals_of_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Capitals of Serbia">Capitals</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_Serbia" title="Demographic history of Serbia">Demographic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Serbia" title="LGBT history in Serbia">LGBT</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Serbia" title="Military history of Serbia">Military</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Serbs" class="mw-redirect" title="Origin of the Serbs">Origin</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Serbia" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Serbia">Postal</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia"><img alt="Serbia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Coat_of_arms_of_Serbia_small.svg/80px-Coat_of_arms_of_Serbia_small.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Coat_of_arms_of_Serbia_small.svg/120px-Coat_of_arms_of_Serbia_small.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Coat_of_arms_of_Serbia_small.svg/160px-Coat_of_arms_of_Serbia_small.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="390" data-file-height="772" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Serbia" title="Geography of Serbia">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_caves_in_Serbia" title="List of caves in Serbia">Caves</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Serbia" title="Climate of Serbia">Climate</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Regions of Serbia">Regions</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Serbia" title="List of rivers of Serbia">Rivers</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_swamps_in_Serbia" title="List of swamps in Serbia">Swamps</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Serbia" title="Geology of Serbia">Geology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Extreme points of Serbia">Extreme points</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Flora of Serbia">Flora</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Serbia" title="Fauna of Serbia">Fauna</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Serbia" title="List of islands of Serbia">Islands</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Serbia" title="List of lakes of Serbia">Lakes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Serbia" title="List of mountains in Serbia">Mountains</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Waterfalls_of_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterfalls of Serbia">Waterfalls</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Serbia" title="Politics of Serbia">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Governance_of_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Governance of Serbia">Governance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Serbia" title="Administrative divisions of Serbia">Administrative divisions</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Serbia" title="Constitution of Serbia">Constitution</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Serbia" title="Elections in Serbia">Elections</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Serbia" title="Foreign relations of Serbia">Foreign relations</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Serbia" title="Government of Serbia">Government</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Serbia" title="President of Serbia">President</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Serbia" title="Prime Minister of Serbia">Prime Minister</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Serbia" title="Human rights in Serbia">Human rights</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Serbia" title="LGBT rights in Serbia">LGBT</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Serbia">Law enforcement</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Armed_Forces" title="Serbian Armed Forces">Military</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_General_Staff" title="Serbian General Staff">General Staff</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Serbian_General_Staff" title="Chief of the Serbian General Staff">Chief of the General Staff</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Serbia)" title="National Assembly (Serbia)">National Assembly</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_National_Assembly_of_Serbia" title="President of the National Assembly of Serbia">President</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Serbia" title="Politics of Serbia">Politics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Serbia" title="List of political parties in Serbia">Political parties</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Serbia" title="Economy of Serbia">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Finance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Serbia" title="Banking in Serbia">Banking</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Serbia" title="National Bank of Serbia">National Bank</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_national_banks_of_Serbia_and_Yugoslavia" title="List of governors of national banks of Serbia and Yugoslavia">governors</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_dinar" title="Serbian dinar">Dinar</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Serbia" title="Healthcare in Serbia">Healthcare</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_in_Serbia" title="Insurance in Serbia">Insurance</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Belgrade_Stock_Exchange" title="Belgrade Stock Exchange">Stock Exchange</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Serbia" title="Taxation in Serbia">Taxation</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Industry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Serbia" title="Agriculture in Serbia">Agriculture</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Serbia" title="Automotive industry in Serbia">Automotive</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Serbia" title="List of companies of Serbia">Companies</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Serbia" title="Energy in Serbia">Energy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Forestry in Serbia">Forestry</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Serbia" title="Telecommunications in Serbia">Telecommunications</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Serbia" title="Tourism in Serbia">Tourism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Serbia" title="Transport in Serbia">Transport</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Retail</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_shopping_malls_in_Serbia" title="List of shopping malls in Serbia">Shopping malls</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_supermarket_chains_in_Serbia" title="List of supermarket chains in Serbia">Supermarkets</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Serbia" title="Category:Society of Serbia">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Serbia" title="Crime in Serbia">Crime</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Serbia" title="Education in Serbia">Education</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Health care in Serbia">Health care</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/People_of_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="People of Serbia">People</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Serbia" title="Religion in Serbia">Religion</a></li></ul>
</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Serbia" title="Culture of Serbia">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Serbia" title="Architecture of Serbia">Architecture</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_art" title="Serbian art">Art</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Serbia" title="Cinema of Serbia">Cinema</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_clan" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbian clan">Clans</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_cuisine" title="Serbian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Serbia" title="Education in Serbia">Education</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Folklore of Serbia">Folklore</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_national_identity" title="Serbian national identity">Identity</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Heritage_of_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural Heritage of Serbia">Heritage</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Serbian_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Serbian inventions and discoveries">Inventions and discoveries</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_literature" title="Serbian literature">Literature</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Serbia" title="Music of Serbia">Music</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Serbia">Media</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_names" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbian names">Naming culture</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Serbia" title="Public holidays in Serbia">Public holidays</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Serbia" title="National symbols of Serbia">National symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Serbia" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Serbia">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Serbia" title="Demographics of Serbia">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Serbia" title="Languages of Serbia">Languages</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Serbia" title="List of people from Serbia">Notable people</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Serbian_actors" title="List of Serbian actors">Actors</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Serbian_architects" title="List of Serbian architects">Architects</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Serbian_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Serbian inventions and discoveries">Inventors</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Serbian_musicians" title="List of Serbian musicians">Musicians</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Serbian_sportspeople" title="List of Serbian sportspeople">Sportspeople</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Serbia" title="Religion in Serbia">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Serbia" title="Christianity in Serbia">Christianity</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Orthodox_Church" title="Serbian Orthodox Church">Serbian Orthodox Church</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_the_Serbian_Orthodox_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarch of the Serbian Orthodox Church">Patriarch</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism in Serbia">Roman Catholicism</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_Serbia" title="Protestantism in Serbia">Protestantism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hinduism in Serbia">Hinduism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Serbia" title="Islam in Serbia">Islam</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Serbia" title="History of the Jews in Serbia">Judaism</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Serbia" title="Sport in Serbia">Sport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li>Federations:
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basketball_Federation_of_Serbia" title="Basketball Federation of Serbia">Basketball</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Football_Federation_of_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Football Federation of Serbia">Football</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Handball_Federation_of_Serbia" title="Handball Federation of Serbia">Handball</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Basketball_League_of_Serbia" title="Basketball League of Serbia">Basketball superleague</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_Serbia" title="Football in Serbia">Football</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Serbia_at_the_Olympics" title="Serbia at the Olympics">Olympics</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Serbia" title="Outline of Serbia">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Serbia" title="Outline of Serbia">Index</a></span></li></ul></div>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Serbia" title="Category:Serbia">Category</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Serbia" title="Portal:Serbia">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Montenegro_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Montenegro_topics" title="Template:Montenegro topics"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Montenegro_topics" title="Template talk:Montenegro topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Montenegro_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Montenegro topics"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Montenegro_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Montenegro" title="History of Montenegro">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li>Roman period
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Praevalitana" title="Praevalitana">Praevalitana</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Duklja" title="Duklja">Duklja</a></li>
<li>Zeta
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zeta_(crown_land)" title="Zeta (crown land)">under Nemanjići</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zeta_under_the_Bal%C5%A1i%C4%87i" title="Zeta under the Balšići">under Balšići</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zeta_under_the_Crnojevi%C4%87i" title="Zeta under the Crnojevići">under Crnojevići</a></li></ul></li>
<li>Venetian period
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_Albania" title="Venetian Albania">Venetian Albania</a></li></ul></li>
<li>French period
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_Provinces" title="Illyrian Provinces">Illyrian Provinces</a></li></ul></li>
<li>Ottoman period
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sanjak_of_Montenegro" title="Sanjak of Montenegro">Sanjak</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Montenegro Vilayet">Vilayet</a></li></ul></li>
<li>Austrian period
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_Province" title="Venetian Province">Venetian Province</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dalmatia" title="Kingdom of Dalmatia">Kingdom of Dalmatia</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Montenegro" title="Prince-Bishopric of Montenegro">Prince-Bishopric</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Montenegro" title="Principality of Montenegro">Principality</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Montenegro" title="Kingdom of Montenegro">Kingdom <span style="font-size:85%;">(1910–18)</span></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Kingdom of Yugoslavia</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zeta_Banovina" title="Zeta Banovina">Zeta Banovina</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia" title="World War II in Yugoslavia">World War II</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_governorate_of_Montenegro" title="Italian governorate of Montenegro">Italian governorate of Montenegro</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/German_occupied_territory_of_Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="German occupied territory of Montenegro">German occupied territory of Montenegro</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_Anti-Fascist_Assembly_of_National_Liberation" title="Montenegrin Anti-Fascist Assembly of National Liberation">CASNO</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/SFR_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="SFR Yugoslavia">SFR Yugoslavia</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Montenegro" title="Socialist Republic of Montenegro">Socialist Republic</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Serbia and Montenegro</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Montenegro_(1992%E2%80%932006)" title="Republic of Montenegro (1992–2006)">Federal Republic</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/2006_Montenegrin_independence_referendum" title="2006 Montenegrin independence referendum">2006 independence referendum</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Montenegro" title="Geography of Montenegro">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Montenegro" title="List of cities in Montenegro">Cities</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Montenegro#Statistics" title="Geography of Montenegro">Extreme points</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Montenegro" title="List of islands of Montenegro">Islands</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Montenegro" title="List of lakes of Montenegro">Lakes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Montenegro" title="List of mountains in Montenegro">Mountains</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Montenegro" title="List of national parks of Montenegro">Protected areas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_regions_of_Montenegro" title="Statistical regions of Montenegro">Regions</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Montenegro" title="List of rivers of Montenegro">Rivers</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Montenegro" title="Politics of Montenegro">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Montenegro" title="Constitution of Montenegro">Constitution</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Montenegro" title="Elections in Montenegro">Elections</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Montenegro" title="Foreign relations of Montenegro">Foreign relations</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Montenegro" title="Armed Forces of Montenegro">Military</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Montenegro" title="Municipalities of Montenegro">Municipalities</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Montenegro" title="Government of Montenegro">Government</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Montenegro" title="Prime Minister of Montenegro">Prime Minister</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Montenegro" title="President of Montenegro">President</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Montenegro" title="List of heads of state of Montenegro">List</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Montenegro" title="Parliament of Montenegro">Parliament</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Parliament_of_Montenegro" title="President of the Parliament of Montenegro">Speaker</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Montenegro" title="List of political parties in Montenegro">Political parties</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency_(Montenegro)" title="National Security Agency (Montenegro)">Intelligence agency</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Montenegro" title="Law enforcement in Montenegro">Law enforcement</a></li>
<li>Human rights
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Montenegro" title="Freedom of religion in Montenegro">Religion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Montenegro" title="LGBT rights in Montenegro">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Montenegro" title="Economy of Montenegro">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Montenegro" title="Central Bank of Montenegro">Central Bank</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Montenegro" title="List of companies of Montenegro">Companies</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">Euro <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Montenegro" title="Economy of Montenegro">Economy of Montenegro</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Montenegro" title="Telecommunications in Montenegro">Telecommunications</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mobile_network_operators_of_Europe#Montenegro" title="List of mobile network operators of Europe">Mobile network operators</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Montenegro" title="Tourism in Montenegro">Tourism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Montenegro" title="Transport in Montenegro">Transport</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Montenegro" title="Category:Society of Montenegro">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Montenegro" title="Crime in Montenegro">Crime</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Montenegro" title="Demographics of Montenegro">Demographics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Montenegro" title="Education in Montenegro">Education</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Montenegro" title="Languages of Montenegro">Languages</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrins" title="Montenegrins">Montenegrins</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Montenegrins" title="List of Montenegrins">List</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Montenegro" title="Culture of Montenegro">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Arts" title="Montenegrin Academy of Sciences and Arts">Academy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Montenegro" title="Architecture of Montenegro">Architecture</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinema of Montenegro">Cinema</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_cuisine" title="Montenegrin cuisine">Cuisine</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_wine" title="Montenegrin wine">Wine</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_folklore" class="mw-redirect" title="Montenegrin folklore">Folklore</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Montenegro">Literature</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Montenegro">Music</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Media_in_Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="Media in Montenegro">Media</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_News_Agency" title="Montenegrin News Agency">News Agency</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Montenegro" title="List of newspapers in Montenegro">Newspapers</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Montenegro" title="Television in Montenegro">TV</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio in Montenegro">Radio</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Montenegro" title="Religion in Montenegro">Religion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Montenegro" title="Sport in Montenegro">Sport</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Montenegro" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Montenegro">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Montenegro" title="National symbols of Montenegro">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oj,_svijetla_majska_zoro" title="Oj, svijetla majska zoro">Anthem</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Montenegro" title="Coat of arms of Montenegro">Coat of arms</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armorial_of_Montenegro" title="Armorial of Montenegro">List</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Montenegro" title="Flag of Montenegro">Flag</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flags_of_Montenegro" title="List of flags of Montenegro">List</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="Name of Montenegro">Name</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Montenegro" title="Outline of Montenegro">Outline</a></span></li></ul></div>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Montenegro" title="Category:Montenegro">Category</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Kosovo_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kosovo_topics" title="Template:Kosovo topics"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Kosovo_topics" title="Template talk:Kosovo topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kosovo_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kosovo topics"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Kosovo_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kosovo" title="History of Kosovo">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Early history</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_Kosovo" title="Archaeology of Kosovo">Archaeology</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_sites_in_Kosovo" title="Neolithic sites in Kosovo">Neolithic sites</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Copper,_Bronze_and_Iron_Age_sites_in_Kosovo" title="Copper, Bronze and Iron Age sites in Kosovo">Copper, Bronze and Iron Age sites</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dardani" title="Dardani">Dardani</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dardania" title="Kingdom of Dardania">Kingdom of Dardania</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Roman_heritage_in_Kosovo" title="Roman heritage in Kosovo">Roman period</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dardania_(Roman_province)" title="Dardania (Roman province)">Dardania</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Praevalitana" title="Praevalitana">Praevalitana</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Late_Antiquity_and_Medieval_sites_in_Kosovo" title="Late Antiquity and Medieval sites in Kosovo">Late Antiquity and Medieval sites</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Medieval_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Medieval Kosovo">Medieval period</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia_(medieval)" title="Kingdom of Serbia (medieval)">Kingdom of Serbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Empire" title="Serbian Empire">Serbian Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Despotate" title="Serbian Despotate">Serbian Despotate</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kosovo" title="Battle of Kosovo">Battle of Kosovo</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bal%C5%A1i%C4%87_noble_family" title="Balšić noble family">Balšić noble family</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Brankovi%C4%87_dynasty" title="Branković dynasty">Branković dynasty</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dukagjini_family" title="Dukagjini family">Dukagjini family</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Kosovo" title="Ottoman Kosovo">Ottoman period</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rumelia_Eyalet" title="Rumelia Eyalet">Rumelia Eyalet</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sanjak_of_Prizren" title="Sanjak of Prizren">Sanjak of Prizren</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sanjak_of_Dukagjin" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanjak of Dukagjin">Sanjak of Dukagjin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sanjak_of_Vi%C3%A7itrina" title="Sanjak of Viçitrina">Sanjak of Viçitrina</a>),</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosovo Vilayet">Vilayet of Kosovo</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Modern history</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Balkan_War" title="First Balkan War">First Balkan War</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia">Kingdom of Serbia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Kingdom of Yugoslavia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Kingdom_(1939%E2%80%931943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian Kingdom (1939–1943)">Albanian Kingdom <span style="font-size:85%;">(1939–1943</span></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Kingdom_(1943%E2%80%931944)" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian Kingdom (1943–1944)"><span style="font-size:85%;">1943–1944)</span></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Autonomous_Province_of_Kosovo" title="Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo">Socialist Autonomous Province <span style="font-size:85%;">(1946–90)</span></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Province_of_Kosovo_and_Metohija" title="Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija">Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija <span style="font-size:85%;">(1990–present)</span></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Kosova" title="Republic of Kosova">Republic of Kosova <span style="font-size:85%;">(1990–1999)</span></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Kosovo_(1995%E2%80%931998)" title="Insurgency in Kosovo (1995–1998)">Insurgency in Kosovo <span style="font-size:85%;">(1995–98)</span></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_War" title="Kosovo War">Kosovo War <span style="font-size:85%;">(1998–99)</span></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Administered_Kosovo" title="United Nations Administered Kosovo">UN administration</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Interim_Administration_Mission_in_Kosovo" title="United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo">UNMIK</a>) <span style="font-size:85%;">(1999–2008)</span></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo <span style="font-size:85%;">(2008–present)</span></a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo"><img alt="Kosovo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Emblem_of_the_Republic_of_Kosovo.svg/80px-Emblem_of_the_Republic_of_Kosovo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Emblem_of_the_Republic_of_Kosovo.svg/120px-Emblem_of_the_Republic_of_Kosovo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Emblem_of_the_Republic_of_Kosovo.svg/160px-Emblem_of_the_Republic_of_Kosovo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="658" data-file-height="729" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Kosovo" title="Geography of Kosovo">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Environment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_of_Kosovo" title="Biodiversity of Kosovo">Biodiversity</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="List of protected areas of Kosovo">Protected areas</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Kosovo" title="Climate of Kosovo">Climate</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Forests_of_Kosovo" title="Forests of Kosovo">Forests</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Landscapes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Kosovo" title="List of lakes of Kosovo">Lakes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Kosovo" title="List of mountains in Kosovo">Mountains</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Kosovo" title="List of rivers of Kosovo">Rivers</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghegs" title="Ghegs">Gegëri</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Drenica" title="Drenica">Drenica</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Has_(region)" title="Has (region)">Has</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Llap_(region)" title="Llap (region)">Llap</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Llapusha" title="Llapusha">Llapusha</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Luma_(region)" title="Luma (region)">Luma</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rugova_(region)" title="Rugova (region)">Rugova</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Metohija" title="Metohija">Dukagjini</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Pomoravlje" title="Kosovo Pomoravlje">Anamorava</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Kosovo" title="Politics of Kosovo">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Kosovo_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Kosovo to the European Union">Accession to the EU</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_the_Republic_of_Kosovo" title="Assembly of the Republic of Kosovo">Assembly</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Kosovo" title="Constitution of Kosovo">Constitution</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Kosovo" title="Administrative divisions of Kosovo">Districts</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Kosovo" title="Elections in Kosovo">Elections</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Rule_of_Law_Mission_in_Kosovo" title="European Union Rule of Law Mission in Kosovo">EU Rule of Law Mission (EULEX)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Kosovo" title="Foreign relations of Kosovo">Foreign relations</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Kosovo" title="Government of Kosovo">Government</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Kosovo" title="Prime Minister of Kosovo">Prime Minister</a></li></ul></li>
<li>Human rights
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Kosovo" title="LGBT rights in Kosovo">LGBT</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/International_Steering_Group_for_Kosovo" title="International Steering Group for Kosovo">International Steering Group</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Kosovo" title="Judiciary of Kosovo">Judiciary</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Force" title="Kosovo Force">Kosovo Force (KFOR)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Protection_Corps" title="Kosovo Protection Corps">Kosovo Protection Corps</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Kosovo" title="Law of Kosovo">Law</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Security_Force" title="Kosovo Security Force">Military</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Kosovo" title="Municipalities of Kosovo">Municipalities</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Police" title="Kosovo Police">Police</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Kosovo" title="List of political parties in Kosovo">Political parties</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Kosovo" title="President of Kosovo">President</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Institutions_of_Self-Government" title="Provisional Institutions of Self-Government">Provisional institutions</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Interim_Administration_Mission_in_Kosovo" title="United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo">UN Interim Administration Mission (UNMIK)</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Kosovo" title="Political status of Kosovo">Status</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/2008_Kosovo_declaration_of_independence" title="2008 Kosovo declaration of independence">2008 declaration of independence</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Standards_for_Kosovo" title="Standards for Kosovo">Standards for Kosovo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_status_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosovo status process">Status process</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Kosovo" title="Partition of Kosovo">Partition</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Albania_and_Kosovo" title="Unification of Albania and Kosovo">Unification with Albania</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1244" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1244">UN Security Council Resolution 1244</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice_advisory_opinion_on_Kosovo%27s_declaration_of_independence" class="mw-redirect" title="International Court of Justice advisory opinion on Kosovo's declaration of independence">ICJ opinion on Kosovo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Belgrade%E2%80%93Pristina_negotiations" title="Belgrade–Pristina negotiations">Belgrade–Pristina negotiations</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Brussels_Agreement_(2013)" title="Brussels Agreement (2013)">Brussels Agreement</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Kosovo" title="Economy of Kosovo">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Kosovo" title="List of banks in Kosovo">Banks</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Kosovo" title="Central Bank of Kosovo">Central Bank</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_and_the_euro" title="Kosovo and the euro">Euro <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_energy_in_Kosovo" title="Electrical energy in Kosovo">Energy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Natural_resources_of_Kosovo" title="Natural resources of Kosovo">Natural resources</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Information_and_communications_technology_in_Kosovo" title="Information and communications technology in Kosovo">Telecoms</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Kosovo" title="Transport in Kosovo">Transport</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Kosovo" title="Tourism in Kosovo">Tourism</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Kosovo" title="Category:Society of Kosovo">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Kosovo" title="List of cities and towns in Kosovo">Cities and towns</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Kosovo" title="Crime in Kosovo">Crime</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Kosovo" title="Demographics of Kosovo">Demographics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Kosovo" title="Education in Kosovo">Education</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Emigration_from_Kosovo" title="Emigration from Kosovo">Emigration</a></li>
<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Kosovo" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Kosovo">Ethnic groups</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Kosovo" title="Healthcare in Kosovo">Healthcare</a></li>
<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_Kosovo" title="Category:Languages of Kosovo">Languages</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Monuments_of_Kosovo" title="Monuments of Kosovo">Monuments</a></li>
<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Organizations_based_in_Kosovo" title="Category:Organizations based in Kosovo">Organizations</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kosovo" title="Religion in Kosovo">Religion</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Kosovo" title="Culture of Kosovo">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Europe_(anthem)" class="mw-redirect" title="Europe (anthem)">Anthem</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Kosovo" title="Architecture of Kosovo">Architecture</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Kosovo" title="Cinema of Kosovo">Cinema</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Coat of arms of Kosovo">Coat of arms</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_clothing_of_Kosovo" title="Traditional clothing of Kosovo">Costume</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kosovan_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosovan cuisine">Cuisine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Kosovo" title="Flag of Kosovo">Flag</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Kosovo" title="Literature of Kosovo">Literature</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Kosovo" title="Mass media in Kosovo">Media</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kosovo" title="Music of Kosovo">Music</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_music_in_Kosovo" title="Classical music in Kosovo">Classical</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Kosovo" title="Public holidays in Kosovo">Public holidays</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Kosovo" title="List of radio stations in Kosovo">Radio</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Kosovo" title="Television in Kosovo">Television</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Kosovo" title="Sport in Kosovo">Sport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Membership_of_Kosovo_in_international_sports_federations" title="Membership of Kosovo in international sports federations">Federations</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Basketball_Superleague" title="Kosovo Basketball Superleague">Basketball superleague</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_Kosovo" title="Football in Kosovo">Football</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_at_the_Olympics" title="Kosovo at the Olympics">Olympics</a></li>
<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Kosovan_sportspeople" title="Category:Kosovan sportspeople">Sportspeople</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Kosovo" title="Outline of Kosovo">Outline</a></span></li></ul></div>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Kosovo" title="Category:Kosovo">Category</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Kosovo_(region)" title="Category:Kosovo (region)">Category:Kosovo (region)</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Yugoslavia_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Yugoslavia_topics" title="Template:Yugoslavia topics"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Yugoslavia_topics" title="Template talk:Yugoslavia topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Yugoslavia_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Yugoslavia topics"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Yugoslavia_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Yugoslavia" title="Timeline of Yugoslavia">Timeline</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Creation_of_Yugoslavia" title="Creation of Yugoslavia">Creation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Kingdom</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/6_January_Dictatorship" title="6 January Dictatorship">6 January Dictatorship</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_regency" title="Yugoslav regency">Yugoslav regency</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia" title="World War II in Yugoslavia">World War II</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Yugoslavia" title="Invasion of Yugoslavia">Invasion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans" title="Yugoslav Partisans">Partisans</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chetniks" title="Chetniks">Chetniks</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e" title="Ustaše">Ustaše</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Belgrade_offensive" title="Belgrade offensive">Belgrade offensive</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">SFR Yugoslavia</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tito%E2%80%93Stalin_split" title="Tito–Stalin split">Tito–Stalin split</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Informbiro_period" title="Informbiro period">Informbiro period</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_Pact_(1953)" title="Balkan Pact (1953)">Balkan Pact</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">FR Yugoslavia</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_War" title="Kosovo War">Kosovo War</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Overthrow_of_Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87" title="Overthrow of Slobodan Milošević">Overthrow of Slobodan Milošević</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavism" title="Yugoslavism">Yugoslavism</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_irredentism" title="Yugoslav irredentism">Yugoslav irredentism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Committee" title="Yugoslav Committee">Yugoslav Committee</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Yugo-nostalgia" title="Yugo-nostalgia">Yugo-nostalgia</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">Breakup</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Template:Breakup of Yugoslavia"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Template talk:Breakup of Yugoslavia"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Breakup of Yugoslavia"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">Breakup of Yugoslavia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">Breakup of Yugoslavia</a> (1991–1992)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Timeline of the breakup of Yugoslavia">Timeline of the breakup of Yugoslavia</a> (1980–2008)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Josip Broz Tito">Josip Broz Tito</a> (until 1980)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Brotherhood_and_unity" title="Brotherhood and unity">Brotherhood and unity</a> (until 1990)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Communists_of_Yugoslavia" title="League of Communists of Yugoslavia">League of Communists of Yugoslavia</a> (until 1990)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Spring" title="Croatian Spring">Croatian Spring</a> (1967–1971)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1981_protests_in_Kosovo" title="1981 protests in Kosovo">1981 protests in Kosovo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Declaration" title="Islamic Declaration">Islamic Declaration</a> (1983)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/SANU_Memorandum" title="SANU Memorandum">SANU Memorandum</a> (1986)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Contributions_to_the_Slovene_National_Program" title="Contributions to the Slovene National Program">Contributions to the Slovene National Program</a> (1987)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_Spring" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovene Spring">Slovene Spring</a> (1987–1988)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Agrokomerc_Affair" class="mw-redirect" title="Agrokomerc Affair">Agrokomerc Affair</a> (1987)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/8th_Session_of_the_Central_Committee_of_the_League_of_Communists_of_Serbia" title="8th Session of the Central Committee of the League of Communists of Serbia">8th Session of the Central Committee of the League of Communists of Serbia</a> (1987)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/JBTZ_trial" title="JBTZ trial">JBTZ trial</a> (1988)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation_in_the_Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperinflation in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Hyperinflation in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia</a> (1980s)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events and actors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-bureaucratic_revolution" title="Anti-bureaucratic revolution">Anti-bureaucratic revolution</a> (1988–1989)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gazimestan_speech" title="Gazimestan speech">Gazimestan speech</a> (1989)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/14th_Congress_of_the_League_of_Communists_of_Yugoslavia" title="14th Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia">14th Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia</a> (1990)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Croatia" title="Independence of Croatia">Independence of Croatia</a> (1989–1992)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Log_Revolution" title="Log Revolution">Log Revolution</a> (1990–1991)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87%E2%80%93Tu%C4%91man_Kara%C4%91or%C4%91evo_meeting" title="Milošević–Tuđman Karađorđevo meeting">Milošević–Tuđman Karađorđevo meeting</a> (1991)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/RAM_Plan" title="RAM Plan">RAM Plan</a> (1991)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Brioni_Agreement" title="Brioni Agreement">Brioni Agreement</a> (1991)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_the_media_in_the_breakup_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Role of the media in the breakup of Yugoslavia">Role of the media in the breakup of Yugoslavia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Arbitration_Commission_of_the_Peace_Conference_on_Yugoslavia" title="Arbitration Commission of the Peace Conference on Yugoslavia">Arbitration Commission of the Peace Conference on Yugoslavia</a> (1991–1993)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Yugoslavian_independence_referendums" title="Template:Yugoslavian independence referendums"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Yugoslavian_independence_referendums" title="Template talk:Yugoslavian independence referendums"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Yugoslavian_independence_referendums" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Yugoslavian independence referendums"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia&#124;link=Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia_Independence_referendums_in_Yugoslavia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia"><img alt="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> Independence referendums in Yugoslavia</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Republics and provinces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/1990_Slovenian_independence_referendum" title="1990 Slovenian independence referendum">Slovenia</a> (1990)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1991_Croatian_independence_referendum" title="1991 Croatian independence referendum">Croatia</a> (1991)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1991_Macedonian_independence_referendum" title="1991 Macedonian independence referendum">Macedonia</a> (1991)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1991_Kosovan_independence_referendum" title="1991 Kosovan independence referendum">Kosovo</a> (1991)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1992_Bosnian_independence_referendum" title="1992 Bosnian independence referendum">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> (1992)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1992_Montenegrin_independence_referendum" title="1992 Montenegrin independence referendum">Montenegro</a> (1992)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/2006_Montenegrin_independence_referendum" title="2006 Montenegrin independence referendum">Montenegro</a> (2006)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Autonomy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1990_SAO_Krajina_autonomy_referendum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1990 SAO Krajina autonomy referendum (page does not exist)">SAO Krajina</a> (1990)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1991_Sand%C5%BEak_autonomy_referendum" title="1991 Sandžak autonomy referendum">Sandžak</a> (1991)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1991_Bosnian_Serb_referendum" title="1991 Bosnian Serb referendum">Srpska</a> (1991)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1992_Macedonian_Albanian_autonomy_referendum" class="mw-redirect" title="1992 Macedonian Albanian autonomy referendum">Ilirida</a> (1992)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1997_Eastern_Slavonia_integrity_referendum" title="1997 Eastern Slavonia integrity referendum">Eastern Slavonia</a> (1997)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/2004_Macedonian_autonomy_referendum" title="2004 Macedonian autonomy referendum">Macedonia</a> (2004)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Consequences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Wars" title="Yugoslav Wars">Yugoslav Wars</a> (1991-2001)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_War_of_Independence" title="Croatian War of Independence">Croatian War of Independence</a> (1991–1995)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ten-Day_War" title="Ten-Day War">Ten-Day War</a> (1991)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_War" title="Bosnian War">Bosnian War</a> (1992–1995)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Federal Republic of Yugoslavia</a> (1992–)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Graz_agreement" title="Graz agreement">Graz agreement</a> (1992)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sanctions_against_the_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctions against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Sanctions against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia</a> (1992–2001)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation_in_the_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Hyperinflation in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Hyperinflation in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia</a> (1992–1994)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dayton_Agreement" title="Dayton Agreement">Dayton Agreement</a> (1996)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Criminal_Enterprise" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint Criminal Enterprise">Joint Criminal Enterprise</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_on_Sub-Regional_Arms_Control" title="Agreement on Sub-Regional Arms Control">Agreement on Sub-Regional Arms Control</a> (1996)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_the_former_Yugoslavia" title="International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia">International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia</a> (1993–2017)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Overthrow_of_Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87" title="Overthrow of Slobodan Milošević">Overthrow of Slobodan Milošević</a> (2000)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nationalism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Albania" title="Greater Albania">Greater Albania</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Croatia" title="Greater Croatia">Greater Croatia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_Macedonia" title="United Macedonia">United Macedonia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Serbia" title="Greater Serbia">Greater Serbia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_Slovenia" title="United Slovenia">United Slovenia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Serbian_sentiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Serbian sentiment">Anti-Serbian sentiment</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islamophobia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_nationalism" title="Albanian nationalism">Albanian nationalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bosniak_nationalism" title="Bosniak nationalism">Bosniak nationalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_nationalism" title="Croatian nationalism">Croatian nationalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_nationalism" title="Macedonian nationalism">Macedonian nationalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_nationalism" title="Montenegrin nationalism">Montenegrin nationalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_nationalism" title="Serbian nationalism">Serbian nationalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Serbian%E2%80%93Montenegrin_unionism" title="Serbian–Montenegrin unionism">Serbian–Montenegrin unionism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_nationalism" title="Slovenian nationalism">Slovenian nationalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavism" title="Yugoslavism">Yugoslavism</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Category:Breakup of Yugoslavia">Category</a></b></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Yugoslavia" title="Administrative divisions of Yugoslavia">Administrative divisions</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_the_Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Subdivisions of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Kingdom</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Yugoslavia" title="Constitution of Yugoslavia">Constitution</a>
<ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Vidovdan_Constitution" title="Vidovdan Constitution">1921</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/1931_Yugoslav_Constitution" title="1931 Yugoslav Constitution">1931</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/1946_Yugoslav_Constitution" title="1946 Yugoslav Constitution">1946</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/1953_Yugoslav_constitutional_amendments" title="1953 Yugoslav constitutional amendments">1953</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/1963_Yugoslav_Constitution" title="1963 Yugoslav Constitution">1963</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/1974_Yugoslav_Constitution" title="1974 Yugoslav Constitution">1974</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Yugoslavia" title="Elections in Yugoslavia">Elections</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Executive_Council_(Yugoslavia)" title="Federal Executive Council (Yugoslavia)">Federal Executive Council</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Yugoslavia" title="Prime Minister of Yugoslavia">Prime Minister</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Yugoslavia" title="Deputy Prime Minister of Yugoslavia">Deputy Prime Minister</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Yugoslavia" title="Foreign relations of Yugoslavia">Foreign relations</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia_and_the_United_Nations" title="Yugoslavia and the United Nations">UN</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia_and_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Yugoslavia and the Non-Aligned Movement">NAM</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia_and_the_Organisation_of_African_Unity" title="Yugoslavia and the Organisation of African Unity">OAU</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia%E2%80%93European_Communities_relations" title="Yugoslavia–European Communities relations">EEC</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_passport" title="Yugoslav passport">Passport</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cabinets_of_Yugoslavia" title="List of cabinets of Yugoslavia">Governments</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Yugoslavia" title="List of heads of state of Yugoslavia">Heads of state</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_deputy_heads_of_state_of_Yugoslavia" title="List of deputy heads of state of Yugoslavia">Deputy heads of state</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Yugoslavia" title="Presidency of Yugoslavia">Presidency</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Presidency_of_Yugoslavia" title="List of members of the Presidency of Yugoslavia">members</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Yugoslavia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Human rights in Yugoslavia (page does not exist)">Human rights</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Yugoslavia" title="LGBT history in Yugoslavia">LGBT</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliament of Yugoslavia">Parliament</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Titoism" title="Titoism">Titoism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90ilasism" title="Đilasism">Đilasism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rankovi%C4%87ism" title="Rankovićism">Rankovićism</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Yugoslavia" title="List of political parties in Yugoslavia">Political parties</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Communists_of_Yugoslavia" title="League of Communists of Yugoslavia">League of Communists</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/State_Security_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="State Security Administration">Security</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/KOS_(Yugoslavia)" class="mw-redirect" title="KOS (Yugoslavia)">counterintelligence</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Army_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Yugoslav Army (disambiguation)">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Yugoslavia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Yugoslavia (page does not exist)">History</a></li>
<li>Army
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Yugoslav_Army" title="Royal Yugoslav Army"><span style="font-size:85%;">1918–1945</span></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_People%27s_Army" title="Yugoslav People's Army"><span style="font-size:85%;">1945–1992</span></a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Ground_Forces" title="Yugoslav Ground Forces"><span style="font-size:85%;">Ground</span></a></li></ul></li></ul></li>
<li>Navy
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Yugoslav_Navy" title="Royal Yugoslav Navy"><span style="font-size:85%;">1918–1945</span></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Navy" title="Yugoslav Navy"><span style="font-size:85%;">1945–1992</span></a></li></ul></li>
<li>Air Force
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Yugoslav_Air_Force" title="Royal Yugoslav Air Force"><span style="font-size:85%;">1918–1945</span></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Air_Force" title="Yugoslav Air Force"><span style="font-size:85%;">1945–1992</span></a></li></ul></li>
<li>Ranks
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_ranks_of_the_Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Military ranks of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia"><span style="font-size:85%;">1918–1945</span></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_People%27s_Army_ranks" class="mw-redirect" title="Yugoslav People's Army ranks"><span style="font-size:85%;">1945–1992</span></a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_Yugoslavia" title="Marshal of Yugoslavia"><span style="font-size:85%;">Marshal</span></a></li></ul></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_Defense_(Yugoslavia)" title="Territorial Defense (Yugoslavia)">Territorial Defense</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Economy of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agriculture_in_Yugoslavia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agriculture in Yugoslavia (page does not exist)">Agriculture</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_computer_hardware_in_Yugoslavia" title="History of computer hardware in Yugoslavia">Computer systems</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_computer_systems_from_Yugoslavia" title="List of computer systems from Yugoslavia">list</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_dinar" title="Yugoslav dinar">Dinar <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Yugoslavia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy in Yugoslavia (page does not exist)">Energy</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Industry_of_Yugoslavia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Industry of Yugoslavia (page does not exist)">Industry</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_krone" title="Yugoslav krone">Krone <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mining_industry_of_Yugoslavia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mining industry of Yugoslavia (page does not exist)">Mining</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Yugoslavia" title="National Bank of Yugoslavia">National Bank</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_national_banks_of_Serbia_and_Yugoslavia" title="List of governors of national banks of Serbia and Yugoslavia">governors</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Postal_codes_in_Yugoslavia" title="Postal codes in Yugoslavia">Postal codes</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Services_in_Yugoslavia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Services in Yugoslavia (page does not exist)">Services</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Belgrade_Stock_Exchange" title="Belgrade Stock Exchange">Stock Exchange</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Yugoslavia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in Yugoslavia (page does not exist)">Telecommunications</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/.yu" title=".yu">Internet domain</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Yugoslavia" title="Telephone numbers in Yugoslavia">Telephone numbers</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tourism_in_Yugoslavia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tourism in Yugoslavia (page does not exist)">Tourism</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_Yugoslavia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transport in Yugoslavia (page does not exist)">Transport</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Railways" title="Yugoslav Railways">Railways</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_the_Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="List of companies of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">List of companies</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Yugoslavia" title="Category:Society of Yugoslavia">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of Yugoslavia">Demographics</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Demographics of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Kingdom</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Demographics of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">SFRY</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Yugoslavia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in Yugoslavia (page does not exist)">Education</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Yugoslavia" title="Ethnic groups in Yugoslavia">Ethnic groups</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Healthcare_in_Yugoslavia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Healthcare in Yugoslavia (page does not exist)">Healthcare</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minorities_of_Yugoslavia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Minorities of Yugoslavia (page does not exist)">Minorities</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Yugoslavia" title="Public holidays in Yugoslavia">Public holidays</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavs" title="Yugoslavs">Yugoslavs</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavs_in_Serbia" title="Yugoslavs in Serbia">in Serbia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Canadians" title="Yugoslav Canadians">in Canada</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Americans" title="Yugoslav Americans">in the United States</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Yugoslavia" title="Languages of Yugoslavia">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian" title="Serbo-Croatian">Serbo-Croatian</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_language" title="Bosnian language">Bosnian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_language" title="Montenegrin language">Montenegrin</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene <span style="font-size:85%;">(Slovenian)</span></a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Yugoslavia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Culture of Yugoslavia (page does not exist)">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_studies" title="Yugoslav studies">Yugoslav studies</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Arts" title="Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts">Academy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Yugoslavia" title="Architecture of Yugoslavia">Architecture</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Yugoslavia" title="Art of Yugoslavia">Art</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Yugoslavia" title="Cinema of Yugoslavia">Cinema</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Yugoslav_films" title="List of Yugoslav films">films</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Drama_Theatre" title="Yugoslav Drama Theatre">Drama</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Yugoslavia" title="Encyclopedia of Yugoslavia">Encyclopedia of Yugoslavia</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_Yugoslavia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Folklore of Yugoslavia (page does not exist)">Folklore</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Yugoslavia" title="Music of Yugoslavia">Music</a>
<ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Yugoslav_composers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of Yugoslav composers (page does not exist)">composers</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yugoslav_national_costume&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yugoslav national costume (page does not exist)">National costume</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_philosophy" title="Yugoslav philosophy">Philosophy</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Yugoslavia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Religion in Yugoslavia (page does not exist)">Religion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Yugoslavia" title="Sport in Yugoslavia">Sport</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_Yugoslavia" title="Football in Yugoslavia">football</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Radio_Television" title="Yugoslav Radio Television">Yugoslav Radio Television</a></li></ul>
</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Cuisine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_cuisine" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina cuisine">Bosnian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_cuisine" title="Croatian cuisine">Croatian</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_wine" title="Croatian wine">wine</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_cuisine" title="Macedonian cuisine">Macedonian</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_wine" title="Macedonian wine">wine</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_cuisine" title="Montenegrin cuisine">Montenegrin</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_wine" title="Montenegrin wine">wine</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_cuisine" title="Serbian cuisine">Serbian</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_wine" title="Serbian wine">wine</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_cuisine" title="Slovenian cuisine">Slovenian</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_wine" title="Slovenian wine">wine</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kosovan_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosovan cuisine">Kosovan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_cuisine" title="Balkan cuisine">Balkan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Central_European_cuisine" title="Central European cuisine">Central European</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_cuisine" title="Mediterranean cuisine">Mediterranean</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Literature of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_literature" title="Croatian literature">Croatian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Kosovo" title="Literature of Kosovo">Kosovan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_literature" title="Macedonian literature">Macedonian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Montenegro">Montenegrin</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_literature" title="Serbian literature">Serbian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_literature" title="Slovene literature">Slovene</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Yugoslav_poets" title="List of Yugoslav poets">Poets</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Anthem_of_the_Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="National Anthem of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Anthem <span style="font-size:85%;">(1918–1945</span></a></li>
<li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Hey,_Slavs" title="Hey, Slavs">1945–1992)</a></span></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Yugoslavia" title="Emblem of Yugoslavia">Emblem</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Yugoslavia" title="Flag of Yugoslavia">Flag of Yugoslavia</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Yugoslav_flags" title="List of Yugoslav flags">list</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Brotherhood_and_unity" title="Brotherhood and unity">Motto</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_SFR_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of SFR Yugoslavia">Orders, decorations, and medals of SFR Yugoslavia</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Yugoslavia" title="Category:Yugoslavia">Category</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Template:Breakup of Yugoslavia"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Template talk:Breakup of Yugoslavia"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Breakup of Yugoslavia"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">Breakup of Yugoslavia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">Breakup of Yugoslavia</a> (1991–1992)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Timeline of the breakup of Yugoslavia">Timeline of the breakup of Yugoslavia</a> (1980–2008)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Josip Broz Tito">Josip Broz Tito</a> (until 1980)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Brotherhood_and_unity" title="Brotherhood and unity">Brotherhood and unity</a> (until 1990)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Communists_of_Yugoslavia" title="League of Communists of Yugoslavia">League of Communists of Yugoslavia</a> (until 1990)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Spring" title="Croatian Spring">Croatian Spring</a> (1967–1971)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1981_protests_in_Kosovo" title="1981 protests in Kosovo">1981 protests in Kosovo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Declaration" title="Islamic Declaration">Islamic Declaration</a> (1983)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/SANU_Memorandum" title="SANU Memorandum">SANU Memorandum</a> (1986)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Contributions_to_the_Slovene_National_Program" title="Contributions to the Slovene National Program">Contributions to the Slovene National Program</a> (1987)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_Spring" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovene Spring">Slovene Spring</a> (1987–1988)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Agrokomerc_Affair" class="mw-redirect" title="Agrokomerc Affair">Agrokomerc Affair</a> (1987)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/8th_Session_of_the_Central_Committee_of_the_League_of_Communists_of_Serbia" title="8th Session of the Central Committee of the League of Communists of Serbia">8th Session of the Central Committee of the League of Communists of Serbia</a> (1987)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/JBTZ_trial" title="JBTZ trial">JBTZ trial</a> (1988)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation_in_the_Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperinflation in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Hyperinflation in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia</a> (1980s)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events and actors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-bureaucratic_revolution" title="Anti-bureaucratic revolution">Anti-bureaucratic revolution</a> (1988–1989)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gazimestan_speech" title="Gazimestan speech">Gazimestan speech</a> (1989)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/14th_Congress_of_the_League_of_Communists_of_Yugoslavia" title="14th Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia">14th Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia</a> (1990)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Croatia" title="Independence of Croatia">Independence of Croatia</a> (1989–1992)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Log_Revolution" title="Log Revolution">Log Revolution</a> (1990–1991)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87%E2%80%93Tu%C4%91man_Kara%C4%91or%C4%91evo_meeting" title="Milošević–Tuđman Karađorđevo meeting">Milošević–Tuđman Karađorđevo meeting</a> (1991)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/RAM_Plan" title="RAM Plan">RAM Plan</a> (1991)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Brioni_Agreement" title="Brioni Agreement">Brioni Agreement</a> (1991)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_the_media_in_the_breakup_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Role of the media in the breakup of Yugoslavia">Role of the media in the breakup of Yugoslavia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Arbitration_Commission_of_the_Peace_Conference_on_Yugoslavia" title="Arbitration Commission of the Peace Conference on Yugoslavia">Arbitration Commission of the Peace Conference on Yugoslavia</a> (1991–1993)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Yugoslavian_independence_referendums" title="Template:Yugoslavian independence referendums"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Yugoslavian_independence_referendums" title="Template talk:Yugoslavian independence referendums"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Yugoslavian_independence_referendums" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Yugoslavian independence referendums"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia&#124;link=Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia_Independence_referendums_in_Yugoslavia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia"><img alt="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> Independence referendums in Yugoslavia</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Republics and provinces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/1990_Slovenian_independence_referendum" title="1990 Slovenian independence referendum">Slovenia</a> (1990)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1991_Croatian_independence_referendum" title="1991 Croatian independence referendum">Croatia</a> (1991)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1991_Macedonian_independence_referendum" title="1991 Macedonian independence referendum">Macedonia</a> (1991)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1991_Kosovan_independence_referendum" title="1991 Kosovan independence referendum">Kosovo</a> (1991)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1992_Bosnian_independence_referendum" title="1992 Bosnian independence referendum">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> (1992)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1992_Montenegrin_independence_referendum" title="1992 Montenegrin independence referendum">Montenegro</a> (1992)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/2006_Montenegrin_independence_referendum" title="2006 Montenegrin independence referendum">Montenegro</a> (2006)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Autonomy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1990_SAO_Krajina_autonomy_referendum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1990 SAO Krajina autonomy referendum (page does not exist)">SAO Krajina</a> (1990)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1991_Sand%C5%BEak_autonomy_referendum" title="1991 Sandžak autonomy referendum">Sandžak</a> (1991)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1991_Bosnian_Serb_referendum" title="1991 Bosnian Serb referendum">Srpska</a> (1991)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1992_Macedonian_Albanian_autonomy_referendum" class="mw-redirect" title="1992 Macedonian Albanian autonomy referendum">Ilirida</a> (1992)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1997_Eastern_Slavonia_integrity_referendum" title="1997 Eastern Slavonia integrity referendum">Eastern Slavonia</a> (1997)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/2004_Macedonian_autonomy_referendum" title="2004 Macedonian autonomy referendum">Macedonia</a> (2004)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Consequences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Wars" title="Yugoslav Wars">Yugoslav Wars</a> (1991-2001)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_War_of_Independence" title="Croatian War of Independence">Croatian War of Independence</a> (1991–1995)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ten-Day_War" title="Ten-Day War">Ten-Day War</a> (1991)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_War" title="Bosnian War">Bosnian War</a> (1992–1995)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Federal Republic of Yugoslavia</a> (1992–)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Graz_agreement" title="Graz agreement">Graz agreement</a> (1992)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sanctions_against_the_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctions against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Sanctions against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia</a> (1992–2001)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation_in_the_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Hyperinflation in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Hyperinflation in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia</a> (1992–1994)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dayton_Agreement" title="Dayton Agreement">Dayton Agreement</a> (1996)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Criminal_Enterprise" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint Criminal Enterprise">Joint Criminal Enterprise</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_on_Sub-Regional_Arms_Control" title="Agreement on Sub-Regional Arms Control">Agreement on Sub-Regional Arms Control</a> (1996)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_the_former_Yugoslavia" title="International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia">International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia</a> (1993–2017)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Overthrow_of_Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87" title="Overthrow of Slobodan Milošević">Overthrow of Slobodan Milošević</a> (2000)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nationalism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Albania" title="Greater Albania">Greater Albania</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Croatia" title="Greater Croatia">Greater Croatia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_Macedonia" title="United Macedonia">United Macedonia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Serbia" title="Greater Serbia">Greater Serbia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_Slovenia" title="United Slovenia">United Slovenia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Serbian_sentiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Serbian sentiment">Anti-Serbian sentiment</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islamophobia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_nationalism" title="Albanian nationalism">Albanian nationalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bosniak_nationalism" title="Bosniak nationalism">Bosniak nationalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_nationalism" title="Croatian nationalism">Croatian nationalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_nationalism" title="Macedonian nationalism">Macedonian nationalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_nationalism" title="Montenegrin nationalism">Montenegrin nationalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_nationalism" title="Serbian nationalism">Serbian nationalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Serbian%E2%80%93Montenegrin_unionism" title="Serbian–Montenegrin unionism">Serbian–Montenegrin unionism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_nationalism" title="Slovenian nationalism">Slovenian nationalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavism" title="Yugoslavism">Yugoslavism</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Category:Breakup of Yugoslavia">Category</a></b></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Timeline_of_Yugoslav_statehood" style="display:table;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks plainlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Yugoslavia_timeline" title="Template:Yugoslavia timeline"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Yugoslavia_timeline" title="Template talk:Yugoslavia timeline"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Yugoslavia_timeline" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Yugoslavia timeline"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Timeline_of_Yugoslav_statehood" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Timeline of <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Yugoslavia" title="Timeline of Yugoslavia">Yugoslav statehood</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-width:0;"><div style="padding:0">
<table style="width:100%" class="wraplinks">
<tbody><tr style="font-size:110%;">
<td>
</td>
<td style="border-left:1px solid #bbb;"><b>Pre–1918</b>
</td>
<td style="width:12%; border-left:1px solid #bbb;"><b><a href="/wiki/Creation_of_Yugoslavia" title="Creation of Yugoslavia">1918–1929</a></b>
</td>
<td style="width:13%; border-left:1px solid #bbb;"><b>1929–1945</b>
</td>
<td style="width:8%; border-left:1px solid #bbb;"><b><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia" title="World War II in Yugoslavia">1941–1945</a></b>
</td>
<td style="width:3%; border-left:1px solid #bbb;"><b>1945–1946</b>
</td>
<td style="width:19%; border-left:1px solid #bbb;"><b>1946–1963</b>
</td>
<td style="width:32%; border-left:1px solid #bbb;border-right:1px solid #bbb;"><b>1963–1992</b>
</td>
<td style="width:13%;"><b><a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">1992–2003</a></b>
</td>
<td style="width:3%; border-left:1px solid #bbb;"><b>2003–2006</b>
</td>
<td style="width:3%; border-left:1px solid #bbb;"><b>2006–2008</b>
</td>
<td style="border-left:1px solid #bbb;"><b>2008–</b>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top:1px solid #bbb;font-size:110%;"><b><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></b>
</td>
<td rowspan="6" style="background:#d0f0c0;white-space:nowrap;line-height:1.2em;font-size:85%;"><div style="padding-bottom:0.65em;">Part of <div style="padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.3em;font-size:120%;"><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a></div> including the<br /><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Kotor" title="Bay of Kotor">Bay of Kotor</a></div><div style="padding-bottom:0.25em;">See also</div><div style="padding-bottom:0.45em;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Croatia-Slavonia" title="Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia">Kingdom of<br />Croatia-Slavonia</a><br />1868–1918</div><div style="padding-bottom:0.45em;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dalmatia" title="Kingdom of Dalmatia">Kingdom of Dalmatia</a><br />1815–1918</div><div><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_(Austro-Hungarian_condominium)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina (Austro-Hungarian condominium)">Condominium of<br />Bosnia and<br />Herzegovina</a><br />1878–1918</div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" rowspan="12" style="background:#e6e7e8;line-height:1.2em;font-size:85%;"><div style="padding-bottom:2.00em;"><b><span style="font-size:120%;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Kingdom of Serbs,<br />Croats and Slovenes</a></span></b><br />(1918–1929)<br /><br /><b><span style="font-size:120%;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Kingdom of Yugoslavia</a></span></b><br />(1929–1945)</div><div style="padding-bottom:0.25em;">See also</div><div style="padding-bottom:0.45em;"><a href="/wiki/State_of_Slovenes,_Croats_and_Serbs" title="State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs">State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs</a><br />1918</div><div style="padding-bottom:0.45em;"><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Prekmurje" title="Republic of Prekmurje">Republic of Prekmurje</a><br />1919</div><div style="padding-bottom:0.45em;"><a href="/wiki/Banat,_Ba%C4%8Dka_and_Baranja" title="Banat, Bačka and Baranja">Banat, Bačka and Baranja</a><br />1918–1919</div><div style="padding-bottom:0.45em;"><a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Fiume" title="Free State of Fiume">Free State of Fiume</a><br />1920–1924<br />1924–1945</div><div style="padding-bottom:0.45em;"><a href="/wiki/Zadar#Italy_(1918–1947)" title="Zadar">Italian province of Zadar</a><br />1920–1947</div>
</td>
<td style="background:#f4c2c2;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Annexed by</span><sup>a</sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Fascist Italy</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">and</span><br /> Hungary
</td>
<td colspan="3" rowspan="12" style="background:#ccccff;"><b><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia#World_War_II" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Democratic Federal Yugoslavia</a></b><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1945–1946</span><br /><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia#Post-war_period" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia</a></b><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1946–1963</span><br /><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia#Reform" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia</a></b><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1963–1992</span><div style="padding:3.00em 0.25em 0.45em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:85%;">Consisted of the<br />Socialist Republics of</div><div style="line-height:1.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Slovenia" title="Socialist Republic of Slovenia">Slovenia</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1945–1991)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Croatia" title="Socialist Republic of Croatia">Croatia</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1945–1991)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1945–1992)</span></div><div style="padding-top:0.25em;padding-bottom:0.25em;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Serbia" title="Socialist Republic of Serbia">Serbia</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1945–1992)<br />(included the <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_province" title="Autonomous province">autonomous<br />provinces</a> of <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Autonomous_Province_of_Vojvodina" title="Socialist Autonomous Province of Vojvodina">Vojvodina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Autonomous_Province_of_Kosovo" title="Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo">Kosovo</a>)</span></div><div style="line-height:1.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Montenegro" title="Socialist Republic of Montenegro">Montenegro</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1945–1992)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Macedonia" title="Socialist Republic of Macedonia">Macedonia</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1945–1991)</span><div style="padding:3.00em 0.25em 0.45em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:85%;">See also</div><a href="/wiki/Free_Territory_of_Trieste" title="Free Territory of Trieste">Free Territory of Trieste</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1947–1954)</span> <sup>j</sup></div>
</td>
<td colspan="4"><b><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Slovenia"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Republic of Slovenia</a></span></b><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Ten-Day_War" title="Ten-Day War">Ten-Day War</a></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top:1px solid #bbb;font-size:110%;"><b><a href="/wiki/Dalmatia" title="Dalmatia">Dalmatia</a></b>
</td>
<td rowspan="5" style="background:#f4c2c2;"><div style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Independent State of Croatia</a></b><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1941–1945</span></div><div style="line-height:1.2em;font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Puppet_state" title="Puppet state">Puppet state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>.<br />Parts annexed by <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_under_Fascism_(1922%E2%80%931943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Italy under Fascism (1922–1943)">Fascist Italy</a>.<br /><a href="/wiki/Me%C4%91imurje" class="mw-redirect" title="Međimurje">Međimurje</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baranya_(region)" title="Baranya (region)">Baranja</a> annexed by <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1920%E2%80%9346)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1920–46)">Hungary</a>.</div>
</td>
<td colspan="4" rowspan="3" style="background:#e6e7e8;"><b><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Croatia"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Republic of Croatia</a></span></b><sup>b</sup><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Croatian_War_of_Independence" title="Croatian War of Independence">Croatian War of Independence</a></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top:1px solid #bbb;font-size:110%;"><b><a href="/wiki/Slavonia" title="Slavonia">Slavonia</a></b>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top:1px solid #bbb;font-size:110%;"><b><a href="/wiki/Central_Croatia" title="Central Croatia">Croatia</a></b>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top:1px solid #bbb;font-size:110%;"><b><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_(region)" title="Bosnia (region)">Bosnia</a></b>
</td>
<td colspan="4" rowspan="2"><b><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Bosnia and Herzegovina"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></span></b><sup>c</sup><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_War" title="Bosnian War">Bosnian War</a></span><div style="padding:0.45em 0.25em 0.25em;font-size:85%;">Consists of the <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> (1995–present),<br /><a href="/wiki/Republika_Srpska" title="Republika Srpska">Republika Srpska</a> (1995–present) and <a href="/wiki/Br%C4%8Dko_District" title="Brčko District">Brčko District</a> (2000–present).</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top:1px solid #bbb;font-size:110%;"><b><a href="/wiki/Herzegovina" title="Herzegovina">Herzegovina</a></b>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top:1px solid #bbb;font-size:110%;"><b><a href="/wiki/Vojvodina" title="Vojvodina">Vojvodina</a></b>
</td>
<td style="background:#d0f0c0;line-height:1.2em;font-size:85%;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9lvid%C3%A9k" title="Délvidék">Délvidék</a> region of Hungary
</td>
<td style="background:#f4c2c2;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Banat_(1941%E2%80%9344)" class="mw-redirect" title="Banat (1941–44)">Autonomous Banat</a><sup>d</sup> <div style="padding-top:0.35em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:85%;">(part of the German<br /><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_the_Military_Commander_in_Serbia" title="Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia">Territory of the<br />Military Commander<br />in Serbia</a>)</div>
</td>
<td rowspan="5" style="background:#e6e7e8;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Federal Republic of Yugoslavia</a></b><div style="padding-top:0.75em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:85%;">Consisted of the<br /><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Serbia_(1992%E2%80%932006)" title="Republic of Serbia (1992–2006)">Republic of Serbia</a> (1992–2006)<br />and<br /><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Montenegro_(1992%E2%80%932006)" title="Republic of Montenegro (1992–2006)">Republic of Montenegro</a></span> (1992–2006)</div>
</td>
<td rowspan="5" style="background:#e6e7e8;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">State Union of Serbia and Montenegro</a></b>
</td>
<td rowspan="4" style="background:#e6e7e8;"><b><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Serbia_(2004%E2%80%932010).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Serbia_%282004%E2%80%932010%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Serbia_%282004%E2%80%932010%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Serbia_%282004%E2%80%932010%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Serbia_%282004%E2%80%932010%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Serbia_%282004%E2%80%932010%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Serbia_%282004%E2%80%932010%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Republic of Serbia</a></b><div style="padding-top:0.75em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:85%;">Included the autonomous provinces of <a href="/wiki/Vojvodina" title="Vojvodina">Vojvodina</a> and, under <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Interim_Administration_Mission_in_Kosovo" title="United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo">UN administration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_and_Metohija" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosovo and Metohija">Kosovo and Metohija</a></div>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="background:#e6e7e8;"><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Serbia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Republic</a></span> <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">of Serbia</a></b><div style="padding-top:0.75em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:85%;">Includes the autonomous province of <a href="/wiki/Vojvodina" title="Vojvodina">Vojvodina</a></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top:1px solid #bbb;font-size:110%;"><b><a href="/wiki/Central_Serbia" title="Central Serbia">Serbia</a></b>
</td>
<td style="background:#e6e7e8;"><b><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia">Kingdom of Serbia</a></b><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1882–1918</span>
</td>
<td style="background:#f4c2c2;"><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_the_Military_Commander_in_Serbia" title="Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia">Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1941–1944</span> <sup>e</sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top:1px solid #bbb;border-bottom:1px solid #bbb;font-size:110%;"><b><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a></b>
</td>
<td style="background:#eef;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Part of the</span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia">Kingdom of Serbia</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1912–1918</span>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="background:#f4c2c2;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Mostly annexed by</span> <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Kingdom_(1939%E2%80%9343)" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian Kingdom (1939–43)">Albania</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1941–1944</span> <div style="padding-top:0.35em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:85%;">along with western Macedonia and south-eastern Montenegro</div>
</td>
<td rowspan="2"><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo"><img alt="Kosovo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/21px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/32px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/42px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Kosovo">Republic of Kosovo</a></b>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="font-size:110%;"><b><a href="/wiki/Metohija" title="Metohija">Metohija</a></b>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="background:#e6e7e8;"><b><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Montenegro" title="Kingdom of Montenegro">Kingdom of Montenegro</a></b><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1910–1918</span><div style="padding-top:0.5em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:85%;">Metohija controlled by Austria-Hungary 1915–1918</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top:1px solid #bbb;font-size:110%;"><b><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></b>
</td>
<td style="background:#f4c2c2;"><a href="/wiki/Italian_governorate_of_Montenegro" title="Italian governorate of Montenegro">Protectorate of Montenegro</a><sup>f</sup><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1941–1944</span>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background:#e6e7e8;"><b><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Montenegro"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/23px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/35px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/46px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></span></b>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top:1px solid #bbb;font-size:110%;"><b><a href="/wiki/Vardar_Macedonia" title="Vardar Macedonia">Vardar Macedonia</a></b>
</td>
<td style="background:#eef;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Part of the</span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia">Kingdom of Serbia</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1912–1918</span>
</td>
<td style="background:#f4c2c2;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Annexed by the</span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bulgaria" title="Kingdom of Bulgaria">Kingdom of Bulgaria</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1941–1944</span>
</td>
<td colspan="4"><b><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="North Macedonia"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">Republic of North Macedonia</a></span></b><sup>h</sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="7" class="plainlist" style="border-top:1px solid #bbb;background:none;vertical-align:top;text-align:left;font-size:85%;">
<ul><li><sup>a</sup> <a href="/wiki/Prekmurje" title="Prekmurje">Prekmurje</a> annexed by <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1920%E2%80%9346)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1920–46)">Hungary</a>.</li>
<li><sup>b</sup> See also <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/SAO_Kninska_Krajina" class="mw-redirect" title="SAO Kninska Krajina">SAO Kninska Krajina</a> (1990) →</span> <a href="/wiki/SAO_Krajina" title="SAO Krajina">SAO Krajina</a> (1990–1991); and <a href="/wiki/SAO_Eastern_Slavonia,_Baranja_and_Western_Syrmia" title="SAO Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia">SAO Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia</a> (1990–1991), <a href="/wiki/SAO_Western_Slavonia" title="SAO Western Slavonia">SAO Western Slavonia</a> (1990–1991) and the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Serbian_Krajina" title="Republic of Serbian Krajina">Republic of Serbian Krajina</a> (1990–1995), all replaced by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Transitional_Administration_for_Eastern_Slavonia,_Baranja_and_Western_Sirmium" title="United Nations Transitional Administration for Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Sirmium">UN Transitional Administration for Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Sirmium</a> (1996–1998).</li>
<li><sup>c</sup> See also <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>; <a href="/wiki/Croatian_Republic_of_Herzeg-Bosnia" title="Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia">Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia</a>; and the <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Autonomous_Oblasts" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbian Autonomous Oblasts">Serbian Autonomous Oblasts (SAOs)</a> of <a href="/wiki/SAO_Bosanska_Krajina" title="SAO Bosanska Krajina">Bosanska Krajina</a>, <a href="/wiki/SAO_North-East_Bosnia" title="SAO North-East Bosnia">North-East Bosnia</a>, <a href="/wiki/SAO_Romanija" title="SAO Romanija">Romanija</a> and <a href="/wiki/SAO_Herzegovina" title="SAO Herzegovina">Herzegovina</a> (1991–1992), which all combined to form the <a href="/wiki/Republika_Srpska" title="Republika Srpska">Serbian Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> (1992–1995).</li>
<li><sup>d</sup> <a href="/wiki/Ba%C4%8Dka" title="Bačka">Bačka</a> was reannexed by Hungary (1941–1944), while <a href="/wiki/Syrmia" title="Syrmia">Syrmia</a> was annexed by the Independent State of Croatia (1941–1944).</li>
<li><sup>e</sup> See also <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_U%C5%BEice" title="Republic of Užice">Republic of Užice</a>.</li>
<li><sup>f</sup> Annexed by Fascist Italy (1941–1943) and Nazi Germany (1943–1944). Smaller part annexed by the Independent State of Croatia (1941–1944).</li></ul>
</td>
<td colspan="5" class="plainlist" style="border-top:1px solid #bbb;background:none;vertical-align:top;text-align:left;font-size:85%;">
<ul><li><sup>h</sup> North Macedonia's official and constitutional name was the Republic of Macedonia until 2019. It was known in the United Nations as <i>the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia</i> because of a <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_naming_dispute" title="Macedonia naming dispute">naming dispute</a> with <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>.</li>
<li><sup>j</sup> Free Territory was established in 1947. Its administration was divided into two areas (Zone A) and (Zone B). Free Territory was de facto taken over by Italy and SFRY in 1954.</li></ul>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Council_of_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Council_of_Europe" title="Template:Council of Europe"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Council_of_Europe" title="Template talk:Council of Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Council_of_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Council of Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Council_of_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_General_of_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Secretary General of the Council of Europe">Secretary General</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Ministers_of_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe">Committee of Ministers</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Assembly_of_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe">Parliamentary Assembly</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Council_of_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Congress of the Council of Europe">Congress</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="European Court of Human Rights">Court of Human Rights</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Commissioner_for_Human_Rights" title="Commissioner for Human Rights">Commissioner for Human Rights</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/European_Commission_for_the_Efficiency_of_Justice" title="European Commission for the Efficiency of Justice">Commission for the Efficiency of Justice</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/European_Commission_against_Racism_and_Intolerance" title="European Commission against Racism and Intolerance">Commission against Racism and Intolerance</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Venice_Commission" title="Venice Commission">Venice Commission</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pompidou_Group" title="Pompidou Group">Pompidou Group</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Member states of the Council of Europe">Members</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Armenia_in_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Armenia in the Council of Europe">Armenia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_in_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Azerbaijan in the Council of Europe">Azerbaijan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Greece_in_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Greece in the Council of Europe">Greece</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Council of Europe–European Union relations">EU relations</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia (1991–1992)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Russia_in_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Russia in the Council of Europe">Russia (1996–2022)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saar_Protectorate" title="Saar Protectorate">Saar (assoc. 1950–1956)</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Serbia and Montenegro (2003–2006)</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37024#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37024#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37024#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1299831/">FAST</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/262105481">VIAF</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJtMrPJtcWHkGhTpBQW4bd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15213434j">France</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15213434j">BnF data</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4692332-9">Germany</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007482562105171">Israel</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2003031300">United States</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00920620">Japan</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Srbsko a Černá Hora"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge250499&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000349097&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/5ebb5384-b92a-3ada-8c8a-363d5075fd44">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1458151">Trove</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/077718038">IdRef</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion load-gadget" data-gadget="WikiMiniAtlas"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Serbia_and_Montenegro&params=44_49_N_20_28_E_source:kolossus-svwiki"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">44°49′N</span> <span class="longitude">20°28′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">44.817°N 20.467°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">44.817; 20.467</span></span></span></a></span></span>
</p></div>' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | '1714694237' |
